CE-105 Introduction and Ecology

8/13/2019 CE-105 Introduction and Ecology

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INTRODUCTION TOENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIESPart II

Part I already covered byCivil Engg. Faculty


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CE-105 Civil Engineering Department

Lectures: 3/week ; 21 total ; 3 creditsEvaluation : 50 marks

ETE : 40 marks

CW : 10Tutorial, Assignments, Regularity in class

Soft copy of lectures


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S.No.

Name of Books/Author(s)/Publisher Year ofPubl.

1 Introduction to Environmental

Engineering, M.L. Davis and D.A.Cornwell, McGraw Hill, New York 3/e

1998

2 Introduction to Environmental

Engineering and Science, G.M. Masters,

Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. 2/e

1998

3 Environmental Engineering, H.S. Peavy,

D.R. Rowe and G. Tchobanoglous,

McGraw Hill, New York

1986

Suggested Books


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Why environmental studies?

Intergovernmental Penal on Climate Change (IPCC), 1988

31stAugust 2013: 25 years UNEP and WMO of United Nations Organization

Substantial changes are happening to our environment

Air, water and soil being affected

2007 Nobel Peace Prize: IPCC

R.K. Pachauri and Al Gore

US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi State Pollution Control Boards

Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi


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Five elements

1. Water, 2. Air,

3. Earth,

4. Space,

5. Fire,


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Water

1. All the living systems need water and contain

water

2. Life on earth is due to water, 70% water cover

3. God of water, (Indra)4. Ganga water, (Shelf life: long); BOD/COD

5. Water pollution

Coca cola, Pepsi-CSE, New Delhi : Lindane, DDT etc.Effluents from industries and agrichemicals (Punjab hub of cancer

patients)

Ganga and Yamuna rivers

Ground water, lakes, sea water is contaminated, treatment strategies of

treatment already dealt with in first half of syllabus


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Air1. Air needed by all the living systems

2. Without air no survival

3. God of air, (Vayu), Prna4. Pranayam : oxygen transfer rate

5. 78.08% Nitrogen and 20.95% Oxygen + other gases

6. Combustion: CO2, NOx, SOx, SPM, RSPM, Hg,

arsenic, HCs, VOCs etc.

Paper industry: Dioxins 100 times lethal than cyanideCarbon dioxide: 400 ppm (May 2, 2013)

280 ppm (1750)

Greenhouse gases: CO2, N

2O, H

2O, O

3, CH

4, CFCs


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Earth

1. We eat which is grown on earth2. Photosynthesis process: biomass

3. Goddess of earth, , Prithvi

4. Soil is getting contaminatedPollution air/water

Mango trees near Roorkee: no fruits

Micronutrients in herbs: much lower

Sustainability ? Recent Uttarakhand

tragedy-(Havoc)


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Space

1. Solar energy2. Photosynthesis process

3. Solar energy into biomass and other forms of

energy: hydro, coal, petroleum, wind etc.4. God of space,, Aakash5. O3depletion: CFCs and space shuttles,

rockets etc. , UV radiations: human skin,cataract, plant kingdom damages, buildings ?


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Fire

1.Combustion

2. Carbon and Hydrogen

3. CI and SI engines, cooking, thermal powerplants: steam and gas turbines, steam engine

4. Goddess of fire,, Agni5. Because of fire air pollution

6. Every thing is getting into CO2and H2Owhich are converted back by photosynthesisprocess to complex biomass species and theprocess goes on ..goes on..


