CEILING AND

ACOUSTIC

MATERIAL REPORTED BY:

CRUZ, KYLE GIDEON

DE CASTRO, SARAH S.

LAFORTEZA, RENATO JR.

LAYOG, ALIANNE MARINELA

TAN-AWON, JOHANNA MARIE

YALUNG, JHIA

CEILING AND ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

Besides providing an attractive overhead surface in a room or space, ceilings may

also be required

to:

1. Function as the primary sound-absorption surface in the room.

2. Contain most or all lighting fixtures.

3. Conceal utility services including plumbing, wiring, heating, and air conditioning.

4. Provide outlets for heated and conditioned air.

The most popular system for ceilings in

commercial buildings is the suspended

ceiling.

While residential buildings have ceilings generally

fastened directly to the floor joists or to a

ceiling joists

Suspended ceilings consist of a grid of metal track suspended from the

structural ceiling with wires or cables, the grid openings of which are filled

with ceiling panels, light fixture's orother utilities.

The space created by lowering the ceiling in this

manner is very useful, and is usually necessary for

concealing utility services. Residential construction

utilizes attics and crawling spaces for this purpose.

The ceiling panels may be flat or shaped, and

available in a wide range of textures and patterns.

Typical panels are 1/ 2 to 1 inch thick and (60 x 60) 2

x 2 feet or 2' x 4' feet (0.60 x 1.20) panels for

residential ceilings are usually flat, and are applied

to plaster, drywall, or wood furring strips.

It is to be remembered that the materials to be used

for eaves or outside ceilings must be of

waterproofed plywood, tempered hardboard

(Lawanit) flat asbestos sheet, kiln dried wood.

Sometimes the cardboard material egg container is

used for decorative ceiling and acoustical material.

Other material used in suspended ceilings are light diffusers of solid plastic, flat or moulded, open grid or

honeycombed design, or of metal AC louver and stainless steel for ceiling of banquet halls, lobbies, department

stores and screens for shops and restaurants.

One of the most important materials used for ceiling panels is:

1. Mineral fiber -a generic term adopted to cover several mineral based materials used for similar purposes, including asbestos, perlite, vermiculite, and other less common materials. For ceiling panels, mineral fiber with the

addition of a binder may be molded, pressed, or compacted to whatever density is desired, from a soft

absorbent panel to a hard rock-like surface. One of the more common panels, once called asbestos-cement

board, utilizes portland cement as a binder. The face of mineral fiber panels may be left natural, painted, or

covered with a variety of materials from plastic to aluminum. Mineral fiber products are .noncombustible, and

thus enjoy a very good fire rating.

2. Fiberglass- another popular material for ceiling panels. Most fiberglass are flat, and the face side is typically covered with vinyl -paper, or aluminum. These may be obtained with a variety of textures and surfaces.

3. Metal wall and ceiling panels are generally perforated for acoustical performance, and are often backed with fiberglass batts to improve both insulation and acoustic qualities. Metal panel may be narrow plank-like pieces

about four inches wide.

Stainless Steel- (Tajima AC louver and S.S. Bishop II). A ready made metal louver with a wide range of uses, it is light, durable, high precision and non-flammable. For banquet halls., hotels, lobby ceilings, department stores, grilles and

screens for restaurants and shops.

Types of

ceiling

Drywall ceiling

This is the ceiling style

commonly seen in most

homes. Conventional

drywall ceilings are typically

8 feet high, have an

uncluttered, flat surface,

and are easy to decorate

since theyre reachable with a stepladder

SUSPENDED

CEILING

A suspended ceiling or drop ceiling is a metal grid ceiling that hangs below an existing flat

ceiling and is attached by

hangers or wires.

Lightweight, acoustic panels are

laid into the metal grid to create

the ceiling. Suspended ceilings

stylishly hide wiring, plumbing,

mechanical fixtures, and the

original ceiling.

COFFERED

CEILING

Coffered ceiling of the past

were typically architectural

marvels, made from carved

stones or prized wood

species.

The effect creates a waffle-

like pattern takes a

commanding role in a room.

CATHEDRAL

CEILING

Cathedral ceilings soar to 15

feet or higher, creating a

dramatic design element, as

well as an open, spacious feel to

a room or entryway.

