Cape Caribbean Studies Module 2

7/25/2019 Cape Caribbean Studies Module 2

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Carib Studies Module 2

Notes

Ah bad man we name A.L.L.


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CONCEPTUALIZINGDEVELOPMENT


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Expected LearningOutcomes

. Anal!sis o" the Concepts o" #e$elopment

2. %rasp o" the interrelationships among thedi&erent approaches to de$elopment 'human(

economic( sustainable)*. %rasp o" the di&erent indicators o" de$elopment

+. %rasp o" the di&erent "actors that promote andhinder de$elopment

,. E$aluation o" how de$elopment has beenin-uenced b! political( social( cultural(en$ironmental and technological "actors


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Concepts o" #e$elopment #e$elopment has been understood to ha$e * di&erent

interpretations1. Development as an enactment of hman vales!/his

concept essentiall! sa!s "or an!thing to de$elop( impro$ementmust be based on some $alues which are being implemented. 0orexample one ma! argue that "or an econom! to de$elop theremust be an implementation o" $alues which raise the standard o"li$ing

". Development as #nc$eas#n% 'e$ent#at#on o$ comple(#t)!/his concept essentiall! means that "or an!thing to de$elop itmust become more complex and di&erentiated where thecomponent parts will interrelate with deeper lin1ages. rett! sel"

explanator!.*. Development as l#+e$at#on o$ hman f$ee&om!/his states

that "or people to be de$eloped there must be an accompaniedgrowth in autonom!( the options the! can pursue and the sel"3e4cac! 'the signi5cance o" their actions). 0or example peoplesee education and its abilit! to empower people to rise in their

societies


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Approaches to de$elopment

/here are three main approaches tode$elopment

. Economic #e$elopment

2. 6uman #e$elopment

*. Sustainable #e$elopment


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Economic #e$elopment

/he speci5c goal o" de$elopment in thedecoloni7ation era was economicde$elopment through econom#c %$o,th

/his re"erred to an increase in the value ofgoods and services produced by a countrywithin a specic time period

8t was expected that the problems o"

po$ert! and bac1wardness would be sol$edonce Caribbean countries experiencedimpro$ements in economic growth


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Economic %rowth 8ndicators

/here were $arious indicators measure this 9de$elopment:howe$er the! onl! measured accuratel! economic growth.

/hese included

. %ross National roduct '%N) ;alue o" goods and ser$ices "rom acountr! plus an! "oreign re$enue. %N per capita is < %N =

population.

2. %ross #omestic roduct '%#) /he total mar1et $alue o" the goodsand ser$ices o" a countr! in a gi$en !ear. %# per capita < %# =population

*. opulation %rowth >ate calculated b! considering birth and deathrates and migration statistics there"ore i" one has a smaller

population then %# ? %N per Capita should rise

+. Age dependenc! ratio the ratio o" people under , and o$er @,'dependents) to the wor1ing age population 'those between ,3@+)./he theor! is i" there are more wor1ing aged people to ta1e care o"dependents the go$ernment would spend less ta1ing care o" them.


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Economic #e$elopment'Cont:d)

/he traditional emphasis was to implement measureswhich solel! increased production while limitingpopulation growth

/his "ormed the basis o" economic policies in the

Caribbean "rom the @:s to the B:s and theseethnocentric approaches modelled in a uni"orm wa!not addressing the problems "aced b! citi7ens.

hile production did increase to some extent theciti7en has b! large part not bene5tted "rom this

growth. Economic de$elopment has e$ol$ed since then to

"ocus not onl! on economic growth on wel"are o" thepeople and po$ert! reduction


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Economic #e$elopment8ndicators

/he economic and non economic indicators o"de$elopment are collecti$el! used to assess thele$el o" de$elopment among countries.

Some Economic 8ndicators o" #e$elopment include Le$els o" 8ndustriali7ation

Emplo!ment Le$els

Economic structures 'rimar!( Secondar!( /ertiar! 8ndustries)

/he Le$els o" local and "oreign debt

Le$els o" "oreign aid receipts

National >esource Accounting 6ow natural resources are depleted to dri$e producti$it!

urchasing ower arit! ') Assesses the impacts o" in-ation( shortages and dislocation o" the

econom!


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6uman #e$elopment

/he -man Development Pa$a%m -DP/ in theD:s brought together ideas "rom economic de$elopment

and sustainable de$elopment to 5nd a more holistic wa!o" describing de$elopment but putting humans at the

centre. /he 6# has three basic $iews

. /hat people are the end means o" de$elopment so i" ourualit! o" li"e increases we obser$e de$elopment

2. /hat de$elopment is largel! about broadening people:s

choices so the!:ll ha$e more opportunities to impro$ethemsel$es in wa!s that:ll ma1e them happ! and bringincome

*. /hat po$ert! and income ineualit! are the maFor problems inhuman societies which pre$ent good ualit! o" li"e


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6uman #e$elopment

/here"ore human de$elopment as en$isagedb! the 6# includes impro$ing the ualit! o"li"e o" people through the "our areas o"

empo,e$ment0 e#t)0 p$o&ct#v#t) an&ssta#na+#l#t)

/he notion comes not "rom ethnocentric $iewsas empowerment i.e. broadening human

choices di&er considerabl! among countries.8n one countr! it ma! be through education(another ma! be through opening crown lands


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Sustainable #e$elopment

A concept o" ad$ancing a people:s ualit!o" li"e( through both economic growth andde$elopment and human without

compromising "uture generations and theircapacit! to meet their own needs.

8n this t!pe o" de$elopment i" humande$elopment needs are compromised

impor$ents will be unsustainable So !eah all t!pes o" de$elopment are

connected here


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8" euit! is compromised so will the en$ironment be. 8nse$erel! uneual places li1e 6aiti where dail! sur$i$al ismore o" priorit! than the well being o" "uturegenerations the en$ironment will be exploited i.e.

cutting o" "orests which lead to soil erosion 6ence measures must be implemented to reduce

#neal#t) an& pove$t).

Gig companies o"ten exploit the en$ironments to ma1e apro5t li1e destro!ing "orests( o$er5shing and polluting.

/here"ore measures to increase the empowerment o"citi7ens to raise issues against the interests o" bigbusiness is critical to ensue sustainabilit!.


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Euit! >e"ers to the commitment on the part o" the people

and go$ernment o" a countr! to enable all socialgroups to access the opportunities that the countr!

o&ers and be "air to all groups as the! grasp theseopportunities

roducti$it! 'Gased on euit!)

>e"ers to an understanding that i" people ha$e eual

access to educational and Fob opportunities thentheir producti$it! will probabl! increase. So i" onehas adeuate Fob uali5cations the! probabl! won:tbe in a dead end Fob where there is no challenge.


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Empowerment 'Gased on euit!)

>e"ers to the degree to which indi$idualsha$e a "eeling o" sel"3e4cac!( meaning

that the! ha$e a 1nowledge that the!are capable o" doing things to impro$etheir li$es. 8" people ha$e eualopportunities to be producti$e citi7ensthe!:ll probabl! be happ! and will ha$ea high esteem ma1ing them ma1e broaddecisions in their best interest


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Non Economic indicators o"

#e$elopment

Li"e Expectanc!

Le$els o" Education

>atio o" #octors to the opulation

Labour roducti$it!

#istribution o" 8ncome

8mpro$ed institutions and attitudes

Hrbani7ation

Girth and #eath >ates

A nationall! coordinated s!stem o" polic!measures


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8ndicators and examples o" themassociated with the paradigm

2sta#na+#l#t)

A nat#onall)coo$nate&s)stem ofpol#c)meas$es

Nat#onal2sta#na+leDevelopment Plan

Empowerment

8mpro$edinstitutions andattitudes

8ncrease in Literac!Le$els%ender Euit! at thewor1place

roducti$it!

%# per Capita

%N per Capita8ncrease inmodern1nowledge

Energ! e4cienc!

8nternet Hsage

Euit!Le$els o" incomeSocial and

EconomicEuali7ation

Child malnutrition


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0actors that in-uence de$elopmentolitical 8deologies

/hese are s!stems o" belie" about go$ernanceand power that re-ect the needs andaspirations o" particular social groups ex.Capitalism( communism and socialism.

Capitalism is the pre$ailing ideolog! in theCaribbean.

#uring the post colonial era since the emphasiswas economic growth under Capitalism and !et

po$ert! was still a problem some belie$ed toincrease the wa! o" li"e o" the people alternati$eideologies should be implemented.


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/hese people were in-uenced b! theDependency theoristso" Latin America whostated that the colonial condition encourageddependenc!( underde$elopment and po$ert!through an imbalance in the tradingrelationships and the indoctrination o" thesuperiorit! o" the mother countr!.

So the attempt was to "ocus on decreasingpo$ert! rather than on economic growthwhich came into direct contra$ention with themone!ed classes which ruled at the time.


