CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.
-
Upload
troy-haler -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
3
Transcript of CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.
![Page 1: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
Gwo-Ruey Lee
![Page 2: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Outlines
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio [1-7]
OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics[4,13] The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average Power
Ratio [ 1,4,16]
Clipping and Peak Window [1,4,10,11] Clipping Amplifier Methods Clipping Amplifier Simulations
Peak Cancellation [1,4,8,9,14,15]PAP Reduction Codes [14,17,18.19]Symbol Scrambling [12,14,20,21]
![Page 3: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
It is plausible that the OFDM signal - which is the superposition of a high number of modulated subchannel signals – may exhibit a high instantaneous signal peak with respect to the average signal level.
An OFDM signal consists of a number of independently modulated subcarriers, which can give a large peak-to-average power (PAP) ratio.
High peak-to-average power ratio Problem 1. It increased complexity of the analog-to-
digital and digital-to-analog converters Problem 2. It reduced efficiency of the RF power
amplifier The PAPR puts a stringent requirement on the power
amplifier and reduces the efficiency in the sense that a higher input backoff factor is needed before the peaks in the signal experience significant distortion due to power amplifier nonlinearity.
1/3
![Page 4: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
time
Ampl
itude
waveform 1
0 0.5 1-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time
Ampl
itude
waveform 2
0 0.5 1-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time
Ampl
itude
waveform 3
0 0.5 1-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time
Ampl
itude
waveform 4
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
time
Ampli
tude
waveform 1
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
time
Ampli
tude
waveform 1+ 2
0 0.5 1-1
0
1
2
3
time
Ampli
tude
waveform 1+ 2+ 3
0 0.5 1-1
0
1
2
3
4
time
Ampli
tude
waveform 1+ 2+ 3+ 4
PAPR ~ number of subcarriers =N
2/3
![Page 5: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
The existing solutions of PAPR 1. Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak
amplitudes simply by nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around the peaks.
Clipping Peak window Peak cancellation
2. Coding techniques that using a special forward-error correct code
PAP reduction code 3. It is based on scrambling each OFDM symbol with different scrambling sequences and selecting that sequence that
gives the smallest PAP ratio.
Adaptive subcarrier selection (ASUS) Selected mapping (SLM) Partial transmit sequence (PTS)
3/3
![Page 6: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Signal expression Let and denote the real and imaginary parts of the
output signal. A complex baseband signal, defined over the time interval
, can be expressed as
where is the complex data of the kth subcarrier and is the OFDM symbol period.
0, st T
kA sT
1/17
1
2
0
1s
Nj k T t
kk
s t x t jy t A eN
x t y t
![Page 7: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PAPR Definition
OFDM bandpass signal
is the carrier frequency of RF signals.
The peak power is defined as the power of a sine wave with
an amplitude equal to the maximum envelope value.
The PAPR of the baseband OFDM signals can be defined as
2 cos2 sin 2cj f tc cs t s t e x t f t y t f t
cf
2
0
2
max t T s s t
E s t
2/17
![Page 8: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
If all the subcarrier are modulated by phase-shift keying (PSK), the theoretical upper bound of the PAPR in OFDM signals with N subcarriers is N.
For example It can be shown that for an M-ary PSK OFDM system,
there are at most patterns that yield the highest PAPR, namely, N.
The probability of observing such a PAPR is .
