Air

Pollution

Air Pollution ControlMobile Emissions: Line sources

Stationary Emissions: Point sources

Mobile Emissions: Line sources

Internal Combustion Engines

Types of the engines1. Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer

Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra Premium)

Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture)

Compression stroke

Power stroke : spark is given to have combustion: Faraday dynamo

Exhaust stroke Working of four stroke petrol engine - YouTube.FLV

2. Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German

Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+

Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)

Compression stroke

Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion

Exhaust stroke How a diesel Engine Works - YouTube.MP4

CO, HC, NOx and PM

CO, HC,(PM and NOx higher), Noise pollution

Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines

Rich Mixture

Two

Way

Catalytic

Converter

Two

pollutants:

CO

HC

Leaded

gasoline

spoils

converters

A two-way catalytic converter has two

simultaneous tasks:

Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon

dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons

(unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon

dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 →

2xCO2 + yH2O

Three

Way

Catalytic

ConverterThree

pollutants:

CO

HC

&

NOx

Leaded

gasoline

spoils

converters

A three-way catalytic converter has three

simultaneous tasks:

Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen

and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2

Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon

dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to

carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy +

(2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O

Three

Way

Catalytic

ConverterThree

pollutants:

CO

HC

&

NOx

Leaded

gasoline

spoils

converters

How a catalytic converter works -

YouTube.MP4

Catalytic

Converters

use

Platinum/

Palladium/

Rhodium/

Gold

catalysts

Theft?

OTHER OPTIONS

Cleaner/Alternative Fuels

Cleaner/Alternative Fuels

Oxygen containing additives reduce air requirements and combustion is better

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects)

Biodiesel

Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90% Gasoline)

Methanol [M80, 80 % methanol, 20 % gasoline]

CNG

LPG

Hydrogen

A cleaner-burning, renewable, and

domestically produced diesel fuel

Biodiesel can be made from various oils:

edible and nonedible viz: jatropha,

pongamia, mustard, soybean, corn,

sunflower, animal fat, and even waste

grease

Biodiesel is primarily sold as B20 (Diesel

80+20 BioDiesel)

U.S. Congress designated B20 as an

approved alternative fuel in 1998

BIODIESEL

A BETTER FUEL VS DIESEL

Higher cetane

Greater lubricity

Superior detergency

Higher flash point

More mileage

Greater horsepower

Less smoke

Smoother running engines

Quicker starts

Longer engine life

Reduced maintenance

BenefitsFeatures

Cleaner Emissions vs. Diesel

Emission Type B100 B20

Carbon Monoxide - 43.2% - 12.6%

Hydrocarbons - 56.3% - 11%

Particulates - 55.4% - 18 %

Nitrogen Oxides + 5.8% +1.2 %

Carcinogens - 60% - 90% - 12% - 20%

Mutagens - 80% - 90% - 20%

Carbon Dioxide * - 78.3% - 15.7%

* Life cycle emissions of CO2

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden, Colorado

FUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, WORLD TOTAL, 1990-2003

(billion liters)

FROM THE FARMER TO THE FUEL TANK

Energy Crop

R&D

Farming

Oilseed

Meal

CrushingCrop Oil

Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel

MarketGlycerin

++

Vegetable or

animal oilAlcohol Biodiesel Glycerine

catalyst

Basics :

Chemical reaction between vegetable or animal oils/fats with alcohol producing ethyl or

methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerine (by-product)

Raw materials

- Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton, peanut, others)

or animal;

- Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)

- Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)

Biodiesel Production by Transesterification

Catalyst

Oil Purification Transesterification Purification Biodiesel

WaterGlycerine

Soaps

Water

Purification Glycerine

Alcohol

Biodiesel Production by Transesterification

ETHANOL

Henry Ford designed the famed

Model T Ford to run on alcohol

and he had said “the fuel of the

future” in 1908

ETHANOL AS FUEL

The Model T Ford was built to run on ethanol, 1908

Renewable Zero Carbon Balance

Not dependent on petroleum

Large scale of production

High miscibility with gasoline and it is a perfect

substitute for tetraethyl lead/aromatics

Oxygenated Compound Reduces CO emission

Low toxic

Sulfur free

WHY ETHANOL?

Low heating value (70 % of gasoline)

Ignition difficulty in winter

Metal corrosion

Effect on plastic and rubber components

DISADVANTAGES ETHANOL

WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCTION2007 data

Country Billion of litre

USA 24.60

Brazil 18.99

European Union 2.16

China 1.83

Canada 0.80

Thailand 0.28

Columbia 0.27

India 12.3

Gasoline

(CnH1.87n)

Methanol

(CH3OH)

Ethanol

(C2H5OH)

Stoichiometric A/F

ratio14.6 6.47 9.00

Density (kg/m3) 720-780 792 785

RON 95 106 107

MON 80-90 92 89

Low heating value

(MJ/kg)44 20 26.9

Heat of

vaporization (kJ/kg)305 1,103 840

LHV of stoich.