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8deologies can "oster "ragmentation and ma1es countries$ulnerable to external inter"erence in domestic a&airs o" thecountries e.g. Cuba and also limits the extent to which countriesare able to "orge a coordinated "oreign polic!. On the other handthe region has been able to maintain stable and democratic

go$ernments( which ha$e pro$ided opportunities "or economicstabilit! and "a$ourable in$estment climate

/he Marxist t!pe re$olutions which too1 place in Cuba 'D,D) and%renada 'DID) and the attempts to establish such principles in%u!ana 'D@:s ? DI:s) were "ocused on increasing humande$elopment through increasing Eualit!.

Cuba:s econom! became centrall! planned( with the state owningall producti$e enterprises and propert!. /he population gained inexchange goods and ser$ices at cheap prices( "ree health careand housing. 6owe$er producti$it! decreased due to corruption.


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0actors that in-uencede$elopment Social 0actors

/hese include po$ert! and ineualit!'distribution o" wealth and stagnantmobilit!)

#istribution o" wealth and resources caneither hinder or promote de$elopment.

Caribbean societ! has alwa!s been onecharacteri7ed b! social strati5cation

where the elites owned the capital( themiddle owned some propert! while thelower classes onl! had their labour to sell.


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8" wealth is une$enl! distributed then this can hinderde$elopment. hen concentrated in the hands o" a "ew itcan lead to low le$el o" in$estment( high unemplo!ment(high le$el o" uns1illed labour "orce as there is lowexpenditure on education. 8t can also result in corruption.As a conseuence there is low producti$it! among high3income earners( capital -ight and brain drain. 8t lea$esgo$ernment with a high borrowing "rom internationalsources( which results in higher taxation rate and risingin-ation. /o sol$e this( incenti$es "or production ha$e tobe o&ered to attract in$estors and go$ernment has toincrease its in$ol$ement in areas such as in"rastructureJde$elopment( education( minimum wage( high tax onluxur! items( harsh penalties "or o&enders( betterauditing and accountabilit!.


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Most countries o" the Caribbean ex. Kamaicadispla! an ineuitable distribution o" wealth. 8n

Kamaica it is s1ewed in "a$our o" the ruling class(which consists o" large landowning "amilies( local

capitalists( international capitalist and a smallnumber o" strategicall! placed pro"essionalmanagers. /hese classes o" people in Kamaicacontrol the commanding heights o" the econom!

'in DIs less than o" the populationcontrolled I o" the wealth in the econom!.MaForit! o" the wealth concentrated in the handso" 2 "amilies


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Changing class boundaries

8" within societ! there are no a$enues orscope "or social mobilit! then this can lead to

antagonism as people will see themsel$es asin"erior as or less important than those whooccup! higher status. A rigid class structurebreeds insecurit! mistrust and this can ha$ea negati$e impact on de$elopment. Somea$enue "or upward social mobilit! must existto reward people who are industrious($isionar! and producti$e


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0actors that in-uence de$elopmentEconomic 0actors

/hese "actors dictate how limited resourcesare used to satis"! needs and unlimited wants

Since resources are limited it is essential to

allocate them in the most e4cient wa!possible "or the bene5t o" most people.

>esources can be di$ided into Land( Labour(Capital and $isionar! Leadership.

Leadership ensures stabilit! and is what willen$ision "or the "uture what:s needed andha$e that a$ailable when the time comes.


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0actors that in-uence de$elopmentEconomic 0actors

So "actors are

/he maximum use o" resources

E4cient usage o" time( mone! and energ!

>educing the e&ects o" external e$ents 'war( crime)

A countr! can increase resources this through

#isco$er! o" natural resources

8ncreasing "oreign in$estments

Expanding the s1illed labour "orce

/echnological Ad$ances

hen these resources are properl! allocated

%oods and ser$ices in the local mar1et will become morecompetiti$e

Economic bene5ts will accrue( "acilitating higher emplo!ment

Social bene5ts will accrue increasing emplo!ment also and whenthis increased re$enue is well spent human de$elopment will

increase


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0actors that in-uence de$elopment/echnological 0actors

/hese relate to the use o" mechanical andelectric instruments to sol$e practical problemo" production

hen used properl! there can be increases in

Management E&ecti$eness and er"ormanceE4cienc!

Organi7ed "unctions and intelligent wor1"orce

New products and ser$ices

6owe$er competition "rom outside "orces canreduce the demand in traditional goods andactuall! reduce de$elopment and growth


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En$ironmental 0actors

/hese relate directl! to nature butindirectl! to economics because weneed raw materials as well as land to

dump our waste. 8" the en$ironment is sustainabl!

ta1en care o" the carr!ing capacit! o"

the land can increase leading toboosts in the producti$e sectors'primar!( secondar! and tertiar!

industries) as well as through tourism


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GLO3ALIZATION


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Contextualising #e$elopment%lobali7ation and >egionalism

Expected Learning Outcomes

#e5ne %lobalisation

Compare %lobalisation and 8nternationalisation

resent a critiue o" the wor1 o" organi7ations thatattempt to "acilitate globalisation.

Assess the wa!s in which %lobalisation a&ectsde$elopment in the region

#escribe the e$olution o" the integration mo$ement

in the Caribbean Explain the wa!s in which the integration

mo$ement has a&ected de$elopment in the region


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#e5ning %lobali7ation

%lobali7ation the process whereb!9-ows o" trade( 5nance andin"ormation between countries are

broadened and deepened so thatthe! "unction as one global mar1et:(as if they had no borders.

0or example a Singapore Hni$ersit!in Kamaica would ha$e the samepri$ileges in Kamaica as in Singapore.


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%lobali7ation has been deri$ed b! the 8C/'8n"ormation and Communication /echnologies)sector in recent times

0or example the internet exists without bordersto some extent 'except ;E;O).

/his is the logical meaning o" globali7ationwhere when applied to trade( 5nance orcommunication where a commodit! is a$ailableto all e$er!where( as i" the nation state didn:texist. 0or example /he uni$ersalit! o" Cellhone usage


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A trul! globali7ed world onl! exists when thereis a 9le$el pla!ing 5eld "or all: where e$er!onecan bene5t "rom trade in technolog!.

0or example Cell phones in the Sahara to theCaribbean are used touching all incomegroups and bac1grounds

8n"ormation access has been able to allow

ordinar! citi7ens to access the prices globall!o" produce and ser$ices to challenge oldmonopolies


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Monopolies are there"ore no longer aspro5table as the! were so there is a uestion asto how Capitalist Organi7ations can "unction ina globali7ed world

%lobali7ation is there"ore a process whiche$o&es st#nct#ons +et,een va$#osplacesremo$ing ad$antages that certaingroups enFo!

%lobali7ation produces in 1nowledge an areawhere all parts o" the world are abledisseminate their own cultural 1nowledge


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#e5ning 8nternationali7ation

8nternationali7ation is a moreaccurate term to describe world nowconcerning the institution o" the

orld Gan1 or 8M0 in 5nance ortrade.

8nternationali7ation o" -ows in trade(

capital and 5nance refers toincreasing interactions among thecountries of world as their markets

become more integrated and as their


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#e5ning 8nternationali7ation

8nternationali7ation is more accuratebecause it recogni7es the nation3state. 8tconcei$es interactions between nations

and concei$es the nations not as eual. /here is no deepening or broadening o"

lin1ages in capital( trade and 5nance as isthe case "or globali7ation

Since there is a distinction which needs tobe addressed between internationali7ationand globali7ation

u ransna ona


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u ransna onaOrganisations

/his is a business organi7ationcorporation enterprise

that has its headuarters 'parent compan!) in onecountr! 'usuall! ad$anced capitalistindustriali7edcountries) and has branchessubsidiaries"ranchises andplants in man! countries.

/he! see1 out the best pro5t opportunities and arelargel! unconcerned with issues such as po$ert!(ineualit! and unemplo!ment alle$iation. Suchorgani7ations carr! out substantial amounts o"5nancing( production sales research and de$elopmentin their "oreign operations. /he! ha$e great economicpower 'large capital base such as cash( stoc1s bondsand technolog!).

/he! are usuall! based on manu"acturing or mineral

industries 'extracti$e and primar! industries) and

Mu t /ransnat ona


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Mu t /ransnat onaOrganisations

/he! then train wor1ers in "oreign plants to use these s1ills.

Some MNCs grant "oreign companies licenses to use theirmethods and processes instead o" setting up plants o" theirown. A MNC ma! ha$e "ewer plants in one countr! that

produces complete products to be sold in se$eral countrieswhile in other cases the plants in man! countries ma! produce

components or parts o" the 5nished products. /his gi$es MNCsa larger area "rom which to choose the most economicallocations "or speciali7ed plants. /he companies can then sellproducts at lower prices than would otherwise be possible.

lants impl! that there are countries outside the storld Area

that can produce parts and components o" the 5nished product.

hile trade and technolog! indi$iduall! and collecti$el! are

"acilitators o" globali7ation( the! are dri$en primaril! b! the"unctions and operations o" the /NOs. /he presence o" /NOs inthe Caribbean increased with 9industriali7ation b! in$itation:.


