L03 Biofuels

7/30/2019 L03 Biofuels

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A Triple Helix Pte Ltd Presentation 2011


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Defined as a combustible fuelproduced from recently deadbiological material.

Offers the possibility of producingenergy without a net increase ofcarbon.

Biofuels are also cleaner burning and

reduce emission of particulate ofmatter a major component of urbanair pollution.

Biodegradable and non-toxic.

What is Biofuel?



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What are the benefits of usingBiofuel?

-Decrease dependence on foreignfuels

-Decrease toxic pollutant emission

-Improve engine performance

-Reduce organic waste-Biodegradable

-Simple and easy to useA Triple Helix Pte Ltd Presentation 2011


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Biofuel as an alternative fuel

- Most vehicles are fueled by non-renewablefossil fuel, which will eventually run out.

- In contrast, renewable resources (whichincludes plants and organic waste) areconstantly replenish

- Biofuel is a possible fuel alternative as it willreduce pollution and reduce the countrysdependence on non-renewable oil.



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Biofuel as an alternative fuel (Continued)

- Cleaner burning energy sources lessen the toxicpollutant emissions produced by gasoline, and it cutsdown on the dumping of used oil.

- Biofuel also helps to clean the fuel system, increasingoctane and lessening harmful emissions, which helpslengthen life of vehicles.

- Biofuel is expected to yield energy security andenvironmental advantage to consumers.



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Biofuel as an alternative fuel (Continued)

- Compared to other forms of renewable energy(solar and wind), biofuel is simple and easy to use.

- It does not require special apparatus or modification

of engines. In most cases, biodiesel (an example ofa biofuel) can run diesel operated engines.

- Bioethanol as a transportation fuel can be utilizedas a partial or total alternative for conventionalpetroleum diesel.



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Common strategies ofproducing Biofuels

One is to grow crops high in either sugaror starch, and then use yeastfermentation to produce ethanol.

The second is to grow plants that containhigh amounts of vegetable oil, such as oilpalm, soybean and algae.



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Types of

Biofuels


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First Generation Biofuels:Made from sugar,starch, vegetable oil or animal fats using conventionaltechnology

- Bioalcohols

- Biodiesel

- Biogas

Second Generation Biofuels:Advanced biofuelproduction implemented from non food crops

Third Generation Biofuels:Advanced biofuelproduction based on emerging technologies thatincreases fuel production



10/32A Triple Helix Pte Ltd Presentation 2011

1st Generation

Biofuel

2nd GenerationBiofuel

3rd GenerationBiofuel

Feedstock

Ethanol Based

Oil Based

Non Food Crops Transgenic/EngineeredMaterials

Process

Fermentation(bioalcohol)

Transesterfication

(biodiesel)

CelluloseFermentation

ConsolidatedBioprocessing (CBP)

Algaculture

Product

Bioalcohols

Biodiesel

Biogas

Cellulosic Ethanol

Cellulosic Ethanol

Algal oil


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First

GenerationBiofuel



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Bioalcohol

The principle fuel used as a petrolsubstitute for road transport vehicles isbioethanol.

Main sources of sugar required toproduce ethanol come from sugarcane,wheat and biomass

Produced from biomass by thehydrolysis and sugar fermentationprocesses.



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In the United States, corn is commonly

used to make bioethanol due to itsaffordability and availability.

In Brazil, sugarcane is widely used

instead.

In urban regions where air quality is poor, gasolinecontaining 10% ethanol (E10) is used.

E10 can be used on all gasoline operated vehicleswithout making massive modification to theirengines.



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Advantages ofusing Bioalcohol

Comes from a renewable resource.

Bioethanol is biodegradable.

Far less toxic that fossil fuels.

It is not detrimental if accidentallyspilled because it breaks down very

quickly.

Using bioethanol in older engines canhelp reduce the amount of carbonmonoxide produced by the vehicle.



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Biodiesel

A renewable, cleaner-burning alternative fuelsimilar to conventional or fossil diesel.

Primarily produced from a chemical reaction of

alcohol (methanol) and fats which includevegetable or animal oils and plant extracts.

Biodiesel is produced through a chemical

process termed as transesterification, whichremoves by-product glycerin which is notsuitable for engines.



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Most commonly used as diesel additive to improvecombustion of fossil diesel and reduce automobileemissions.

