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CGMS Evolving Baseline and Global Contingency Plan

Jérôme LafeuilleWMO Space Programme

Rapporteur of CGMS WG on Contingency Planning

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Workshop objectives

• Advancing the understanding of GCOS continuity requirements building on the GCMPs and of risks associated with planning and implementing a robust global satellite-based climate observing capability

• Engaging the climate community to consider in some depth continuity priorities in relation to individual, and collections of, ECVs

• Using this analysis to specify architectural enhancements that will enable the GOS to better meet the needs for sustained climate observation from space.

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Talking points

• About CGMS• The « old » CGMS baseline architecture• The proposed new CGMS baseline architecture• Contingency Planning issues

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Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites

• Established in 1972

• Operational or R&D satellite operatorscontributing to WMO and WMO-supported programmes (e.g. WWW, GAW, GCOS, JCOMM..)

• WMO and IOC representing global user communities

JMA

CMA

Roshydromet

IMD

NOAA

NASA

CNSA

JAXA

Roscosmos

ISRO

CNES

UNESCO-IOC

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Scope of CGMS

• Technical coordination • Orbits, sensors, calibration • Data formats, downlink frequencies• Dissemination standards and techniques

• Cooperative mission planning and mutual back-up in case of system failure

Operational observation architecture: baseline configuration, contingency plan, standards and best practices

• Coordinates efforts on e.g.:• Products (with science groups)• User training (through Virtual Laboratory)

IROWG

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The « old » CGMS baseline architecture

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Summary of the « old » baseline

• 6 geostationary satellites with: - multispectral VIS/IR imagery- IR sounding- data collection and dissemination- other missions as appropriate (ERB)

• 4 SSO satellites (2 AM and 2 PM) with:- multispectral VIS/IR/MW imagery - IR/MW sounding- direct broadcast

• Contingency plans using back-up satellites in a cooperative way

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The proposed new CGMS baseline architecture

• Includes more « climate » missions• A step towards implementation of the «Vision of GOS in 2025»• Implementation target : 2015 • Under review for adoption by CGMS-39 ( October 2011)

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Updated Baseline : (1) Geostationary

• At least 6 geostationary satellites at evenly distributed locations, with redundancy, and performing:

a) Multispectral Vis/IR imagery every 15 minb) IR sounding (some of them hyperspectral)c) Lightning detectiond) Data collectione) Other missions as appropriate, e.g. ERB,

high spectral resolution UV sounding, Space Environment Monitoring, data dissemination.

Routine intercalibration against reference instruments or calibration sites

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Updated Baseline: (2) Sun-synchronous (SSO)

A constellation of operational SSO satellites deployedaround 3 orbital planes and performing :

f) Visible, Infrared and Microwave imagery g) Microwave soundingh) Infrared hyperspectral sounding (at least am and pm)i) Wind scatterometry over oceansj) Radio-occultation sounding (at least am-pm, plus dedicated constellation)k) Broadband VIS/IR for Earth radiation balance (at least am-pm)l) Total Solar Irradiance (at least one spacecraft)m) Space environment monitoring n) Data collectiono) Direct Broadcastp) Other missions as appropriate, e.g. atmospheric composition

Routine intercalibration against reference instruments or calibration sites

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Updated Baseline : (3) Other LEO missions

The following missions shall be performed “on an operational basis” by Low Earth Orbit satellites on “appropriate orbits”:

r) Ocean surface topography reference mission (high-precision, inclined orbit, in addition to the 2 altimeters on SSO)

s) Radio-Occultation sounding (constellation of sensors on appropriate orbits)t) Narrow-band VIS/NIR imagers (at least one SSO am spacecraft) for ocean

colour, vegetation, aerosol monitoringu) High-resolution multi-spectral VIS/IR imagers (constellation of SSO satellites,

preferably in am) for land surface imagingv) Infrared imagery for reference high-accuracy SST (one am spacecraft)

• All passive instruments should be inter-calibrated on a routine basis against reference instruments or calibration sites.

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Continuity requirements and implications on architecture

• Baseline should define for each mission : nominal coverage (spatial/temporal sampling ) back-up provisions if relevant (contingency planning)

• First thing is to secure long-term funding and nominal planning• Contingency planning approach

Risk analysis: for each mission, impact of degraded or no data?– Criteria for contingency situation ?– Mitigation strategy ?– Cooperative decision framework for mutual support ?

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Contingency planning

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Current Global Contingency Plan (1/2)

• Recalls baseline GEO/LEO configurations for « weather missions » • Risk management recommendations for programme implementation

– Including back-up provisions

• Contingency criteria based on critical mission continuity requirements– GEO imagery– LEO sounding and imagery – Data access , Tropical Cyclone regions

• Framework for mutual support in case of contingency on GEOs– « Help-your-neighbour ! »– Complemented by bilateral agreements

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Current Global Contingency Plan (2/2)

Climate missions are addressed in the plan but in generic terms only

• No globally agreed baseline • No clear contingency criteria• Mainly refers to GCOS Climate Monitoring Principles for satellites

– Avoid drifting ECTs of sun-synchronous missions– Launch on schedule to provide overlap– Calibration and ground-truth– Etc.

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Different « continuity » approaches

(a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up

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Different «continuity» approaches

(a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up(b) Launch upon failure

Launch readiness

Launch

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Different «continuity» approaches

(a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up(b) Launch upon failure(c) Overlap for cross-calibration and product validation

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Different «continuity» approaches

(a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up(b) Launch upon failure(c) Overlap for cross-calibration and product validation(d) Consecutive missions with reference for consistent calibration

ReferenceReference

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Different «continuity» approaches

(a) Classical « operational » continuity with on-orbit back-up(b) Launch upon failure(c) Overlap for cross-calibration and product validation(d) Consecutive missions with reference for consistent calibration (e) Recurrent missions as anchor observations for model validation

Modelling supported by recurrent space missions

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Conclusions

• CGMS is updating the baseline configuration reflecting its committment to implement WMO Vision for 2025– Includes larger contribution to sustained climate observations

• Different approaches possible for « continuity of observation » of ECVs– Needs precise understanding of continuity requirements

to define baseline with appropriate level of back-up capabilities

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Some CGMS milestones

• 1972: Creation of the Coordination of Geostationary Meteorological Satellites • 1978: First Global GARP Experiment involves a constellation of 5 GEO

First contingency relocation of a satellite (over Indian Ocean) • 1979-89: India (79), EUMETSAT (87), China (89), joined CGMS• 1984-2003: Satellite back-up operations in 84, 91, 92, 98, 03• 1992: LEO satellite coordination transferred to CGMS ( after IPOMS )• 2000: CGMS & WMO establish the Virtual Laboratory for Training• 2003-05: CNES, ESA, JAXA, KMA, NASA, ROSCOSMOS joined CGMS• 2005: CGMS & WMO establish GSICS

First issue of the Global Contingency Plan• 2006: Joint WMO-CGMS response to GCOS IP and Satellite Supplement• 2007: Updated GEO/LEO baseline and Contingency Plan (including Chinese missions)