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urpose o" MNC/NC

/hese are set up to ta1e ad$antageo" the lower cost o" "oreign labourand material.

/o a$oid to pa! tari&s and taxes onimported goods.

Obtain control o$er the suppl! o"

resources. Eg o" /NC in the Caribbean are

Scotia Gan1( #igicel( L8ME( 0C(

Gurger ing( Nestle( epsico


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>eason wh! MNC /NC in$est in *rd

orld Countries

Cheap labour

/ax holida!

0reedom to repatriate pro5ts


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Challenges that the *rdorld

Countries go through

8" the de$eloping countries re"use to meet thedemand o" the /NO( the! in turn complain tothere home countr! who will appl! pressure tothe countries. Eg. withholding "oreign aid(

withholding loans and terminating o" contracts Exploit natural resources

oses a threat to local industries


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Gene5ts o" the /NO to the

de$eloping countries

ro$ides Fobs

8ntroduce new technologies toimpro$e production

#i$erse business practices

8mpro$e standard o" li$ing 'socialbene5ts such as scholarships andhealth "acilities)

Earn "oreign exchange


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/echnolog! 'Media ? /elecommunication)

/echnological globali7ation impacts on all aspects o" li"e on the

planet. 8t is through technolog! and communication that theworld 9shran1: in the global $illage.

/echnolog! allows in"ormation to be transmitted in real time$ia the 8nternet( telephone( tele$ision and radio. /his meansthat in"ormation or communication is been carried out 2+hrs a

da! and !ou can $iew the e$ents happening in other countriesat the same time.

Mobile communication and the 8nternet ha$e irre$ocabl!changed human relations both negati$el! and positi$el!.

Exposure o" the orld ide eb on the communication

industr!( along with mobile technolog!( is responsible "or thespeed at which globali7ation has been "acilitated. #e$elopingcountries in the Caribbean are web integrated in the *%+%world o" technolog!.

/his means that real time $ideo stream can be done onphones.


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Critiuing %lobali7ation and8nternationali7ation processes

/his section see1s to anal!se the process o"internationali7ation o" mar1ets not onl! the economicdimensions o" impacts but the cultural and politicalresponses as well.

#e$elopmental agencies such as the orld Gan1 ha$eused this process as a path to de$elopment "or use b!de$eloping countries

8nternationali7ation occurs between uneual partnersi.e. superpowers( /NC:s( industriali7ed countries(

de$eloping countries and poorer ones. /here is no9super go$ernment: to administer so in man! casesricher countries ta1e ad$antage o" the process morethan others


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/he processes are illustrated below

. Expansion o" 0ree /rade /rade liberali7ation reuires countries toremo$e tari&s placed on imports to protect their own industries. Callsto do so when ignored can lead to restrictions "rom lager "ree tradeareas

2. Measures to tighten e4cienc! 8ncreases output while educing costsleading to increased mechani7ation and some times la!ing o& wor1ers./his is done to increase competiti$eness in industrial counties loo1ingto ta1e ad$antage o" trade liberali7ation with low production costs.

*. /he persistence o" tari&s /his o"ten subsidises production costs inde$eloped countries to remain competiti$e i.e. -ooding "oreign mar1ets'protectionism) while maintaining their own.

+. Mar1et integration 8ntegration o" trade mar1ets between de$elopingand de$eloped countries increasing the $olume o" trade in recenttimes. Opening mar1ets to capital -ow has alwa!s been seen as themain wa! o" increasing


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@. #ominance o" /NC:s /hese 5rms operate as largeinternationall! integrated production s!stems with "orexample( headuarters in Europe but 0actories in%u!ana and Mines in /rinidad. /he! are dri$en more b!the pro5t moti$e than the needs o" the countr! and its

people o"ten generating little emplo!ment due to highmoderni7ation and capital "ocus

I. 6omogeni7ation o" 8nstitutions MultilateralOrgani7ations such as the orld Gan1 and the 8M0 lendmone! to assist the internationali7ation o" mar1ets as a

1e! "actor o" de$elopment. /he! coerce go$ernments toaccept recommendations regarding Capital and 5nance.

As a result these countries ha$e similar institutions.


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Multilateral Agencies

/hese are agencies or institutions where man!members are able to participate on e$en "ooting(dedicated to achie$ing certain goals and ha$e de$isedprocedures "or all to "ollow in pursuit o" these goals

and has de$ised procedures "or all to "ollow in pursuito" these goals ex. /he orld Gan1( 8M0( /O

All these had a genesis a"ter 88 and were "ormeda"ter a special HN meeting at Gretton oods in New6ampshire in D+, and are 1nown as 9Gretton oods

8nstitutions:. /he goal was to ensure economicde$elopment o" all countries to pre$ent recurrences o"catastrophes li1e the orld ars and the %reat#epression.


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/he orld Gan1

/his was established a"ter 88 and initiall! calledthe 8nternational Gan1 "or >econstruction and#e$elopment '8G>#). 8t has its 6 in ashington#C and has BI member countries.

Countries which "und the orld Gan1 are esternEurope( North America and the rich oil countries.

/he residents are customaril! HS nationals

/he Gan1 is in$ol$ed in pro$iding Capital "or

proFects to promote de$elopment. 8t once had sole "ocus on economic growth but

switched to po$ert! reduction based on the newde5nitions o" de$elopment


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/he orld Gan1

Long term "ocus is to promote euit! and producti$it! ineducation( health and industr!. /he ban1 ma1es loansconditional to impro$e aspects o" social li"e which go against"reedom( euit! and human rights.

/he ban1 has been accused o" 9western imperialism: as it

endorses internationali7ation o" mar1ets through tradeliberali7ation policies gi$ing impetus "or richer countries to pro5t"rom de$eloping "ree mar1et trade.

/he Gan1 has also been accused o" HS biased mar1etliberali7ation. As the Gan1 supports /NC:s in oil ? other sectors

which ha$e been shown not to decrease po$ert! /he orld Gan1 toda! "ocuses its acti$ities on de$eloping

countries and pri$ileges to de$eloped ones but has helped toboost economic growth in some countries but has gained less"rom where human de$elopment is concerned


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/he orld Gan1 8n its earl! !ears it was to help in 5nancing the

reconstruction o" world war a&ected countries. Nowada!s its main role is to channel capital "rom

the rich countries to the poor and de$elopingcountries.

Otle! et al uotes Phile 8M0 is a last resource "orman! countries especiall! "or shoc1 and emergenc!(the orld Gan1 is more a$ailable to generall! helpwith po$ert! alle$iation and sustainablede$elopment. Low interest and no interest loans and

grants are used primaril! "or the structural andcapital de$elopment o" education( health(in"rastructure( public sector restructuring andnatural resources management( among otherde$elopment needs.Q


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Gene5ts o" the orld Gan1

Low interest

o$ert! alle$iation

0inancial and technical ser$ices


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/he 8M0

As a Gretton oods 8nstitution the 8nternationalMonetar! 0und '8M0) wor1s closel! with the orldGan1 ha$ing the same membership and 6 butinstead ha$ing a customar! European president. /he!

balance each other $ia the ashington Consensus /he 8M0 "ocuses on "ostering global monetar!

cooperation and ensuring 5nancial stabilit! worldwideextending loans and technical assistance to expandtrade and help countries balance pa!ments and be

stable 5scall!. >educing debt is li1el! to boosteconomic growth. %loball! the 8M0 is responsible "oro$erseeing the entire international 5nancial s!stem


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/he 8M0

8M0 industries are based solel! on austerit! and are thesame "or all de$eloping countries including

. eeping interest rates high to balance currenc!

2. #e$alue the currenc! to boost exports

*. >educing %o$ernment spending in non3producti$e sectors'health and education)

+. ri$ati7ation o" state owned enterprises

/hese austerit! measures 'structural adFustment policies)

had to be agreed upon b! the respecti$e go$ernmentsbe"ore gi$ing assistance. 8mplementation o" SA:s has

resulted in widespread unemplo!ment be"ore gi$ingassistance( and increased po$ert! while simultaneousl!

ensuring a pro5t to the debtor nations in ALL CASES.


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/he /O /he orld /rade Organi7ation was "ormed in DD, with the

demise o" the %eneral Agreement on /ari&s and /rade'%A//). 8ts 6 is in %ene$a 'Swit7erland) and has +Bmembers. 8t not onl! regulates trade in goods li1e %A// butser$ices in telecommunication and ban1ing. 8t is moremodern than the 8M0 or orld Gan1 and clearl! spea1s o"

%lobali7ation 8ts "unction is to remo$e all barriers or encumbrances o" an!