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Environment

1.Atmosphere: layer of air that surrounds

our planet

2.Hydrosphere: liquid envelop that

surrounds our planet

3.Lithosphere: solid earth, including earths

crust and part of the upper mantle

4.Biosphere: living organisms that inhabit the

above spheres


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Atmosphereair to breathe Hydrosphere water to drink

Lithosphere food to eat Biosphere food to eat

Minutes

without air

Days w/o

water

Months w/o food

Environment

Resources: fossil fuels,

ores, uranium, thorium


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Environment


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Atmosphere

Constant components (fix over time and location)

Nitrogen 78.08%

Oxygen 20.95%

Argon 0.93%

Neon, Helium, Krypton 0.0001%

Age of earth : 4.6 Billion year

Oxygen : 0% 2 Billion years ago

Total mass of atmosphere: 5*1015Tonne

:1/1,200,000 of earth


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Atmosphere

Variable components (variable with time and

location)

Carbon dioxide 0.04%

Water vapor 0-4%

Methane traces

Sulfur dioxide traces

Ozone traces

Nitrogen oxides traces

Others: dust, volcanic ash, snow and rain


16/89Layers of the Earth's atmosphere


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Atmospheric temperature: vertical structure


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Vertical structure of atmospheric pressure


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Atmosphere zones

The zones are not sharply delineatedand their elevation varies with both

time of year and latitude


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Troposphere1.Thickness from sea level: 18 km; Everest

8848 m

2.Pressure at top is 10% of atmosphere 76

mm of Hg

3.Air movement is vertical as well horizontal

4.Weather/clouds formation/rains

5.Air cools progressively with height

6.Temperature: -6.5 oC/km

next


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Tropopause

1.Thin layer between troposphere andstratosphere: 4 km

2.Air is completely dry

3.The elevation where the temperature

no longer decreases with altitude

next


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Stratosphere

1.This extends up to 50 km and comprises

of ozone

2.Ozone is 2-8 ppm

3.In the middle and upper stratosphere,air temperature increases progressively

with height

4.Heated by ozone

next


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Stratopause

The elevation where the temperature nolonger increases with altitude


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Mesosphere

1.Mesosphere is from 50 to 90 km2.Temperature again decreases here

3.Intermediate zone between stratosphere

and thermosphere4.Air cools progressively with elevation


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Mesopause

The elevation above the mesosphere where

the temperature no longer cools with altitude


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Ionosphere

1.Next is thermosphere or ionosphereextending to 350 km

2. Oxygen is in ionic form heat is absorbed

3. Temperate rises again


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Outer limit of atmosphere

1. Difficult to define

2. At 32,000 km, the Earths gravitation pull equals

centrifugal force of the Earths rotation


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Ozone measurementDeveloped by G.M.B. Dobson, 1920s; Professor at Oxford University

1 DU = 0.01 mm thickness of ozone at oC and 1 atm (STP)

US sky : 300 DUMinimum at Antarctica : 200 DU

Dobson Ozone Spectrophotometer

Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS)

Ozone holes: when concentration of ozone reduces more than 50%

Antarctica: 25 million km2

in 2001

All the ozone over a certain

area is compressed to oC

and 1 atm and forms a 3 mmthick slab corresponding to

300 DU

A i


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Antarctic ozone

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

H d h
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Min_ozone.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Min_ozone.jpg


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Hydrosphere

1. 70.8% earths surface is covered by water

2. 60-70% of living world

3. Physiological reactions in aqueous phase

4. Total quantum of water : 1.4 B km3

5. Salty sea water : 97.6%6. Fresh water : 2.4%

7. Renewable in nature next

8. Important food source9. Easily polluted

10. Must be treated (already dealt in I part)

11. Major industrial and agriculture input


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Rain harvesting


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Distribution of fresh water

Location % of totalSnow, ice, glaciers 86.9

Accessible ground water 12.0

Lakes, reservoirs, ponds 0.37

Saline lakes 0.31Soil moisture 0.19

Moisture in living organisms 0.19

Atmosphere 0.039

Wetlands 0.011

Rivers, streams, canals 0.0051


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Freshwater as a resource in India

Renewable through evaporation from

the seas and precipitation (solar powered)Demands for freshwater include:

Agriculture & livestock (79.6%)

Power generation (13.6%)Domestic(3.5%)

Industry (3.3%)

