Chapter 10 - Gene Control · Web viewFrom a cellular resource perspective, the best way to regulate...

Chapter 10 - Gene Control

Multiple Choice

1. A radical mastectomy involves the removal of a. any breast tumor. b. a benign breast tumor. c. a malignant breast tumor. d. a breast, all lymph nodes under the arm, and skeletal muscles in the chest wall under the breast. e. both breasts.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.1 Between You and EternityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.1 - Examine the causes of cancer.

Figure 10.1

2. What is represented by the part of the figure labeled as “B”? a. normal tissue b. cancerous tissue c. adipose tissue d. lymph nodes e. red blood cellsANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: Understand

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Bloom's: EvaluateREFERENCES: 10.1 Between You and EternityPREFACE NAME: Fig 10.1LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.1 - Examine the causes of cancer.

3. When cells stop responding to normal controls over growth and division they a. begin to form a tumor. b. produce a malignancy. c. start to die. d. kill surrounding cells. e. produce scar tissue.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.1 Between You and EternityLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.1 - Examine the causes of cancer.

4. Transcription factors bind directly to a. new polypeptide chains. b. DNA. c. RNA . d. final proteins. e. enhancers.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

5. Which statement about promoters is true? a. They are long sequences in DNA. b. They are locations in DNA where regulatory proteins do not gather. c. They control transcription. d. They are associated with all genes. e. They slow the rate of transcription.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: AnalysisREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

6. Differentiation is the process by which cells a. mature into larger cells. b. change from one type of muscle to another. c. change to repair injuries. d. turn on all the genomic genes. e. express different subsets of their genes during development..



ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

7. Which of the following causes DNA to wrap tightly around histones essentially shutting down transcription? a. methylation b. acetylation c. nitrogenation d. dehydration e. carbonationANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.10.6 - Examine the epigenetic influences on human genetic inheritance using examples.

8. Adding acetyl groups to a histone regulates gene expression by allowing transcription to proceed by a. increasing the pH of the cell. b. loosening the DNA wound around the histone. c. modifying the nucleotides of the promoter region of the DNA molecule. d. enhancing the activity of RNA polymerase. e. enhancing the development of a DNA-RNA hybrid.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


9. Transcription factors include a. activators and repressors. b. repressors. c. activators, repressors, and enhancers. d. activators, repressors, and translational factors. e. enhancers and repressors.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

10. In an egg, cytoplasmic localization of mRNA occurs when the transcripts a. are bound to specific proteins. b. are small enough. c. are attached to fat soluble molecules. d. contain specific introns.Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


e. are attached to ribosome subunits manufactured in the nucleus.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

11. The two different forms of fibronectin mRNA produced by two different kinds of cells is an example of a. transcriptional control. b. post-transcriptional control.. c. transport control. d. translational control. e. post-translational control.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

12. The rate at which mRNA is processed by ribosomes is an example of a. transcriptional control. b. transcript processing control. c. transport control. d. translational control. e. post-translational control.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

13. Post-translational modifications are responsible for a. activation, inhibition, and stabilization of enzymes. b. inhibition of enzymes only. c. activation, inhibition, and synthesis of enzymes. d. synthesis of enzymes and allosteric enzyme control. e. synthesis of enzymes only.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

14. Cell differentiation can be defined as a. protein synthesis. b. different cell lineages expressing different subsets of their genes during development. c. all cell lineages expressing the same genes during development. d. different cell lineages expressing all subsets of their genes during development.



e. different genomes present in different cell lineages.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

15. Homeotic genes generally control a. X chromosome inactivation. b. the formation of a specific body part. c. hormone synthesis. d. dosage compensation. e. DNA methylation.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.10.3 - Examine the significance of master genes in the differentiation and development of the parts of an organism’s body.