This ceiling style deserves a

unique decorative ceiling to

enhance its visual presence. The

natural look of wood brings a

touch of warmth and elegance

to a space, while a tin-look

ceiling adds a rich, historical

flavor.

SHED

CEILING A shed ceiling has a flat surface

that slants upward on one side.

These ceilings are typically seen

in Cape Cod-style homes with

dormers or in homes where the

attic has been extended to

create additional living space

The uneven wall height created

by the unusual line of ceiling

brings a refreshing charm to a

room. Shed ceilings covered in

classic beadboard complement

a space with rustic dcor.

TRAY

CEILING Tray ceilings are flat with a

rectangular center that is recessed

to add architectural interest. This

inverted space may be used for

lighting fixtures or to add a visually

appealing design element, like a

contrasting paint color or even a

different ceiling material.

Tray ceilings are typically seen in

kitchens and dining rooms, which

are often the main entertainment

areas in a home. One design note to

consider: the difference in height

between the main ceiling and the

recessed area can make a small

room appear bigger.

ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS

When sound waves strike a surface such as walls or ceilings, they are reflected and the reflected sound, as

well as the original. is heard by a listener, resulting .in an increase in sound intensity. While a sound source is

operating, a room becomes filled with reflected sound waves and when the source is stopped, then reflected

waves continue to travel back and forth between room surfaces. As a listener picks up these reflected waves,

he hears them as

the original sound being prolonged and finally becoming inaudible as the reflected waves gradually lose

their energy by absorption. This prolongation of sound is called reverberation.

Control of increased intensity and of excessive reverberation are two of the major problems of sound

engineering. Along with them are the problems of control of unwanted sound and of transmission of sound

from room to room through walls, floors and ceilings.

A large part of acoustical correction deals with the improvement of hearing conditions and the reduction of

unwanted noise in rooms by reducing the energy of reflected sound. This is done mainly by the use of

acoustical materials. Materials which have a substantially greater ability to absorb sound than such

conventional ones as wood, gins, hard plaster, or concrete.

The percentage of the energy absorbed by a material when a sound wave is reflected from, it is called the

sound absorption coefficient, or acous1ical absorptivity. This absorption coefficient depends on the nature of

the material, the frequency of the sound, and the angle at which the sound wave strikes the material. When

comparing materials to be used for the improvement of hearing conditions, it is common practice to use the

coefficient at the frequency

of 512 cycles. In comparing materials for noise-quieting applications, the noise reduction coefficient (N.R.C.I

which is the average coefficient for the four frequencies of 256, 512,1,024 and 2,048 cycles is generally used.

Most acoustical materials can be classified in groups:

1. ACOUSTICAL TILES

These are made from wood. cane, or asbestos fibers, matted and bonded into sheets of various

thicknesses, ranging from 3/16 to 1 1/4 in: The sheet are cut into tiles of several size,including 12 x 12

in., 12 x 24 in., 16 x 16 in., 16 x 32 in., 24 x 28, in., 24 x 28 in. Edges may be square cut, beve4ed or

tongue and grooved.

These tiles are intended primarily for ceiling applications, they can be applied to solid surfaces with

adhesives, nails to furring strips attached to a ceiling frame or the underside of a solid deck, or

installed in a suspended ceiling frame

A great variety of designs, colors and patterns are available. The acoustic openings in the surface of the tile in themselves provide many different designs. The openings may be holes drilled in uniform or random patterns or a combination of large drilled holes and tiny punched ones.

The openings may be slots, striations, or fissures, or the surface of the tile may be sculptured in various patterns, with a factory painted surface so that it does not require painting after installation.

The noise reduction coefficient of tiles of this type is about 0. 70 with some variations, depending on the particular material, the thickness of the tile, and the kind of pattern used.

Asbestos-fiber tiles 12 x 12 x 3/4 in. weigh approximately 1 1/41b.; wood or cane fiber tiles are slightly lighter.

2.ASSEMBLED UNITS Consists of some type of sound absorbing material such as a rock-

wool or fiber-glass blanket fastened to an 'acoustically transparent

facing. This facing is generally some type of rigid board, such as

hardboard or asbestos board, or a metal sheet. The facings are

perforated to allow the penetration of sound waves.