Demands increase with increasing population

Unequal distribution of freshwater

Interlinking of rivers: solution of water problem

Lithosphere


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Lithosphere


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Lithosphere

1.Land area: 26%

2.Supports all the living systems and provides

a wealth of raw materials which has made

the civilization to develop


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Lithosphere: India

2.4% of worlds land

15% of worlds population

Per capita land availability, ha

Russia 8.43USA 7.39

Australia 6.60

China 0.98India 0.48


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Lithosphere: India

Land use categories, Mha

Cultivable land 142 (46%)Forest land 67 (22%)

Nonagricultural land 20 (6.5%)

Barren and pasture land 55 (17.8%)Fallow land 25 (8.0%)

Mineral exploration

Rich in coal,crude,bauxite, copper, gold,

nickel, uranium, thorium etc.


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Lithosphere: India

Food resource

Self sufficient in agriculture produceI in world in sugar production

I in milk production, 97 million tonnes

Live stock, 25% of world

Forest resource

21.68 % forest cover

reduction in global warming


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What is Ecology?

Study of interactions between organismsand their environment.

Ernst Haeckelcoined termEcologyin 1866

Greek word , "house"; ,study of


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Levels of Organization Ecologists study

organisms ranging fromthe various levels oforganization:

Species/individuals

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biome

Biosphere


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Species

Group of similar organisms that can breed andproduce fertile offspring


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group of organisms, all of the same species, which

interbreed and live in the same area.

Population
http://images.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hoothollow.com/December%202004%20Kenya%20TRIP%20REPORT/African%20Lions%20playing%20A%20RAW%20027627.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freewebs.com/wild-lions/showslinks.htm&h=665&w=1000&sz=450&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=-l7pxMSIbHG6YM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=149&prev=/images?q=lions&gbv=2&hl=en&sa=G


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Ecosystem


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Ecosystem

Collection of organisms that live in a place with the

nonliving environment

Biome


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Biome Group of ecosystems with the same climate and

dominant communities

Tropical rain forest

Tropical dry forest

Tropical savanna Temperate woodlandand shrubland

Desert

Temperate grassland

Boreal forest

(Taiga)

Northwestern

coniferous forest

Temperate forest

Mountains and

ice caps

Tundra

O i ti Hi h


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Organization Hierarchy

Ch t i ti f t


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Characteristics of ecosystems

All ecosystems have a constant source ofenergy ( sun)

Cycles to reuse raw materialsWater, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus cycles

An ecosystem comprises of the biotic or living

( viz. plants and animals)

and the abiotic or non-living components

( viz. air, water, minerals, soil)

A h H h


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Autotrophs vs . Heterot rophs

Autotrophsmaketheir own foodso

they are called

PRODUCERS

Heterotrophsget

their food from

another source so

they are called

CONSUMERS


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Main forms of energy for autotrophs

Sunlight The main source of energy for

life on earth

Photosynthesis: leaf a chemical

reactor

Chemical

Inorganic compounds

Chemosynthesis : opium,

ginseng, garlic (selenium)

Types of Consumers


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Types of ConsumersHerbivores- only eat plants Carnivores - only eat meat Omnivores

Eat plants and meat

Detritivores and

Decomposers

Feed on plant and animal

remains

wildebeest

/
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Decomposers /detr it ivo res

Polythene/plastics: no decomposition; banning of PB by States,

Uttarakhand, Choking of sewer lines; agriculture sector: moisture,

nitrogen fixation, Spills of crude in oceans.