16. In knockout experiments, a. genes are added to chromosomes. b. normal genes are replaced physically by mutated genes. c. genes are mutated or deleted to prevent their expression. d. mRNAs are prevented from attaching to ribosomes. e. the protein products of specific genes are inactivated.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


17. Researchers tend to name genes based on what happens in their absence. The tinman gene in Drosophila results in flies a. without hearts. b. with nonjointed legs. c. with a thick exoskeleton. d. with rust colored eyes. e. without brains.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


18. The products of genes that are switched on in specific tissues at specific stages of development affect mainly a. gene replication.



b. gene transcription. c. mRNA transcript processing. d. translation. e. post-translational processing of proteins.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


19. The position of a cell within an embryo during embryonic development determines a. which genes will be knocked out. b. the gender of the embryo. c. whether the cell will differentiate. d. which master genes are turned on. e. whether maternal mRNAs will be translated.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


20. X chromosome inactivation results in the a. total inactivation of both X chromosomes. b. inactivation of only the paternal X chromosome. c. inactivation of only the maternal X chromosome. d. inactivation of either the paternal X chromosome or the maternal X chromosome. e. nonrandom inactivation of X chromosomes in the initial cells of tissues.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.10.4 - Determine the role played by sex chromosomes in influencing genetic traits.

21. A mammalian female's a. cells usually have multiple Barr bodies. b. body is a mosaic for the X-linked traits she inherits. c. Barr bodies are active in some cells. d. Barr bodies are produced after puberty. e. X-linked recessive genes are always expressed because of the deactivation of an X chromosome in each cell.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




22. The mosaic effect of X inactivation in calico cat fur can be observed in a. skin color only. b. hair color only. c. fingernails only. d. the location of sweat glands. e. all its tissues.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


23. Which statement is false concerning X chromosome inactivation? a. It is an accident of evolution. b. It is an example of dosage compensation. c. It is a gene control mechanism. d. It is responsible for the normal development of female embryos. e. It does not occur in males.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand

Bloom’s: AnalyzeREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


24. In the ABC model of flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana, sepals form when which gene(s) is/are switched on? a. A only b. A and B c. B and C d. C only e. A and B and CANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

25. Mutation in an A group gene in Arabidopsis thaliana affects development in its flower's a. first whorl only. b. second whorl only. c. third whorl only. d. first and second whorls. e. second and third whorls.ANSWER: d



DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

26. Mutation in a B group gene in Arabidopsis thaliana affects development in its flower's a. first whorl only. b. second whorl only. c. third whorl only. d. first and second whorls. e. second and third whorls.ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

27. On its own, the product of the C group gene alone in Arabidopsis thaliana triggers a. sepal development. b. stamen development. c. carpel development. d. petal development. e. stamen and carpel development.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: ApplyREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

28. Repressor proteins do not a. prevent binding of RNA polymerase to DNA. b. cause the DNA regions that contain the operator to twist or loop. c. inactivate operon genes when their products are not required. d. bind to sets of operators. e. increase transcription rates.ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.10.5 - Examine how an operon plays a role in controlling gene function in prokaryotes.

29. The obvious advantage of the lactose operon is that it a. allows bacteria to survive in the presence of lactose. b. eliminates the need for lactose-metabolizing enzymes when lactose is not present. c. enables bacteria to make lactose only in the presence of the proper enzymes. d. negates the need for milk in the diet of adult humans. e. enables glucose to substitute for lactose in the diet of lactose intolerant persons.ANSWER: bCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


30. In prokaryotes, control of gene expression is mainly at the level of ____. a. transcription b. transcript processing c. transport d. translation e. post-translationANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


31. Which of the following accounts for the negative control of operons? a. promoters b. repressors c. structural genes d. operators e. deactivatorsANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


32. The promotion of the lactose operon in bacteria is a. activated by a repressor protein. b. independent of glucose concentration. c. activated by lactose binding. d. regulated by RNA polymerase. e. regulated by mRNA.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


33. Is the lac operon transcribed when lactose is present? a. Yes, lactose binds to the repressor, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the

operon. b. Yes, lactose binds to RNA polymerase, allowing it to bind to the promoter and transcribe the operon.



c. No, lactose binds to the repressor, allowing it to bind to the two operators preventing transcription. d. No, lactose has no effect on transcription of the lac operon. e. No, lactose binds to the second operator, blocking transcription by RNA polymerase.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand

Bloom’s: EvaluateREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


34. The prokaryote operon model explains gene regulation at the level of a. replication. b. transcription. c. transcript processing. d. transcript transport. e. translation.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


35. Repressors a. bind to operators. b. lie between operators. c. lie between promoters. d. lie downstream from operators. e. are part of an operon.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