1ind to trade within the world. 8ts acti$ities ha$e thepotential to "acilitate globali7ation in its logical sense

/he /O is the onl! international bod! established to

o$ersee the rules o" international trade and to ma1e rulesthere has to widespread consensus which is "ar moread$anced than the Gretton oods institutions howe$erthere are accusations o" sub$erting the democratic process.


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Main 0unctions o" /O

Administrating /O tradeagreements

6andling trade disputes

ro$iding technical assistance andtraining "or de$eloping countries.


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/he /O

/he HS( /NC:s( Kapan and the EH are said to exertundue pressure on de$eloping countries in thedecision ma1ing process

>ecentl! /O meetings all o$er the world ha$e been

met with protests( demonstrations and criticisms./al1s ha$e e$en bro1en down as consensus becomese$en more di4cult and de$eloping countries re"useto accept some decisions.

6ere we see when de$eloped countries are "acedwith the prospect o" globali7ation the! bac1 down in"a$our o" internationali7ation o" 9"air trade: wherethe! onl! bene5t.

EA 'E i hi


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EA 'Economic artnershipAgreement)

/his is a pre"erred trade agreementbetween countries and "acilitate "reetrade.

8n 2B( members o" CA>8COMsigned an EA with the EuropeanHnion 'EH)


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Gene5ts o" EA

0ree -ow o" goods

Exemption "rom high taxes and uotalimits would be higher

Opens up mar1et be!ond /Oespeciall! in ser$ice sectors such asentertainment industries.

8 t d > t %l b li ti


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8mpact and >esponse to %lobali7ation

/he impact that globali7ation has on the

Caribbean is characterised b! the small si7e o"Caribbean States( the region:s 5nancialdependenc! on the industrialised world and itshistor! o" "ragmentation both as insula islandstates and historic and cultural "ragmentation o"colonial powers.

8ndustr! and Commerce 'see in"o on /O(

8M0 ? EA)- 8ndustrialisation b! in$itation "acilitated the

de$elopment o" in"rastructure and created Fobs"or thousands in the Caribbean countries.

8mpact an >esponse to


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8mpact an >esponse to%lobali7ation

#istributional Sector 'eg. supermar1ets

and department stores)- 0or commerce to compete( the distribution and

retail centre must satis"! the demand "or

"oreign goods while competing with the giantso" commerce '"oreign consumer products ha$ebecome more dominant than locall! madegoods)

mpac an esponse o


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mpac an esponse o%lobali7ation

Labour

- As labour is a maFor "actor o" production( it is one o" the5rst elements to be a&ected b! %lobali7ation and thelast to bene5t "rom an! short term and long term 5x.

- Moderni7ation and public sector re"orm or a response to

globali7ationR pri$ate sector downsi7ing( cooperatemergers and bu! outs ha$e all contributed to massi$ela! o&s.

- /he economies o" the Caribbean ha$e not been able tobu&er unemplo!ment and the results ha$e been

migration.

- One approach the go$ernments ha$e ta1en is to gi$escholarships and bonds students to wor1 in the region.

- %i$es incenti$es to H8 students who wor1 in public

sectors.



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/echnolog! 'read on !our own)

8deolog! and opular Mo$ements- %i$ing the $aried and complex impact that globali7ation

has on indi$idual countries( economic( social anden$ironmental processes( the responses ha$e come "rom

$aried groups within societ!.- %lobali7ation heralded the growth o" mo$ements within

9ci$il: societ!R social groups that represent the interestsand issues o" people( especiall! those at ris1. 'eg. N%Os'Non %o$ernment Organi7ations social mo$ement thatis legall! constituted "or the purpose o" carr!ing out social"unctions primaril! through ad$ocac!)( CaribbeanAssociation "or 0eminist >esearch and Action 'CA0>A)(omen:s Action "or New #irection 'AN#)( En$ironmental

and Social Kustice 'ESK)( Kamaica 0or Kustice 'K0K).

/he Context o"


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/he Context o"#e$elopment

Caribbean Exports ha$e decreased "or a $ariet! o"reasons including/he remo$al o" trade pre"erences

/he underselling o" local products b! cheaper "oreign

goods and ser$ices/he closure o" both large and small 5rms who cannot

compete with the technological e4ciencies o" "oreignmanu"acturers

/his means that the context o" 'unbalanced)

de$elopment "or Caribbean countries has been oneo" spiralling debt and decreasing producti$it! andoutput due to reliance on 9"ree trade ideologies:


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>egional 8ntegration

/he Caribbean is di$ided among Europeanlanguages and traditions and an! "orm o"regional integration was relati$el! unthin1ableuntil DD+ and the "ormation o" the

Association o" Caribbean States 'ACS).

/he English spea1ing Caribbean with theirsimilarities ha$e long "ounded di&erentassociations including /he est 8ndies0ederation( CA>80/A and CA>8COM. At the Subregional le$el the Organi7ation o" EasternCaribbean states were "ormed.

>egionalism and


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>egionalism and%lobali7ation

Hnder s!stems o" increasing globali7ation smaller nationstates ha$e "ound it more ad$antageous to integrate

some parts o" their operations so that the! can betterdeal with the threat posed b! the "ree mar1et ideolog!.

8n the Caribbean we tried political integration using the"ederation model( which was not success"ul then began

anew $ia CA>80/A. /his was aimed at using the "ree3mar1et ideas to reap bene5ts through "unctional

cooperation o" trade.

/his limited amount o" cooperation led Caribbeancountries to see1 deeper associations( especiall! in the

"ree mar1et( as a strateg! "or de$elopment endorsed b!world bodies. /his e&ort was CA>8COM

/he est 8ndies 0ederation


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/he est 8ndies 0ederation'80)

/his was an earl! attempt at de$eloping apolitical union among the Gritish /erritoriesexcept %u!ana( Geli7e( the Gahamas and the;irgin 8slands.

Members o" the 80 are Antigua( Garbados(Gritish %uiana( #ominica( Kamaica( Montserrat(St. itts and Ne$is( Anguilla( St. ;incent( St.Lucia and /rinidad and /obago.

A "ederation is group o" sel" go$erningterritories which are states or nations in theirown right but the o$erarching authorit! "or all o"

them is under a centrali7ed "ederal go$ernment.


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/he est 8ndian 0ederation came into being Kanuar! D,B "ollowingMontego Ga! Con"erence in D+I and subseuent meetings in D,*( D,@(

D,I.

Legislatures o" all Gritish colonies in region( except Gahamas( met and aregional economic committee

Committees were set up to in$estigate means o" achie$ing economic

unit!. A Standing Closer association Committee was also set up to de$ise a"ederal constitution. 0inal agreement was reached in D,I where 8mperial

go$ernment retained responsibilit! "or de"ence( external a&airs and5nancial stabilit!. /here would be a senate o" D nominated members anda 6ouse o" >epresentati$e o" +, elected members. /here would be a

%o$ernor %eneral( rime Minister and ministers. /he "ederal seat o"

go$ernment would be in /rinidad. Elections were held in March D,B withthe est 8ndies 0ederal Labour art! '80L) supported b! N.. Manle!(Eric illiams and %rantle! Adams de"eating the #emocratic Labour art!'#L) supported b! Gustamante and %omes 80L 2@ to D seats. /hisintegration step was mainl! a political one but lasted onl! "our !ears


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/his was due to Eric illiams o"/rinidad and his re"usal to acceptunrestricted "reedom o" mo$ement

into his territor! and AlexanderGustamante:s re"erendum in D@ tocome out o" the "ederation which

he won.



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/he est 8ndies 0ederationThe 4e&e$al %ove$nment ,as hea&e&

+) an E(ect#ve Gove$no$5Gene$al0appo#nte& +) 3$#ta#n an& #ncl&e&!

A rime Minister( elected "rom among and

b! the members o" the 6ouse o">epresentati$es

A Cabinet( comprising the rime Minister

and ten other elected Members chosenb! him.



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/he est 8ndies 0ederation A Council o" State presided o$er b! the %o$ernor

%eneral. /he Council included the rime Minister andMembers o" the Cabinet as well as three senatorsand three ci$il ser$ants. /he senators and ci$ilser$ants were chosen b! the %o$ernor %eneral. '/he

Council o" State was the principal polic! 'decision)3ma1ing bod! at the start o" the 0ederation. 8n D@Gritain agreed to abolish this Council and allow theCabinet to ta1e o$er the powers o" the Council)

A "ort! 5$e3member 6ouse o" >epresentati$es( withMembers elected "rom among the /erritoriesR and

A nineteen3member Senate( nominated b! the%o$ernor %eneral "ollowing consultation with the

rime Minister



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/he est 8ndies 0ederation /he %o$ernor %eneral was Lord 6ailes o" Gritain and the

rime Minister was Sir %rantle! Adams( 'remier o"Garbados). /he 0ederal capital was located in /rinidadand /obago.