2M
22 N
N
MM
M
3/17
![Page 9: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Basic waveforms of OFDM signal with 4-DFT BPSK
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
1.5
2
time
Am
plitu
de
waveform 1
0 0.5 1-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time
Am
plitu
de
waveform 2
0 0.5 1-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time
Am
plitu
de
waveform 3
0 0.5 1-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
time
Am
plitu
de
waveform 4 Maximum PAPR case
[1,1,1,1] [4,0,0,0]
[ 1, 1, 1, 1] [ 4,0,0,0]
[1, 1,1, 1] [0,0,4,0]
[ 1,1, 1,1] [0,0, 4,0]
x X
x X
x X
x X
Re
Im
1-1
4/17
![Page 10: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
OFDM signal with 4-DFT BPSK
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 1 1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 1 1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 1 -1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 1 -1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 -1 1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 -1 1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 -1 -1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=1 -1 -1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 -1 -1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 -1 -1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 -1 1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 -1 1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 1 -1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 1 -1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 1 1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plit
ude
symbol=-1 1 1 1
5/17
![Page 11: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
The histogram of peak amplitude of 4-DFT BPSK
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PAPR
cou
nt n
um
be
r
2.8284
8
4 4
6/17
![Page 12: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=1 1 1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=1 -1 1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=1+0i 0+1i -1+0i 0-1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=1+0i 0-1i -1+0i 0+1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0+1i 0+1i 0+1i 0+1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0+1i 0-1i 0+1i 0-1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0+1i -1+0i 0-1i 1+0i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0+1i 1+0i 0-1i -1+0i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0-1i 0-1i 0-1i 0-1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0-1i 0+1i 0-1i 0+1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0-1i 1+0i 0+1i -1+0i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=0-1i -1+0i 0+1i 1+0i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=-1 -1 -1 -1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=-1 1 -1 1
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=-1+0i 0-1i 1+0i 0+1i
0 0.5 1-4
-2
0
2
4
time
Am
plitu
de
symbol=-1+0i 0+1i 1+0i 0-1i
4-DFT QPSK with max peak amplitude
7/17
![Page 13: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
4-DFT QPSK
3 2
01 2 30 2 2 224 4 4
, 1, 2,3.
0 1 2 3
nkjN
nk k kk j j jj
N
kX k x n e
x e x e x e x e
[1,1,1,1] [4,0,0,0]
[ 1, 1, 1, 1] [ 4,0,0,0]
[ , , , ] [4 ,0,0,0]
[ , , , ] [ 4 ,0,0,0]
[1, 1,1, 1] [0,0,4,0]
[ 1,1, 1,1]
x X
x X
x i i i i X i
x i i i i X i
x X
x
[0,0, 4,0]
[ , , , ] [0,0,4 ,0]
[ , , , ] [0,0, 4 ,0]
X
x i i i i X i
x i i i i X i
[1, , 1, ] [0, 4,0,0]
[ 1, ,1, ] [0, 4,0,0]
[ , 1, ,1] [0, 4 ,0,0]
[ ,1, , 1] [0, 4 ,0,0]
[1, , 1, ] [0,0,0,4]
[ 1, ,1, ]
x i i X
x i i X
x i i X i
x i i X i
x i i X
x i i
[0,0,0, 4]
[ ,1, , 1] [0,0,0,4 ]
[ , 1, ,1] [0,0,0, 4 ]
X
x i i X i
x i i X i
Re
Im
1-1
i
-i
8/17
![Page 14: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
128
80
32
16
3.1623 2.8284
The histogram of peak amplitude of 4-DFT QPSK
9/17
![Page 15: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
N-point DFT M-ary PSK
It can be shown that for an M-ary PSK OFDM system, there are at most patterns that yield the highest PAPR, namely, N.
The probability of observing such a PAPR is .
2M2
2 NN
MM
M
10/17
![Page 16: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics
The time domain OFDM signal is constituted by the sum of complex exponential functions, whose amplitudes and phases are determined by the data symbols transmitted over the different carriers.
Assuming random data symbols, the resulting time domain signal exhibits an amplitude probability density function (PDF) approaching the two-dimensional or complex Gaussian distribution for a high number of subcarriers.
Figure listed below explicitly shows that the measured amplitude histogram of the (a) in-phase component/Quadrature component and (b) amplitude of the a 256-subcarrier OFDM signal obeys a (a) Gaussian distribution and (b) Rayleigh distribution with a standard deviation of .
1
2
11/17
![Page 17: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics
The observed amplitude histogram of the 256-subcarrier OFDM signal is correspond to Rayleigh distribution.
Note that the standard deviation of the probability density function is independent of the number of subcarriers employed, since the mean power of the signal is normalized to 1.
12/17
![Page 18: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
amplitude
prob
abili
ty
0 1 2 3 4 50
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
9dB 6dB 3dB 12dB 0dB
(a) in-phase component/Quadrature component histogram (b) Amplitude histogram
The distribution of I/Q component and amplitude
13/17
![Page 19: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
OFDM Signal Amplitude Statistics
Signal Amplitude CDF0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
amplitude
pro
ba
bili
ty
0dB 3dB 6dB 9dB 12dB
The distribution of Measured amplitude which the value is large than threshold
14/17
![Page 20: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
For one OFDM symbol with N subcarrier, the complex baseband signal can be written as
For large N, the real and imaginary values of become Gaussian distributed, each with a mean of zero and a variance ½.