36. Which of the following is the binding site for RNA polymerase on the DNA molecule? a. structural genes. b. repressor gene. c. promoter sequence. d. operator sequence. e. region between an operator and the first structural gene.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




37. A gene can be silenced by the addition of what to a nucleotide? a. -CH3

b. -COOH c. -OH d. -NH2

e. -PO4-3

ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.6 EpigeneticsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


38. A low number of methyl groups associated with a gene encoding a hormone that fosters prenatal growth and development is common in individuals a. with cancer. b. conceived during famine. c. exposed to chemicals in cigarette smoke. d. with young parents. e. of certain ethnic groups.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.6 EpigeneticsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Matching

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.a. a condensed X chromosomeb. protein that combines with DNA all along its lengthc. attaches or detaches from operator to regulate transcriptiond. portion of the operon that binds RNA polymerasee. genes that induce expression of other genesf. genes controlling the development of the body plang. the mutated form of this gene is associated with breast cancerh. binding sites on DNA for regulatory proteins that increase transcription ratesDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

39. Barr bodyANSWER: a

40. histone



ANSWER: b

41. promoterANSWER: d

42. homeotic genesANSWER: f

43. master genesANSWER: e

44. BRCA1ANSWER: g

45. enhancersANSWER: h

46. repressor proteinANSWER: c

Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.a. influences the amount and kinds of mRNA assembled from structural geneb. splicing, capping, and adding a poly-A tailc. nuclear envelope selectively regulates passage of transcriptsd. phosphorylation of translated proteine. dosage compensationDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

47. X chromosome inactivationANSWER: e

48. mRNA processingANSWER: b

49. post-translational controlANSWER: d

50. transcriptional controlANSWER: a

51. transport controlANSWER: c

Classification. Choose the proper item below for the following statements.a. operonb. operatorCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


c. promoterd. riboswitche. regulator proteinDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


52. this contains regulator, promoter, and operator regionsANSWER: a

53. a repressor protein can shut down transcription by binding hereANSWER: b

54. repressors, activators, and transcription factorsANSWER: e

55. when the repressor is inactivated, RNA polymerase can bind here and allow transcription to occurANSWER: c

56. sequence in a prokaryotic mRNA molecule that can regulate its translationANSWER: d

Completion

57. As cell lineages use varying subsets of genes during development, they become specialized through a process called __________.ANSWER: differentiationDIFFICULTY: Bloom's: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

58. In female mammals, most genes on one of the two X chromosomes are permanently inaccessible, a phenomenon is called __________.ANSWER: X chromosome inactivationDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

59. Knockout experiments involving __________ genes in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) revealed local controls over gene expression.ANSWER: homeoticDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.3 Master GenesLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

60. The __________ governs expression of three genes active in lactose metabolism.ANSWER: lactose operonCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.5 Examples of Gene Control in ProkaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Subjective Short Answer

61. What is the most efficient way to regulate gene expression from the perspective of cellular resources?ANSWER: From a cellular resource perspective, the best way to regulate gene expression is to prevent

transcription. Any energy put into producing mRNA is wasted if the gene is product is not ultimately expressed and useful. Therefore, it is best to prevent gene expression at the first possible step, transcription, in order to save cellular resources.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 10.2 Switching Genes On and OffLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.10.2 - Examine the role of gene controls in the expression of genes.

62. Why is SRY considered to be a master gene?ANSWER: SRY is one of 78 genes found on the Y chromosome. It is responsible for the development of testes,

the products of which produce male secondary sexual characteristics. If the SRY gene is mutated, the developing embryo will appear female and develop female sexual features; therefore, SRY is the master gene for male sexual traits.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.4 Examples of Gene Control in EukaryotesLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


63. Explain why grandsons of boys who survived a famine lived longer than grandsons of boys who did not experience a famine?ANSWER: There are many elements to consider in this question. One, famine is known to alter methylation

patterns which in turn alter gene expression. Two, methylation effects are known to be passed to subsequent generations to some extent. Three, methylation patterns are known to often be sex-limited. Thus, it appears the methylation pattern acquired by these boys altered gene expression in a way that benefitted lifespan and was passed to male descendants.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 10.6 EpigeneticsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



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