#uring its brie" existence 'D,B3@2)( a number o""undamental issues were debated with a $iew to

strengthening the 0ederation. Among these were directtaxation b! the 0ederal %o$ernment( Central planning "orde$elopment( Establishment o" a >egional Customs Hnionand >e"orm o" the 0ederal Constitution. /he issue o"

direct taxation was particularl! contro$ersial. /he0ederation was not permitted to le$! 'impose) income tax"or at least the 5rst 5$e !ears o" its li"e. Added to this(were the greatl! di&ering positions among the /erritorieswith respect to how other "ederal taxes should be le$ied.



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/he est 8ndies 0ederation 8n addition( the 0ederation began uic1l! to see1 to

establish "ederal institutions and supporting structures. 8tcreated a "ederal ci$il ser$iceR established the est8ndies Shipping Ser$ice 'in D@2) to operate twomultipurpose ships 3 the 0ederal Maple and the 0ederal

alm 3 donated to it b! the %o$ernment o" Canada. 8t had

embar1ed also on negotiations to acuire the subsidiar!o" the Gritish O$erseas Airwa!s Corporation 'GOAC)(namel! Gritish est 8ndies Airwa!s 'G8A).

Cooperation in tertiar! education was consolidated and

expanded during this period. /he then Hni$ersit! Collegeo" the est 8ndies 'HC8)( which was established in D+Bwith one campus at Mona( Kamaica( opened its secondcampus at St Augustine( /rinidad and /obago( in D@.



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/he 0ederation howe$er "aced se$eral

problems. /hese included thego$ernance and administrati$e structuresimposed b! the GritishR disagreements

among the territories o$er policies(particularl! with respect to taxation andcentral planningR an unwillingness on the

part o" most /erritorial %o$ernments togi$e up power to the 0ederal%o$ernmentR and the location o" the0ederal Capital.



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/he est 8ndies 0ederation /he decisi$e de$elopment( which led to the demise o"

the 0ederation was the withdrawal o" Kamaica 3 thelargest member 3 a"ter conducting a nationalre"erendum in D@ on its continued participation inthe arrangement. /he results o" the re"erendumshowed maForit! support in "a$our o" withdrawing"rom the 0ederation. /his was to lead to a mo$ementwithin Kamaica "or national independence "romGritain. 8t also led to the now "amous statement o" #rEric illiams( the then remier o" /rinidad and /obago

that( one "rom ten lea$es nought( re"erring to thewithdrawal o" Kamaica and signi"!ing and Fusti"!ing hisdecision to withdraw /rinidad and /obago "rom the0ederal arrangement a short while later.



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/he est 8ndies 0ederation The 4e&e$at#on collapse& #n 6ana$) 178".

AIM2 AND O36ECTIVE2! /o strengthen the mo$ement "or sel" go$ernment

/o promote economic de$elopment

/o sa"eguard the democratic s!stem o" go$ernment $is a $is dictatorship andcommunism

AC-IEVEMENT2

0ederation "acilitated the mo$ement "rom colonialism to independencethrough a united $oice

/he coming together o" small states strengthened their e&ecti$eness indealing with international bodies such as the Hnited Nations

9EA2ON2 4O9 4AILU9E

/he masses were not educated on the importance o" 0ederation

Communication among the islands including shipping( telephone and postalser$ices was ine4cient

En$! and Fealousl! among member states "rom their $ar!ing le$els o"economic prosperit!

#istrust b! the smaller states o" the larger members '/rinidad and /obago(Kamaica) proposal to prematurel! change the constitution o" the 0ederation

CA>80/A 'D,@ DI*)


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CA>80/A 'D,@ DI*) /he Caribbean 0ree /rade Association 'CA>80/A) was

"ounded b! Antigua and Garbuda( Garbados( %u!ana(and /rinidad and /obago on , #ecember D@,( withthe signing o" the #ic1enson Ga! Agreement 'theAgreement establishing the Caribbean 0ree /radeAssociation). /he! were Foined on Kul!( D@B b!#ominica( %renada( St itts3Ne$is3Anguilla( SaintLucia and St ;incent and the %renadinesR and on August( D@B b! Montserrat and Kamaica. 8n DIGeli7e 'then Gritish 6onduras) Foined the Association.

/hese Caribbean countries had recentl! becomeindependent( and CA>80/A was intended to unite theireconomies and to gi$e them a Foint presence on theinternational scene.

CA>80/A


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CA>80/A

2pec#:call)0 CA9I4TA ,as #nten&e& to

enco$a%e +alance& &evelopment of the9e%#on +)!

increasing trade 3 bu!ing and selling more

goods among the Member States di$ersi"!ing trade 3 expanding the $ariet! o"

goods and ser$ices a$ailable "or trade

liberalising trade 3 remo$ing tari&s and uotas

on goods produced and traded within the area

ensuring "air competition 3 setting up rules "orall members to "ollow to protect the smaller

enterprises

CA>80/A


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CA>80/A

In a&t#on to p$ov#n% fo$ f$ee t$a&e0 the

A%$eement so%ht to! ensure that the bene5ts o" "ree trade were euitabl!

distributed

promote industrial de$elopment in the L#Cs

promote the de$elopment o" the coconut industr!'through an Oils and 0ats Agreement) which wassigni5cant in man! o" the L#Cs

rationalise agricultural production but in the interim("acilitate the mar1eting o" selected agricultural products o"particular interest to the L#Cs 'through the AgriculturalMar1eting rotocol)R

pro$ide a longer period to phase out customs dut! oncertain products which were more important "or the

re$enue o" the L#Cs

CA>80/A


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CA>80/A 8n DI2( Commonwealth Caribbean leaders at the

Se$enth 6eads o" %o$ernment Con"erence decidedto trans"orm the Caribbean 0ree /rade Association

'CA>80/A) into a Common Mar1et and establish theCaribbean Communit!( o" which the Common

Mar1et would be an integral part. /he signing o" the /reat! establishing the

Caribbean Communit!( Chaguaramas( +th Kul!DI*( was a de5ning moment in the histor! o" the

Commonwealth Caribbean. Although a "ree3tradearea had been established( CA>80/A did notpro$ide "or the "ree mo$ement o" labour andcapital( or the coordination o" agricultural(

industrial and "oreign policies.

CA>80/A


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CA>80/A/he obFecti$es o" the Communit!( identi5ed in Article @ o" the

>e$ised /reat!( are

/o impro$e standards o" li$ing and wor1R

/he "ull emplo!ment o" labour and other "actors o" productionR

Accelerated( coordinated and sustained economic de$elopmentand con$ergenceR

Expansion o" trade and economic relations with third StatesRenhanced le$els o" international competiti$enessR

Organi7ation "or increased production and producti$it!R

Achie$ement o" a greater measure o" economic le$erage ande&ecti$eness o" Member States in dealing with third States( groups

o" States and entities o" an! description and the enhanced co3ordination o" Member States: "oreign and "oreign economic policiesand enhanced "unctional co3operation.

In 17;*0 CA9I4TA +ecame the Ca$#++ean Commn#t)

CA9ICOM/.

CA>8COM


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CA>8COM

CA>8COMcame into being with thesigning o" the /reat! o" Chaguaramassigned on Kul! +( DI* b! Kamaica.

/rinidad( Garbados and %u!ana. 8tbegan operation on stAugust.resentl! membership includesCA>80/A members as well as 6aitiand Suriname.

CA>8COM


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CA>8COM Ma#n o+


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CA>8COM

4a#l$es!

competition among member states inair transport(

8SCO plagued b! problems ideals o" common currenc! and

passport still not achie$ed

OECS


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OECS

/he Organisation o" Eastern Caribbean States 'OECS)

came into being on Kune Bth DB( when se$enEastern Caribbean countries signed a treat! agreeingto cooperate with each other and promote unit! andsolidarit! among the Members. /he /reat! became

1nown as the /reat! o" Gasseterre( so named inhonour o" the capital cit! o" St. itts and Ne$is whereit was signed.

/he basis o" the organi7ation was that "ollowing the

collapse o" the est 8ndies 0ederation( and prior tothe signing o" the /reat! o" Gasseterre( two careta1erbodies were created the Uest 8ndies AssociatedStates Council o" Ministers '8SA) in D@@ and the

Eastern Caribbean Common Mar1et 'ECCM) in D@B

OECS


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OECS/he OECS is now a nine member grouping

comprising Antigua and Garbuda

#ominica

%renada Montserrat

St. itts and Ne$is

St. Lucia St. ;incent and the %renadines

Gritish ;irgin 8slands

Anguilla


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Association o" Caribbean States


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Association o" Caribbean States

O+egional Securit! S!stem '>SS)


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eg o a Secu ! S!s e ' SS)

/his institution was "ormed as a collecti$e

regional response to securit! threatsimpacting on the political stabilit! o" theregion in the DIs and Bs. 8t comprises

o" small islands. Militar! and policepersonnel o" the member territories areat the disposal o" the countr! should

need arise. /he agreement enables themembers to pool scarce man power(resources and euipment.