mixture (MJ/kg)2.83 2.68 2.69

Auto-ignition

temperature (°C)260-460 460 360

FUEL PROPERTIES

ETHYL ALCOHOL

Raw Materials

Sugary materials: molasses, sugar cane

juice, fruits

Starch materials: corn, barley, rice, wheat

Cellulosic materials: wood, agricultural

residues

METHANOL

United States Auto Club : 1965

Formula one : gasoline

High octane number : RON of 107 and MON of 92

Not suitable for CI engines

Proven technology

Heating value half of gasoline

No engine modification required

METHANOL

Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A. Olah

Nobel Prize (1994)

Methanol: as gasoline supplement/

replacement

Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)

Indirect : Hydrogen Fuel Cells

METHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTES

Wood pyrolysis

From Syn gas (CO+H2) via F-T process (depends upon catalyst, temperature and pressure conditions)

Methanol and Ethanol may be the

Liquid Fuels of Coming Future

Mixture of HCs

Main Constituent is Methane >96%

Heating value 37-40 MJ/Nm3

(billing is based on heating value)

Sulphur free

High octane number (130+)

CO and unburnt HCs emission low

Low cost ?

NG/CNG/PNG/LNG

Year OIL ONGC PVT/JV Total

1996/07 1.50 21.28 0.48 23.26

1999/00 1.73 23.25 3.47 28.45

2004/05 2.01 22.99 6.78 31.77

2005/06 2.27 22.57 7.36 32.20

2006/07 2.27 22.25 7.04 31.58

2009/10 47.51

NG PRODUCTION IN INDIA

As per 2007 data of MoPNG

in BCM

GAIL (INDIA) LTD. main player in gas

transport

A total of 5300 km gas pipe line in our country

11 states covered

HBJ (Hajira-Bilaspur-Jagdispur) 2800 km

Capacity: 60 SMCMD; 900 mm Diameter

Pressure: 20-40 Bar, Boosters: 200-350 km

Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline: 2300 km

Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipe Line

NG NET WORK

Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling

stations in the world by end 2005

Country Vehicles Ref. stations

Argentina 1,439,527 1,402

Brazil 1,000,424 1,124

Pakistan 800,000 740

Italy 382,000 509

India* 204,000 198

US 130,000 1,340

China 97,200 355

Ukraine 67,000 147

Egypt 62,150 90

Colombia 60,000 90

*2006/07 408,880 356 (Delhi and Mumbai)

Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling

stations in the world by end 2005 contd…

Country Vehicles Ref. stations

Iran 48,029 72

Venezuela 44,146 149

Russia 41,780 213

Germany 27,200 558

Japan 24,684 288

Canada 20,505 222

Sweden 7,000 65

UK 543 20

Others 200,000 1,000

Total 4,706,000 8,643

Petroleum review, 2006

Domestic fuel

Mixture of Propane (20%) & Butane (80%)

LPG is highly volatile liquid and expands

to 247 times of its liquid volume

Mercaptans added (50 ppm)

Liquefaction pressure: Propane 10 bar; Butane

3 bar

14.2 kg MS Cylinders for domestic use

and 19 & 49.5 kg others

Vehicle usage allowed by government

LPG

Widely regarded as the ultimate fuel and

energy storage medium for future

Environment friendly

Hydrogen has high energy density

(120MJ/kg vs 44.4 MJ/kg Petrol)

Produced from water, fossil fuels,

biomass, solar energy etc.

HYDROGEN ENERGY

Catalytic steam reforming of natural

gas/coal/biomass

Electrolytic decomposition of water

Solar radiations

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTES

PhotosynthesisPhotovoltaics

CO

Sugar

H O

O

2

2

2

Solar energy based production options

Semiconductor/LiquidJunctions

H2O

O H22

SC

Heating

e-

Electrolysis of water

Stationary Emissions: Point Sources

Control of Particulate Matter

Device Selection Depends on Particle Size

Concentration

Corrosivity

Volumetric Flow Rate

Required Collection Efficiency

Cost

Cyclone

For PM > 5 micron

Efficiency > 90%

Maintenance Free

Inexpensive

ReCyclone® System -

YouTube.MP4

Fabric Filters

Eff. – 100 % Particles

>0.01 micron

Can not operate in moist

environment

Large & Expensive

Competitive with ESP

Cloth material-

temperature dependant

Bag Materilas1. Cotton

2. Nylon

3. Polyester

4. Fiberglass

5. Asbestos

6. Stainless steel:

woven

7. Ceramic

filter bag,filter

fabric,filter cage-cox

filter cloth -

YouTube.MP4

Electrostatic Precipitator

Wires are charged with high negative voltage. 100 KV

PM negatively charged & move towards grounded collector plates

Removal>98%, All size

Little pressure drop, low O&M cost but initial cost high

Occupy large space

Plate Area Requirement depends on Efficiency required

– Efficiency = 1-e-wA/Q

– A is total area of collection plate

– Q Volumetric flow rate of the gas

– W is drift velocity

Electrostatic Precipitator System Working.avi - YouTube.MP4

Sulfur Dioxide Control

CaCO3+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O+CO2

or CaO+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O

END