The amplitude of the OFDM signal therefore has a Rayleigh distribution, while the power distribution becomes a central chi-square distribution given by
1
1n
Nj t
nn
x t a eN
x t
1 zF z e
15/17
![Page 21: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
Cumulative distribution function Assuming the samples are mutually uncorrelated – which i
s true for non-oversampling – the probability that the PAPR is below some threshold level can be written as
Assuming the distribution of N subcarriers and oversampling can be approximated by the distribution for
subcarriers without oversampling with larger than one.
(1 )N z Np PAPR z F z e
1Nzp PAPR z e
N
16/17
![Page 22: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Distribution of The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PAPR distribution without oversampling for a number of subcarriers of (a) 16 (b)32 (c) 64 (d) 128 (e) 256 and (f) 1024
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1610
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
PAPR[dB]
log
(CD
F)
(a )N=16 (b) N=32 (c) N=64 (d) N=128 (e) N=256 (f) N=1024
(f)
(e)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
17/17
![Page 23: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Clipping and Peak Window
Clipping the signal The simplest way to reduce the PAPR The peak amplitude becomes limited to some desired
level By distorting the OFDM signal amplitude, a kind of self-
interference is introduced that degrades the BER. Nonlinear distortion increases out-of-band radiation
Peak windowing To remedy the out-of-band problem of clipping To multiply large signal peaks by nonrectangular window To minimize the out-of-band interference, ideally the
window should be as narrowband as possible. The windows should not be too long in the time domain,
because that implies that many signal samples as affected, which increases the BER.
1/6
![Page 24: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Clipping Amplitude Methods
Clipping – a example of reducing the large peaks in OFDM with the use of windowing
2/6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time
Am
plit
ud
e
Original Signal Clipped Signal Cplipping Threshold
Peak
![Page 25: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Clipping Amplitude Methods
The difference between clipping the signal and windowing the signal
3/6
![Page 26: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Clipping Amplitude Methods
The spectral distortion can be decreased by increasing the windowing
4/6
![Page 27: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Clipping Amplitude Simulations
Symbol error rate versus Eb/N0 in AWGN. OFDM signal is clipped to PAPR of (a) no distortion (b) 5 (c) 3 and (d) 1 dB.
5/6
0 5 10 15 2010
-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100 Eb/N0 Vs BER
Eb/N0
BE
R
QP S K AWGNCR=5 CR=3 CR=1
![Page 28: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Clipping Amplitude Simulations
Symbol error rate versus Eb/N0 in AWGN. Peak windowing is applied with a window width of 1/16 of the FFT durat
ion.
6/6
0 5 10 15 2010
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100 Eb/N0 Vs BER
Eb/N0
BE
R
QP S K AWGNrcos ine ka ise r hamming
![Page 29: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
The undesired effect of nonlinear distortion can be avoided by doing a linear peak cancellation technique, whereby a time-shifted and scaled reference function is subtracted from the signal, such that each subtracted reference function reduced the peak power of the least one signal sample.
By selecting an appropriate reference function with approximately the same bandwidth as the transmitted signal, it can be assured that the peak power reduction does not cause any out-of-band interference.
Peak cancellation can be done digitally after generation of the digital OFDM symbols.
1/7
![Page 30: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
The peak cancellation was done after parallel-to-serial conversion of signal.
2/7
SignalMapping
S/P IFFT Cyclic PrefixP/SPeak
CancellationD/A
Up-Converter
Input Data
![Page 31: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
The peak cancellation is identical to clipping followed by filtering
Supposed the clipped signal is filtered by an ideal LPF with impulse response of .
are the amplitude, phase, and delay of the correction that is applied to the ith sample in order to reach the desired clipping level.
, , ,i i ia and
3/7
iji i
i
r n x n a e n
sinciji i
i
r n x n a e n sinc nT
![Page 32: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
It is also possible to do the cancellation immediately after the IFFT that is done on a symbol-by-symbol basis.
An efficient way to generate the cancellation signal without using a stored reference function is to use a lowpass filter in the frequency domain.
4/7
![Page 33: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
It shows an example of the signal envelopes of one arbitrary OFDM symbol and corresponding reference signal.
(a) OFDM symbol envelope (b) corresponding reference signal envelope
5/7
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 3800
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
Sample
Am
plit
ud
e
a Original Signal b corresponding reference signal
a
b
![Page 34: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
After subtraction, the peak amplitude is reduced to a maximum of 3dB above the RMS value.