Such acoustical panels can be fastened to a wall over a frame

work of furring strips or suspended in front of the wall by some

mechanical means. .

3.SPRAYED-ON ACOUSTICAL MATERIALS There are two types of material used in this sound control application.

a. One type consisting of plaster made with vermiculite or perlite aggregate. Vermiculite acoustical plaster is generally a premixed product, requiring only the addition of approximately 10 gal. of water per bag of mix. if applied by hand, two coats is applied, 3/8 in. thick for the first and 1/8 in. for the finish coat.

If applied by machine, two, three or four thin coats are applied so that the total thickness of plaster will be at least 1/2 in.

The noise reduction coefficient for 1'/2 in thick vermiculite acoustical plaster applied by trowel is 0.65, a 1" thick is 0. 75. For machine-applied plaster 1/2 thick the coefficient is 0.55.

Perlite acoustical plaster is usually mixed on the job, using calcined gypsum as the binder. It can also be applied either by hand or machine.

The main advantage of using machine spraying as a means of application is that this method presents no difficulties in plastering over irregular surface.

b. A coating of mineral fiber mixed with an adhesive

Acoustical treatment with mineral fiber involves the use of specially prepared mineral wool or asbestos fibers and an adhesive to hold them to the surface.

The fibers are prepared and mixed with an inorganic binding material, which helps

to give them body, and packed in bags ready for application.

The area to be covered is first primed with a thick coat of adhesive, and the fiber is then sprayed over the surface in one or more coats, depending on the thickness

required. For thickness of over 1 /2 in. at least two coats are used. Each coat is

tamped to consolidate the fibers. The final surface can be sprayed with sealer or

cooler.

POPULAR BRANDS FOR SPRAYED ON MATERIALS

1. Spraytax - usually for hotels, offices and residences.

2. Limpit Spray-usually for theatres, convention halls, radio stations.

Transmission of sound through floors may be either of the impact or airborne type. Impact insulation can be prevented by floating floors.

Methods for reducing impact transmission through wood-frame floors.

4. CORK a. Acoustical board -a popular material is the corkboard . This is agglomerated cork

from selected cork granules, toasted and mixed with special binders to form into a

mass. The mass is compressed inside moulds and finally baked under controlled

temperature. Its characteristics are:

efficient insulation

great acoustic absorption

light in weight, easy to install

excellent decorative appearance

anay and rat proof

prevents condensation on walls and is moisture proof

density of 6 to 9 lbs. /cu. ft.

coefficient of thermal conductivity 0.29 Btu /sq.ft./h/deg/F/in.

specific heat: 0.40 Btu/lb/deg/F

SIZES:

1 / 2 X 12" X 36 (.0125 X 0.30 X 0.90)

1 X 12" X 36" (.025 X 0.30 X 0.90)

2 X 12" X 36" (.05 X 0.30 X 0.90)

3" X 12" X 36" (0.075 X 0.30 X 0.90)

Corkboard is installed by glueing (rugby) or

nailing.

b. Ceiling board- a popular brand is the 'WALCORK'. This is made from carefully selected natural cork on agglomerated cork backing, agglomerated selected cork granules

or a combination of both. Walcork is both sound absorbing and heat insulating. Its natural

texture and easy-blending colours make it always delightfully pleasing to the eyes. Best for

use in conference rooms, offices, churches, and concert halls. In residential homes, walcork is

used for living room, study room, dens, and bedrooms.

Its characteristics are:

a. decorative

b. sound absorbing

c. heat insulating

d. comes in a variety of patterns and colored

designs,

e. durable and

economical, requiring practically no

maintenance.

SIZES: available in sheets

2 mm. x 60 em. x 90 em.

3 fl1m. X 60 em. X 90 em.

4 mm. x 60 em. x 90 em.

CEILINGS:

Philippine wallboard corp. -

lawanit

Sarmiento industries -plywood

Campos rueda -cork

Stainless steel industries inc.-

Tajima stainless

steel

Walcork is installed by using impact adhesive or

contact cement on smooth clear, dry surface from

which all loose paint, grease, wax are removed.