>egional Securit! S!stem '>SS)


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g ! ! ' )

Ach#evements

17=* during this time the HS ledin$asion o" %renada and other

Caribbean islands came together anddecided to Foin the HSA armed"orces.

17=7 6urricane 6ugo hit theeastern Caribbean islands and coastguards "rom >SS rushed to help

them

>egional Securit! S!stem '>SS)


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g ! ! ' )

Challen%es

/he headuarters is in Garbadoswhich passes a challenge in reachingout to other Caribbean states.

8t is $er! costl! to maintain becauseo" the constant training

Sports( Leisure and >ecreation


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Sports( Leisure and >ecreation

Sport has been side3lined in the national dialogue

about de$elopment simpl! because it has notbeen recogni7ed as an acti$it! that includese$er!one in the societ!. /he perceptions o" sportha$e traditionall! tended to con5ne it to the world

o" pro"essional athletes and competiti$e e$ents.E$en in schools that $iew tends to be dominant./oda!( as discussions about the de$elopment(these narrow ideas about the contribution o" sport

to national de$elopment( sport( leisure andrecreation are all related and represent an a$enue"or people in a countr! to increase euit!(producti$it! and empowerment in their li$es.


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0ree /rade Area o" the


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Americas /he 0/AA is a proposed agreement to

eliminate or reduce trade barriersamong nation states o" the western

hemisphere 'except Cuba)

romotion and hindering o"


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g

integration

FAC!"# $"!%!&'( ")(&!'A* &')("A&!' Close proximit! to each other through air and sea tra$el

Shared common histor!

Shared common culture in terms o" dress( language( cuisine( music andgeneral li"est!le

Similar economic( political and social problems 'unemplo!ment( "ew

ph!sical resources( lac1 o" adeuate capital( poor housing( inadeuatehealth "acilities etc.

FAC!"# +&'D)"&'( ")(&!'A* &')("A&!' #i&erent strategies "or economic growth

/erritorial interests supercede regional interest

Some concessions to "oreign in$estors run contrar! to CA>8COM obFecti$es

Sti-ed regional trade due to similarit! in products

Separatism and particularism until recentl! distrust( sel" interest anddisunit! among Anglophone( "rancophone and 6ispanic nations

8nstitutions in the 8ntegration


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g

Mo$ement H8

Established D+B on the recommendation o" the 8r$ine Commissionand was a4liated to London uni$ersit!. /he 5rst campus wasestablished at Mona in Kamaica( later expanded with opening o" StAugustine 'D@) and Ca$e 6ill'D@*) campuses. Gecame 1nown asH8 in D@2 'prior to this it was HC8). More recentl! centersha$e been established in non campus territories. O&ers "ull time(

part time and distance education. 0unding comes mainl! "romgo$ernments o" the region and "ees.

H8 ta1es care o" tertiar! s!stem o" education in the region. 8tbrings regional cooperation through the $arious courses o&ered("rom certi5cate to post graduate le$el to meet the $arious needs o"the English spea1ing Caribbean. >ecentl! the institution embar1edupon an expansion programme as well as programmedi$ersi5cation in order to ser$e the needs o" the region better andthus ma1e a bigger contribution toward economic growth andde$elopment



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g

Mo$ement H8 U>I faces challen%es f$om

0oreign uni$ersities which o&er degrees b! distance teaching

O& shore uni$ersities

indi$idual go$ernments which sec need "or a local uni$ersit!

expansion to increase percentage o" graduates "rom 3 2

allowing children o" poor to acuire tertiar! education while go$ernmentsinsist that students pa! a portion o" costs

U>I enhances $e%#onal #nte%$at#on an& &evelopment +) o&ering a curriculum which is rele$ant to the needs o" the region

producing s1illed personnel in business( go$ernment and industr! V

producing people who are committed to the region W b! de$elopingscience and technolog!

b! producing research which contributes to de$elopment o" pri$ate sector

b! producing research which helps in sol$ing societ!Xs problems

b! raising le$el o" inno$ation and entrepreneurship in the region 3

brea1ing down barriers and dispelling ignorance and preFudice o" andtowards other nationals

"orges lasting "riendships and "amil! relationships



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g

Mo$ement CYC

CYC was established inlDI2 to ser$e as regional examining bod!"or the secondar! education s!stem. Caricom members as well asother English spea1ing territories ha$e their secondar! schoolgraduates examined b! CYC on an annual basis. CYC o&erssecondar! le$el certi5cation( ad$anced pro5cienc! and associatedegrees. 8t ensures that the education o" the Caribbean people isgeared towards the needs o" the region thus "ostering economicde$elopmentR examination b! the region( o" the region and "orthe regionR s!llabus re-ect learning "rom a Caribbean perspecti$e.

CYC creates emplo!ment opportunities administrators(curriculum o4cers( measurement expert( content specialistXs

mar1ers( super$isors( examiners. /hrough CYC "oreign exchangeis 1ept in the region rather than going to England. H8 createsinteraction among peoples o" the region. >egional integration(a$areness o" commonalit!( sense o" brotherhood



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g

Mo$ement C/O Ca$#++ean to$#sm o$%an#?at#on CTO

/his organi7ation was launched in DBD with the merger o" C/O and C/>C. 8tsmain aim isthe de$elopment o" sustainable tourism in the region 'economic and socialbene5t). /his the!ha$e done through tourism mar1eting

research and in"ormation management human resource de$elopment

product de$elopment and technical assistance

consultanc! ser$ices.

Achie$ements o" C/O include

annual con"erence on tourism held in the Caribbean

sponsoring trade shows in Europe

C/O chapters in maFor mar1ets in Europe and North America maintain tourism in"ormation "or the public and pri$ate sector

maintain up to date websites where in"ormation can be accessed

ad$ertise Caribbean as one destination Challenges

getting go$ernments to become more ware o" their need to support tourism

changing the perception o" the public so that tourism becomes more acceptable as aneconomic entit! getting a greater share o" tourist mar1et

getting local operators to re5ne their product



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Mo$ement 8CG

/his was established in D2, 'ma1es it one o" the oldestexamples o" regional cooperation) to establish and sustainest 8ndies cric1et as the porting s!mbol o" the est 8ndies aswell as to de$elop and promote 8 cric1et "or the bene5t andenFo!ment o" the est 8ndies people( clients and other

sta1eholders. /he board controls( regulates and arrangescric1et in the region through competitions 'under ,( under D(Seniors( setting up o" an academ! 'St. %eorges Hni$ersit! in%renada). 8t consists o" a president( two members "rom each o"/rinidad( Kamaica( Garbados and %u!ana and one "rom theother territories.

8ts "unctions include selecting a cric1et team to represent the region in international

competitions

arrange inter territorial matches



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Mo$ement CSME

C2MEis a single enlarged economic space created through theremo$al o" restrictions and resulting in the "ree mo$ement o"goods( ser$ices( persons 'artistes( media wor1ers( uni$ersit!graduates( sportspersons( musicians)( capital and technolog!. 8tcon"ers the right on CA>8COM nationals to establish business inan! CA>8COM member state and to be treated in the same

manner as a national o" that state.

/he main pillars o" CSME are the pro$ision "or "ree mo$ement o"capitalR "ree mo$ement o" goods( ser$ices and people ' use o"8#sother "orm o" identi5cation( CA>8COM National line at ports o"entr!( common passport) within CSMER the establishment o"

common trade and economic polic!R harmoni7ation o" economic(5scal and monetar! policies '"oreign exchange controls abolishedno restrictions on Capital mar1et acti$it!( companies will be ableto operate across border)R a common currenc!.


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T-EO9IZING CA9I33EANDEVELOPMENT

Expected Learning


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Outcomes. Explain what is meant b! an ideolog!2. #escribe the ;alues underl!ing the

"ollowing ideologies pan3A"ricanism(negritude( Marxism( 0eminism( Capitalism(8ndo3Caribbean and 8ndigenouserspecti$es

*. 8denti"! the 1e! thin1ers in these

intellectual traditions+. Anal!se the 8mpact o" each o" these

ideologies

8deolog!


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8deolog!