(a) OFDM symbol envelope (b) signal envelope after peak cancellation
6/7
310 320 330 340 350 360 370 3800
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
Sample
Am
plit
ud
e
a Original Signal b Signal After Peak Cancellation
a
b
![Page 35: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Peak Cancellation
Simulated power spectral densities of an OFDM system with 32 carriers by using peak cancellation technique
(a) undistorted spectrum, PAPR=15dB (b) spectrum after peak cancellation to PAPR=4dB (c) clipping to PAPR =4dB
7/7
![Page 36: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes
Coding techniques that using a special forward-error-correction code Golay complementary sequence Linear block code [17,18]
1/7
![Page 37: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes Golay complementary sequence
Golay complementary sequence Golay complementary sequences are sequence pairs for w
hich the sum of auto-correlation function is zero for all delay shifts unequal to zero.
The correlation properties of complementary sequences translate
into a relatively small PAPR of 3 dB when the codes are used to modulate an OFDM signal.
2/7
![Page 38: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes Golay complementary sequence
For this case of 16 channels, the PAPR is reduced by approximately 9 dB in comparison with the uncoded case.
(a) Square root of PAPR for a 16 channel OFDM signal, modulated with the same initial phase for all subcarrier
((b) Square root of PAPR for a 16 channel OFDM signal, modulated with a complementary code.
3/7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Time
Am
plit
ud
e
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Time
Am
plit
ud
e
![Page 39: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes Linear block code
Linear block code[17,18] A block coding scheme provides error correction
capability, and also achieves the minimum PAPR for the OFDM system utilizing QPSK modulation and 4 subcarriers.
Block coding approach : by selecting only those codewords with small PAPR. Well-designed block codes provide error correction capability.
4/7
![Page 40: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes Linear block code
Block diagram of the OFDM signal with the proposed block coding scheme
The 8 bit vector x becomes 4 complex anti-podal symbols 2 2 12 1 2 1 ( 0,1,2,3)i i iy x j x i
5/7
![Page 41: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes Linear block code
(a) Instantaneous power of an uncoded OFDM system with BPSK modulation and N=4 subcarriers.
(b) Instantaneous power of an uncoded OFDM system employing the block coding scheme.
10
1610log ( ) 6.0205 ( )
4PAPR dB 10
7.0710log ( ) 2.4735 ( )
4PAPR dB
6/7
![Page 42: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
PAP Reduction Codes Linear block code
Instantaneous power of an uncoded OFDM system with BPSK modulation and N=4 subcarriers.
7/7
![Page 43: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling
The basic idea of symbol scrambling is that for each OFDM symbol, the input sequence is scrambled by a certain number of scrambling sequence, and the output signal is transmitted with the smallest PAPR.
Symbol scrambling techniques Adaptive subcarrier selection
With the subcarrier allocation scheme
Selected Mapping (SLM) The transmitter selects one favorable transmit signal from a set of sufficiently
different signals which all represent the same information.
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) The transmitter constructs its transmit signal with low PAR by coordinated
addition of appropriately phase rotated signal parts.
The difference between SLM and PTS is that the first applies independent scrambling rotations to all subcarriers, while the latter only applies scrambling rotations to group of subcarriers.
1/10
![Page 44: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - ASUS
OFDM system using ASUS (adaptive subcarrier selection) [20,21]
2/10
![Page 45: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - SLM
Selected Mapping (SLM) Generate U transmit sequences , representing the sam
e information for each OFDM symbols. Select the lowest PAPR in time-domain of U sequences to t
ransmit Define U distinct vectors , , (number of subcarriers) , .
Each OFDM frame is multiplied carrierwise with U vectors:
ua
1 ,...,u u u
NP P P u
vu jVP e
0,2uv
, 1: , 1:
uvu jA v A v e v N u U
1:v N 1:u U
3/10
![Page 46: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - SLM
Selected Mapping (SLM)
4/10
![Page 47: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - SLM
Selected Mapping (SLM) SLM requires U IDFT’s in the transmitter, while the
receiver still needs only one DFT. bits are required to explicitly represent the
side information. Moderate complexity. For arbitrary number of carriers and any signal
constellation. Distortionless.
2log U
5/10
![Page 48: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - SLM
Performance of SLM Known side information
0 5 10 15 2010
-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100 Eb/N0 Vs BER
Eb/N0
BE
R
6/10
![Page 49: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - PTS
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) The information bearing subcarrier block is subdivide i
nto V pairwise disjoint carrier subblocks . All subcarrier positions in which are already represented i
n another subblock are set to zero .