Can be safely utilized in any compression-ignitionengine, be it light-duty or heavy-duty engines.

A combination of 20% biodiesel and 80%conventional diesel will greatly lessen carcinogenicemissions and gases which can worsen globalwarming.

Most common biofuel in Europe, is used for privatetruck companies, power generators, ferries, touristboats, locomotives and many others in the US.



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Advantages ofusing Biodiesel

An oxygenated fuelwhich contains a reducedamount of carbon and higher hydrogen andoxygen content than fossil diesel, thusimproves the combustion of fossil diesel and

reduces particulate emissions from un-burntcarbon.

Completely non-toxic thus spillages representfar less of a risk than fossil diesel spillages.

Higher flash point (about 148 C) than fossildiesel (about 52 C) and thus making it saferduring transportation.



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Biogas

Biogas is mixture of mostly methane (a principle

component of natural gas) and carbon dioxideproduced through anaerobic digestion of wet andgreen biomass through bacterial action in theabsence of oxygen

Provides a clean, easily controlled source ofrenewable energy from organic waste materials for asmall labour input.

Biogas can either be obtained through thedecomposition of waste organic material and beburned directly to produce electricity or through theuse of energy crops into anaerobic digester tosupplement gas yields.



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Advantages ofusing Biogas

can be used to power vehicles.

Effective, renewable, non-fossil fuel

with a high methane content thatdoes not compound the greenhouseeffect.

Biogas never runs out.



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Many firstgeneration biofuels

may not be sustainableand has been criticisedfor diverting food awayfrom the human foodchain, leading to food

shortages and pricerises.



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Adapting more land to produce crops for biofuelscould result in the lost of habitats for animals and

plants

Ethanol or biodiesel pumps are still not readilyavailable for consumers.

Some evidences show that there could possiblybe of no energy benefit to using plant biomass as

producing them might just require more energythan they can generate.



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The widespread adoption of biofuels maymean sacrificial diversion crop production to

biodiesel production.

Replacing only 5% of the nations diesel consumptionwith biodiesel would require diverting approximately 60%of todays soy crops to biodiesel production, saysMatthew Brown, an energy consultant and former energyprogram director at the National Conference of StateLegislatures. Thats bad news for tofu lovers.



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Second

Generation

Biofuel



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The second generation biofuel denotes nonfood crops (cellulose biofuel) such as waste

biomass, wood, etc.

The newly discovered cellulose ethanolproduction is able to breakdown cellulose in

woody fibres and derive ethanol from them.

This method is significant as trees and grassesrequire lesser amount of energy in comparison

to grains or crops that needs to be replantedannually.



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Fuel is derived from the stems and stalks ofplants rather than only using the sugars and

starches from corns, as with corn ethanol. This isgreat news for those regions experiencing limitedsupply of corn-based food that is competing withthe corn-ethanol manufacturers.

Gaining popularity because of the feedstock suchas grasses and wood chips that is cost effectiveand very abundant.



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During the conversion of ethanol, lesser fossilfuel is required, and this having a greaterimpact than the usual bioethanol on reducinggreenhouse gas emissions.

Proponents claim that increasing industrialand political support for second generationbiofuel is a more feasible solution to achieveefficient fuel production utilizing a greater

range of plants and its waste.



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ThirdGeneration

Biofuel



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Although second generation biofuel ispromising, the production of ethanol fromcellulose via fermentation involves a complex pre-

treatment process.

Researchers therefore see the need to developthe third generation biofuels, in hopes to

provide more readily available, inexpensive andenvironmental friendly fuel.

An example is the introduction of Consolidated

bioprocessing (CBP); where cellulose is utilized asan available feedstock with the help ofmicroorganisms that express cellulolytic enzymes



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How can we produce biofuels at home andwhat are the ingredients needed to make

biofuels?

Answer: Construct a bioreactor that ferments

biomass to produce bioalcohol.

Biodegradable products like vegetablepeelings, corn, sugarcane, wooden chips, etc.



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How can we extract and purify biofuel

produced from fermented biomass?

Answer: They can be removed using a

separating column and distillated to obtain

pure biofuel (e.g bioethanol).



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Biofuel Guide

http://biofuelguide.net/

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass

http://biofuelguide.net/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomasshttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomasshttp://biofuelguide.net/

L03 Biofuels

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