/his is a "airl! coherent and comprehensi$e seto" ideas that explains and e$aluates socialconditions( helps people understand their placein societ! and pro$ides a program "or social and

political actions Each ideolog! must be interpreted based on our

experiences within colonialism( exploitation(ethnocentrism and nationalism

Main ones include an3A"ricanism( negritude(Capitalism( Marxism( 8ndo3Caribbean and8ndigenous perspecti$es

an3A"ricanism


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an3A"ricanism

/his is a speci5c ideolog! which statesthat the sur$i$als o" A"rica in the diasporashould be studied and acti$e lin1s madeto A"rica as the motherland

8t originated in the Bthcentur! b! blac1people in the HS tr!ing to escape sla$er!to go bac1 to A"rica as the! belie$ed the!

were wrong"ull! 1idnapped "rom theirhomeland. /hese ideas e$entuall!de$eloped into an3A"ricanism


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Marcus %ar$e! 'he:s the onl! one


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8:m stud!ing still) Gorn in St. Ann( Kamaica in BBI

6ad to lea$e school earl! to wor1 and became in$ol$ed in printing( thenewspaper business and politics

6e established the HN8A 'Hni$ersal Negro 8mpro$ement Association) inD+.

8t was "ormed in Kamaica to impro$e the lot o" the poor( i.e. Glac1 eople

6e migrated to the HS and the HN8A chapter he "ormed there blossomed

and e$entuall! became the 6 o" the mo$ement

6e "ounded other institutions up in the HS li1e the A"rican CommunitiesLeague 'ACL) and the Hni$ersal A"rican Glac1 Cross Nurses to address theneeds o" the Glac1 Hnderclass.

6is Glac1 Star Line was an ambitious proFect to transport people andgoods to A"rica and was a s!mbol o" blac1 commercial success.

/hrough his newspapers the Negro orld( the Glac1man and the NewKamaican he attempted to raise the consciousness o" Glac1 people and topreach about the "reedom o" A"rican countries which were under colonialrule( and the Hni5cation o" A"rica.

Marcus %ar$e! 'he:s the onl! one


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8:m stud!ing still) 6is ideas and message came at a time when the HS and Caribbean

were at hardship especiall! among the poor. 6is public appearances alwa!s proclaimed pride in the A"rican race and

emphasised that Glac1 people should see %od in their own image

/his stance was heard b! those marginali7ed in white3dominatedCapitalist societ!

8n D* this message was also ta1en up b! the >asta"ari who translated

his words to mean the existence o" a blac1 god. /he statements hemade li1e a 1ing will come out o" A"rica and the prominence he ga$e to6aile Selassie:s coronation con$inced them that the >asta"arimo$ement should declare Selassie as 9ing o" ings and Lord o" Lords:

6is ad$ocac! "or repatriation was also ta1en up wholeheartedl! b! the>asta"ari mo$ement

%ar$e! is a national hero o" Kamaica and li$es on through music( and inthe inspiration he ga$e to budding politicians( trade union leaders( theci$il rights mo$ement and the decoloni7ation mo$ement o" theCaribbean and A"rica based on nationalism

an A"ricanism in the Gritish


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Caribbean

8n the interwar !ears between DB3D*Dthere was growing discontent o" colonialcontrol. /he newspapers o" %ar$e! "ound theirwa! to all Caribbean countries and in-uenced

the "ormation o" HN8A chapters all o$erincluding Cuba( /rinidad and Kamaica.

8n the D*:s there were widespread riots andthe growth o" trade unions. /he dispossessed

were enchanted b! the rhetoric o" the blac1empowerment the! read in %ar$e!:snewpapers



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Caribbean

/he hatred the! "elt merged into a struggle "or the down"allo" colonialism and a growing consciousness o" Glac1 Hnit!and blac1 nationalism.

/he 5rst >asta"ari were $er! much in-uenced b! %ar$e! who"used the blac1 nationalist message "rom the Gible with a

prophec! that 9princes shall come out o" Ethiopia:. /he!re$ered %ar$e! li1e a second Kohn the Gaptist since 6aileSelassie was proclaimed emperor o" Ethiopia

8n this period there was a surge o" nationalist sentimentwhich coincided with the return o" Caribbean soldiers "rom

8. /he! had a broader experience o" the politics as the!su&ered discrimination under the hands o" Gritish soldiers./his an3A"rican rhetoric deepened the decoloni7ationmo$ement.


ibb


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Caribbean

/his all came to a head when in D*,8tal! attempted to annex Ethiopia(causing Selassie:s exile. /his was

seen as a na1ed act o" aggression b!man! Caribbean people. here

/rinidadian wor1ers re"used to unload

the doc1s o" some 8talian ships andwhere some Caribbean menattempted to enlist in the EthiopianArm!

an A"rican Sentiment


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/hese again swept up in the late D@:s and DI:s with the messages o"Malcolm Y and Sto1le! Carmichael on Glac1 ower. /his again coincided

with a period o" economic downturn.

/he industrialisation b! in$itation policies werent wor1ing out "or thenewl! independent Caribbean countries with rabid unemplo!ment

Glac1 power anal!sts "elt that the go$ernment and blac1 intelligentsia

"ailed the people. /he "elt Gritish colonial o$erlords were merel! replacedb! a blac1 elite with ethnocentric ideas

/his mo$ement had long lasting conseuences "or the Caribbean as alecturer at H8 Mona and Glac1 ower Acti$ist( alter >odne! waspre$ented b! authorities "rom returning to Kamaica to teach in [email protected] at the Campus led a mass protest where * died and unrestspread to other campuses. /he unrest spread to /rinidad:s St. Augustinewhere the National Koint Action Committee 'NKAC) a blac1 empowermentorgani7ation started essentiall! a re$olution Foined b! indian sugarwor1ers( the unemplo!ed and trade unions culminating in DI in the

mutin! o" the Arm! and a state o" emergenc!



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/here were similar incidents in the%renada with the National KewelMo$ement too1 o$er the go$ernment

in DID

Negritude


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Negritude

/his is a uniue brand o" an3A"ricanism whichoriginated in the @:s in 0rench colonies calling "or allpeople o" A"rican Origin to celebrate their blac1ness anddidn:t recogni7e geographical or regional distinctions

/he main thin1ers were 0rant7 0anon and Aime Cesaire

Martiniuans( Leon #amas o" 0rench %uiana andLeopold Senghor who later became the head o" state o"Senegal

/he mo$ement began in aris where memberspublished a Fournal pro$iding a "orum to expresssentiments regarding the 0rench polic! o" totalassimilation o" its colonies and the side lining o" A"ricanculture and the impossibilit! o" independence there.

Negritude


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Negritude

Negritude mainl! "ocused on blac1 consciousness andblac1 bride because as these acti$ists saw it li$ing in a

context where 0rench culture and ci$ili7ation wasexpressed threatened the core o" blac1 identit!.

8n Martiniue and %uadeloupe small Marxist groups

sought to mobili7e people to o$erthrow the 0rench withno success.

Aime Cesaire resigned "rom the 0rench Communist art!on the grounds that a race struggle was di&erent "rom a

class struggle.

8n an3A"ricanism there was an urge to mo$e awa! "romCapitalism so there were experiments with communism

but that too was a European ideolog!.

Negritude


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Negritude

0ran7 0anon was a more radical pan a"ricanist.6e was a student o" Cesaire and wor1ed in0rance and Algeria as a ps!chologistexperiencing 5rst hand the barbarit! o" the

0rench police 5ghting Algerians against theirindependence

0anon saw no other wa! other than the $iolento$erthrow o" colonial go$ernments through his

documentations o" the struggle in the boo1s/he retched o" the Earth and Glac1 S1in

Economic erspecti$es8 d t i li ti b 8 it ti


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8ndustriali7ation b! 8n$itation

Sir Arthur Lewis is a St. Lucian( distinguishedeconomist( ;ice Chancellor o" the Hni$ersit! o" theest 8ndies 'H8) and Nobel ri7e inner "or hisstrategies to impro$e economic growth "or histheor! later 1nown as 98ndustriali7ation b! 8n$itation:

6e was in-uenced b! Operation Gootstrap initiated

b! uerto >ico in the *:s ? +:s where cheapa$ailable labour would be used as an incenti$e toattract multinational companies to establish

industries alongside tax "ree concessions. /he result was that eurto >ico became

industriali7ed with mixed success.


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Economic erspecti$es8 d t i li ti b 8 it ti


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8ndustriali7ation b! 8n$itation

Lewis en$isaged through this a Fumpstart in economicdi$ersi5cation( higher wages in agriculture and higherwages "rom the MNC:s as well as the gaining o" the1nowledge necessar! to run our own manu"acturingindustries once MNC:s le"t amd rise to emrge out o"

Colonialism optimisticall!. /he strateg! howe$er "ailed( as stated b! critics due to the

"act that we in$ited the MNC:s but did not control them.MNC:s were pro$ided in"rastructure such as warehouses(light( water( etc. and tax brea1s and subsidies but when

the initial period was up the! le"t with no pro$ision to trainciti7ens added to the "act that these were mainl! Capitalintensi$e industries le"t the region with an o$erall loss.

Marxism and Neo3Marxism


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Marxism and Neo Marxism

Marx:s theor! saw societ! as e$ol$ing through $arious stages o" econom!and the relationships o" di&erent groups where the econom! and the

relationships o" di&erent groups within the econom! de5ned the t!pe o"societ! that e$ol$ed.