Rotation factor for each subblock v and the modified subcarrier vector represents the same information as .
The subblocks are transformed by V separate IDFTs. Choose the rotation factor that minimize PAPR. Optimum transmitted sequence .
1
optimum rotation factor
vV
v
v
ba a
1
Vv
v
A A
A
, 1, , .vA v V
, 0,2vjv vb e
1
Vv v
v
A b A
A
7/10
![Page 50: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - PTS
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)
8/10
![Page 51: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - PTS
Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS)
9/10
![Page 52: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Symbol Scrambling - PTS
Performance of PTS Known phase rotation
10/10
0 5 10 15 2010
-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100 Eb/N0 Vs BER
Eb/N0
BE
R
![Page 53: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem
ReadingsOchiai, H. and Imai H. ,“On the distribution of t
he peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 49, Issue: 2, pp. 282 –289, Feb. 2001.
S. Müller and J. Huber, “A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,” In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, pp. 1-5, Nov. 1997.
![Page 54: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
[1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech House Boston London, 2000.
[2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications - Theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow 1999.
[3] Ramjee Prasad, “OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication,” Letter Notes on ISCOM’99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999.
[4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation – Principles and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000.
[5] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation: Principles and Applications, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society.
[7] John A. C. Bingham, ADSL, VDSL, and Multicarrier Modulation, Wiley-Interscience. [8] S. Müller and J. Huber, “A Novel Peak Power Reduction Scheme for OFDM,” In IEEE I
nt. Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC '97), Helsinki, Finland, pp. 1090-1094, Sep. 1997.
[9] S. Müller and J. Huber, “A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,” In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, pp. 1-5, Nov.1997.
[10] Ochiai, H.; Imai, H, ”Performance of the deliberate clipping with adaptive symbol selection for strictly band-limited OFDM systems, “Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on , Vol. 18 Issue: 11, pp. 2270 –2277, Nov. 2000.
![Page 55: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
[11] Wulich, D.; Dinur, N.; Glinowiecki, A,“Level clipped high-order OFDM,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 48 Issue 6, pp. 928 –930, June 2000.
[12] S. Müller and J. Huber, “OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratioby Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences, ” Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 368-369, Feb. 1997.
[13] S. Müller, R. Bäuml, R. Fischer, and J. Huber, “OFDM with Reduced Peak-to-Average Power Ratio by Multiple Signal Representation,” Annals of Telecommunications, Vol. 52, no. 1-2, pp. 58-67, Feb. 1997.
[14] S. Müller and J. Huber, “A Comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM,” In IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM '97), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, pp. 1-5, Nov. 1997.
[15] M. Breiling, S. Müller-Weinfurtner, and J. Huber, “SLM Peak-Power Reduction without Explicit Side Information,” In IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 239-241, Jun. 2001.
[16] Ochiai, H. and Imai H. ,“On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on , Vol. 49 Issue 2, pp. 282 –289, Feb. 2001.
[17] Hyo-Joo Ahn, Yoan Shin and Sungbin Im, “A block coding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio reduction in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system,” Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, 2000. VTC 2000-Spring Tokyo. 2000 IEEE 51st , Vol. 1, pp. 56 –60, 2000.
[18] Pingyi Fan; Xiang-Gen Xia, “Block coded modulation for the reduction of the peak to average power ratio in OFDM systems,” Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 45. Issue 4. Pp. 1025 -1029, Nov. 1999.
![Page 56: CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem Gwo-Ruey Lee.](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020122/5519d30b550346047c8b4cae/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
[19] Fernando, W.A.C.; Rajatheva, R.M.A.P. “Performance of turbo and trellis coded OFDM for LEO satellite channels in global mobile communications “Communications, 1998. ICC 98. Conference Record. 1998 IEEE International Conference on , Vol. 1, pp. 412 –416, 1998.
[20] Rohling, H.; Grunheid, R. “ Performance of an OFDM-TDMA mobile communication system ” Vehicular Technology Conference, 1996. Mobile Technology for the Human Race., IEEE 46th , Vol. 3, pp. 1589 -1593. 1996.
[21] Schmidt, H. and Kammeyer, K.-D., “Reducing the peak to average power ratio of multicarrier signals by adaptive subcarrier selection,” Universal Personal Communications, 1998. ICUPC '98. IEEE 1998 International Conference on , Vol. 2, pp. 933 -93 , 1998.