Vultures vanished from India, Pakistan (DDT - cow/buffalos)


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f


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Energy f low in ecosystems


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E f l i t


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Energy f low in ecosystems

Photosynthesis

6CO2+ 6H2O + energy C6H12O6+ 6O2

RespirationStored energy is released in the reverse reaction

C6H12O6+ 6O2 6CO2+ 6H2O + energy

Released energy is available to drive other reactions,

e.g. cell metabolism and growth

I. C. engines/combustion processes same reaction

Difference: temperature

F d i l i h i


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Feed ing relat ionships

Food Chainsteps oforganisms transferringenergy by eating & beingeaten

Food Webnetworkof all the food chains in

an ecosystem

Food web


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Food web

Ecological pyramids


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Ecological pyramids

Energy Pyramid

Biomass Pyramid

Number Pyramid

Trophic Leveleach step in a food chain or food web


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Trophic levels


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Trophic levels

Trophic levels


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Trophic levels

Why are nutrients important ?


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Why are nutrients important ?

95% of our body is made of

1) OXYGEN

2) CARBON

3) HYDROGEN

4) NITROGEN

Every living organismneeds nutrients to buildtissues and carry outessential life functions.

Availability of nutrients


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Availability of nutrients

If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limitorganisms growth. It is called a limiting

nutrient and is in accordance of Leibigs Law

When a limiting nutrient is dumped into a lake

or pond, an algal bloom occurs and this candisrupt the ecosystem

Matter movement through an ecosystem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Potomac_river_eutro.jpg


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Matter movement through an ecosystem

Unlike the one way flow ofenergy, matter is recycledwithin & between ecosystems

Nutrients are passed between

organisms & the environmentthrough biogeochemical cycles

Biogeochemical Cycles

Bio life

GeoEarth

Chemi chemical

1. WATER CYCLE

2. NUTRIENT CYCLES

a)CARBON CYCLE

b)NI TROGEN CYCLE

c)PHOSPHORUSCYCLE

WATER CYCLE


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C C

CARBON CYCLE


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CARBON CYCLE

4 PROCESSESMOVE

CARBON THROUGH

ITS CYCLE:

1) Biological

2) Geochemical

3) Mixed biochemical

4) Human Activity

CO2

CO2

CO2


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CO2

CO2

Carbonate rocks

GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE


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(All values are in Billion Metric Tons Carbon)

NITROGEN CYCLE


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NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen-containing nutrients in

the biosphere include:

1) Ammonia(NH3)

2) Nitrate(NO3-)

3) Nitrite(NO2-)

ORGANISMS NEED

NITROGEN TO MAKE

AMINO ACIDS FOR

BUILDING PROTEINS!!!

N2

in Atmosphere

NH3

N03- &

N02-

N2

in Atmosphere


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NH3

N03- &

N02-

Haber process: 1918

Nobel Prize

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE


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OS O US C CPHOSPHORUS FORMS PART OF IMPORTANT LIFE-SUSTAINING

MOLECULES (ex. DNA & RNA)

Cold drinks; pH: 3

phosphoric acid

Phosphatic

fertilizers


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Natural succession

Well Balanced Ecosystem changes over time

Lake Shallow Lake (deposition of Silt)

Marsh Meadow Hardwood Forest

Takes place long period of time and not

visible in human lifespan

Can be affected by human activities such as

pollution

ACCUMULATION OF POLLUTANTS IN


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ENVIRONMENT

1.Conservative Pollutants:Pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),

cynide, selenium etc.heavy metals(mercury, copper, cadmium,

chromium, lead, nickel, zinc, tin etc. )

2. Nonconservative pollutants:

biodegradable organics, human waste,

animal waste

ACCUMULATION OF POLLUTANTS


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Bioaccumulation/Bioconcentrationincrease in concentration of a pollutant

from the environment to the firstorganism in a food chain: a pesticide in a crop

Biomagnificationincrease in concentration of apollutant from one link in a

food chain to another: a pesticide in a crop

Conditions:

long li fesoluble in fats: animal l i fe/human li fe

biologically active

chicken

human


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Biomagnification


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The level at which a given substance isbioaccumulated depends on :The rate of uptakeThe mode of uptake (through the gills of a fish, ingested

along with food, contact with epidermis (skin) etc. )