0or example earl! societ! de$eloped along lines o" eual wor1 i.e.egalitarian societ! then as dominant groups began to subFugate others $iasla$er! a s!stem o" social strati5cation de$eloped.

As the econom! de$eloped it became necessar! to ha$e wor1ers that had

some t!pe o" "reedom to ma1e decisions and de$elop s1ills. /his could notcould not happen in a sla$e s!stem so the "eudal s!stem had to de$elop.8n each case Marx was able to show that societies underwent change

when contradictions or tensions de$eloped in the econom!( bringing aboutchanges in the social relations between groups.

/his happened in the industrial re$olution were societ! had becomeorgani7ed into wor1ers 'with their labour to sell) and capitalists 'those whoowned the means o" production "or example capital( ban1s and

businesses)



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Hnder this s!stem we saw the capitalistdedicated to extracting maximum labour "orthe lowest wages and where the wor1ersstruggled "or better wages and wor1ing

conditions. 8t was ine$itable gi$en this state o" a&airs

where the rich grew richer and the poorpoorer that action would come "rom trade

unions agitating "or more wages ande$entuall! the wor1ers will see1 to o$erthrowthat t!pe o" societ!.



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/he next stage Marx described is socialism to bring about aclassless societ! which can onl! come about when all peopleshare in the means o" production

According to Marx onl! when people see through the "alseconsciousness o" socialism can the! be sociali7ed i.e.

recogni7e the need "or socialism. Communism was next on this stage o" de$elopment as

stated b! Marx that e$entuall! the state will wither awa! aspeople see that no group should exploit to "orm a trul!democratic societ!.

Marx criticised capitalism but saw it as a means throughwhich people would build a communal societ! hence theappeal o" the ideolog! in the Caribbean as Marxist societ!could "ree the disen"ranchised "rom oppression



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ithin the Caribbean Michael Manle!( 0orbes Gurnham( Maurice Gishop were in-uenced b! MarxistNeo3Marxist

ideolog! and sought to implement policies that would create a Fust and eual societ!. '/he! had attendeduni$ersities in Europe3England3 where the! were introduced to Marxist thoughts( had become disillusioned with thecapitalist path i economic de$elopment( was in-uenced b! the success o" Cuban re$olution)

#emocratic Socialism in Kamaica

Michael Manle! came to power in Kamaica in DI2 against bac1ground o" popular social unrest( widespread call "orsocial re"orm. /hought was that pre$ious leaders did not do enough to help poplat#on ,ho ,e$e t$ample& on b!white middle class &om#nat#on an& exploitation. Manle! de$eloped commitment to soc#al


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s Cap a s

Capitalism in its simplest terms means "ree mar1et enterprise. 8tis a wa! o" organi7ing the econom! whereb! the exchange o"goods and ser$ices is done according to the "orces o" the mar1eti.e. demand and suppl!. Modern $iew is that o" "ree trade.

Hnder a "ree trade s!stem go$ernment has little sa! in thedistribution o" goods and ser$ices. /he two maFor ideal o"capitalism is pri$atel! owned capital and in$estment and pro5tma1ing. Gritish capitalism in the New orld had one obFecti$e 3pro5t ma1ing 'get wealth!). /he plantation s!stem o" productionused A"rican sla$e labour thereb! ma1ing huge pro5ts.. .in notime the! became wealth! as e$idenced b! the plantation

houses constructed across the region. /he large pro5ts accruedallowed them to li$e opulent li$es in the Caribbean as well asGritain.

Gritish Capitalism


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p

According to alter >odne! '%u!anese) Capitalism was introduced intothe Caribbean with the 5rst transshipment o" A"rican sla$es across theAtlantic. /his "orm o" capitalism was one3sided( in short this s!stem wasnon3negotiable. 8t was non3negotiable because the A"ricans had no sa!in the s!stem and also the "act that the s!stem was "orced upon theA"ricans '6ow )urope ,nderdeveloped Africa () 8ntellectuals Eric

illiams and CL> Kames' /rinidadians) in their writings epitomi7ed thethoughts o" Caribbean people on Gritish capitalism.

illiams argued that sla$er! was purel! economic and embodied thecapitalist ideal o" the Gritish. 6ence when sla$er! became unpro5tablethe Gritish which once embraced this s!stem deemed it sa$age anduneconomical and abandoned the s!stem -Capitalism and #lavery.hile illiams was able to recogni7e the brutalit! o" the s!stem o"sla$er! he ne$er lost sight o" the "act that the s!stem was economicaland sla$er! was Fust another means to the economic success o" theGritish..

Gritish Capitalism


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p CL> Kames in the /lack 0acobins points out that the s!stem o" sla$er! and

colonialism had to be brutal to ensure that the s!stem o" capitalism wor1ed

and wor1ed well. /he brutalit! was not onl! mental but also ps!chological./he Glac1 est 8ndian was constantl! reminded o" hisher blac1ness andthis blac1ness was closel! lin1ed to bac1wardness and in"eriorit!. O$er timeblac1s in the est 8ndies came to belie$e this m!th. Once the m!th wasengrained into their ps!che the Gritish was ensured o" the success o"capitalism. Gritish capitalism onl! in$ol$ed the Caribbean to the extent thatthe position o" the Caribbean per"ormed onl! to the needs o" the Gritish

go$ernment. /his "orced arrangement was that the Caribbean produced andthe Gritish consumed. hate$er bene5t was returned to the Caribbean wasonl! done to ensure that capitalism sur$i$ed to "urther enrich Gritain.

/his concept o" de$elopment is attributed to St. Lucian economist Sir ArthurLewis 'Nobel ri7e "or Economics). /his was based on a concept adopted inuerto >ico called Operation Gootstrap. /his concept became the model on

which economies o" the English spea1ing territories within the region were"ashioned. 0ollowing economic s!stems such as communal( encomienda(sla$er! and the plantation s!stem( man! economists "elt that "or theCaribbean to be economicall! $iable there was a need "or the econom! tobe reorgani7ed. A"ter all( despite the man! economic s!stems the regionwas still experiencing problems o" an economic nature.

0eminism


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A 0eminist is an ad$ocate o" womanXs rightsR an!one who recogni7es "emale oppression and5ghts "or the correction o" this oppression. /o be "eminist is to be calling "or eualit! o" thesexes. art o" the "eminist agenda is "or women and their issues to be on the "ront burnerR oncentre stage. 8t concerns the celebration o" womenXs achie$ement as "or too long thecontribution women ha$e made to societ! has gone unnoticed( unrecorded and unrecogni7ed.

/he origin o" Caribbean "eminism is uniue due to its long histor!. Glac1 women o" the .Caribbean ha$e been 5ghting oppression e$er since their sale and capture on the west coast o"A"rica. /he! were constantl! in the uest "or "reedom.

omen used their bodies to attac1 the s!stem o" sla$er!3 in"anticide( and acts o" in"ertilit! werecommon. hen this was not the option the! turned on the master and his propert! burnt 5elds(damaged euipment and animals( 1illed their masters. Hnder sla$er! women out o" necessit!became brutal and militant. 8n order to sur$i$e she had to become a "eminist. 0ollowingemancipation( womenXs "ocus changed. /he! now had to struggle against the same blac1 men(with whom the! were ensla$ed( "or $isibilit! and eualit!. /he! had to 5nd new tools with whichto 5ght oppression. /he new tools became academics and literature. 8" their $oices are to beheard the! had to become uali5ed li1e the men or more uali5ed. /he $iews( issues andconcerns became audible through literature. 8n the literature the women authors dramati7ed

the di&erent problems and complexities "acing women the! also attempted to deconstruct andreconstruct new ideas about women and "emininit!.

hile doing so the achie$ements o" women are being celebrated eg. ;erene Shepherd uses her1nowledge o" histor! to re"ocus attention awa! "rom men in histor!. She has gi$en women a$oice and a "ace in histor! to women.

0eminism


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One o" the maFor inroads into Caribbean "eminism has been madeb! CA0>A 'Caribbean Association "or 0eminist >esearch andAction). /hrough this group women are able to explore andcelebrate their achie$ements. 8t pro$ides a $oice "or women.

/hrough the omen and #e$elopment Hnit 'H8) in"ormationabout the status o" women is made a$ailable to go$ernment and

N%O( which can then be used to guide "ormulation o" polic!concerning the wel"are o" women. /hese man! womenXsorgani7ation ha$e been created to champion the causeR NationalOrganisation o" omen 'Garbados) Sistren 'Kam)( CA>8A. /heseamong others highlight role o" women in man! endea$ours such

as labour mo$ement( pro$ide a "orum "or discussion o" issues andpro$ide an inspiration "or !oung women and urge go$ernments toimplement legislations on womenXs issues such as rape( sexualharassment

Amerindian erspecti$es


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p

Amerindian groups ha$e been targets o" