Center Drill

• Twist drills tend to wander on a surface compromising the position of a hole

• Start by center drilling a starting hole• Center drills have a thicker shank and afford less

deflection

Twist Drilling and Peck Drilling

• The twist drill is used to create through holes or holes of prescribed depth

• Periodically retracting the twist drill is described as peck drilling

• Peck drilling assists removal of chips and permits coolant entrance into the hole

Twist Drill Sizes

• Twist drill sizes are often reported in gauges• Gauges 80 to 1 run from diameters of 0.0135”

to 0.228”, respectively• Gauges A to Z run from diameters of 0.234”

to 0.413”, respectively

Drill Chuck

• Do not expose to side loads as doing so can damage the internal mechanisms

Reaming

• Reaming= enlarging a hole• Used to attain superior hole tolerance (4 decimal

precision)• Go slow (~200 RPM) and use plenty of cutting fluid• Max. +0.01” material removed after primary

drilling operation

Countersinking

• Used to create a flush interface between a screw and feature face and/or remove burrs

• Typical angles include 60°, 82°, 90°, 110°, and 120°

• Run at low speed

Screws and (Bolts)

Which one is a bolt and which one is a screw?

These are both screws!!!

Screws and (Bolts)

A bolt utilizes a nut whereas a screw engages with a feature

Screw (Hole) Naming Conventions

#8-32 UNC-2AMajor diameter0.060” + .013” x this number

Thread pitchTPI = threads per inch

Thread formUNC = Unified National CourseUNF = Unified National FineUNEF = Unified National Extra Fine

Class of fit1 = Loose fitting / low tolerance2 = Consistent fit / tolerance (common)3 = High precision

Thread specifications of the Unified Thread Standard (UTS)

Thread orientationA = ExternalB = Internal

Metric designation

Screw (Hole) Naming Conventions

M8-1.25 6H6G

Nominal diameter (mm)

Thread pitch (mm)Class of external thread

Metric thread standard

Class of internal thread

UNC vs. UNF

UNC: Most common, fewer threads, easier to insert and remove

UNF: Shallower threads = larger minor diameter and load carrying capability, improved tension adjustment

Screw Profile and Terminology

Pitch

Effective pitch

diameter

Minor diameter

Major diameter

Tap

• Used to create internal threads

Tap with Tap Guide

• Tap guide ensures parallelity to pilot hole

• Force along tap axis provided by quill and spring-loaded tap guide pin

External Threads

Die Lathe

Tap Drill SelectionMounting block

Tap drill chart (MEAM design wiki)

Tapping Process

• Center drill divot

• Twist drill pilot hole based on hole specification

• Cut threads with tap using guide

*Note: all steps should be completed during a single session