How quickly the substance is eliminated from the organism,

transformation of the substance by metabolic processes, thelipid (fat) content of the organism, the hydrophobicityof the

substance, environmental factors etc.
http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/hydrophobic.htmlhttp://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/hydrophobic.html


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Biomagnification


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Biomagnification

When partitioning concentrates a chemical in one

phase that is the food for a higher phase, the chemicalcan further concentrate as we move up the food chain

Bioconcentration / Bioaccumulation


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Bioconcentration of a substance is correlated to the octanol-

water partitioning coefficient (or Haunsch partitioning

Coefficient) KOW of the substance.The octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) is defined as

the ratio of a chemical's concentration in the octanol phase

to its concentration in the aqueous phase of a two-phase

octanol/water system.

KOW= Concentration in octanol phase / Concentration in

aqueous phase.

Values of KOW can be considered to have some meaning inthemselves, since they represent the tendency of the

chemical to partition itself between an organic phase (e.g., a

fish) and an aqueous phase.



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Chemicals with low KOW values (e.g., less than 10) may

be considered relatively hydrophilic; they tend to have

high water solubilities, small soil/sediment adsorption

coefficients, and small bioconcentration factors for

aquatic life.

Conversely, chemicals with high KOW values (e.g., greater

than 104) are very hydrophobic.



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Bioconcentration factor (BCF) is the concentration of a

particular chemical in a tissue per concentration of

chemical in water (reported as l/kg). This physical

property characterizes the accumulation of pollutants

through chemical partitioning from the aqueous phase

into an organic phase, such as fish.

BCF= [Concentration of X in Organism, mg/kg ] /[Concentration of X in Environment, mg/l]

High potential BCF>1000; Moderate Potential

1000>BCF>250; Low potential 250>BCF.

BCF is also related to the Haunsch Partition Coefficient

by

log BCF = 0.79 x log KOW- 0.4

Example


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Example

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has a water to

plankton partition coefficient of 200,000; a

plankton to smelt (fish) magnification factor of

7.5; and a smelt to lake trout magification factor

of 3.5. If the concentration of HCB in the wateris 1.0 ppt, will either fish exceed the fish

consumption standards:

5 ppm for general consumption

1 ppm for pregnant and nursing women

Solution


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Solution

kg

mg2.0

kg

ng10x2

L

ng1

kg

L10x2 55plankton

water

planktonp/w

C

C

C

K

kg

mg5.1

kg

mg2.05.75.7 planktonsmelt

CC

kg

mg25.5

kg

mg5.15.35.3 smelttrout

CC


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Interpretation

The lake trout exceed the general

consumption standard and both species

exceed the standard for pregnant andnursing women

Both could easily argued on the basis of

uncertainty

PCB


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PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls): Insulating materialsin transformers: impair thyroid functions andneurotoxins.

General Electric Released during 1947-1977 in HudsonRiver, 300 km of Hudson River polluted

Concentrated in bottom sedimentsConsumed byriverbed microorganisms-eaten by fish 2 ppm conc.

Contaminated sediments are removed, extensivedredging & proper disposed off

Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethne (DDT)


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Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethne (DDT)

Half life 15 years

Year Amount Remaining

0 100 kg

15 50 kg

30 25 kg45 12.5 kg

60 6.25 kg

75 3.13 kg

90 1.56 kg105 0.78 kg

120 0.39 kg

DDT Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethne


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DDT Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethne

Used for malaria control and to protect crops from insects

Biomagnification, not very toxic to human but adverseimpact of egg hatching by birds.

Banned in 1972 and many bird population have recovered.

In India thousands of tons of DDT was used to controlmalarial mosquitoes between 1995 and 1996.

Large numbers of vultures dying and have high levels ofDDT in their carcasses.

Vultures are at the same level of the food chain as humansand serve as sentinels warning of greater pesticide hazardsthrough indirect effects unless there is a change in theIndian government's pesticide policy.


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CE-105 Introduction and Ecology

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Transcript of CE-105 Introduction and Ecology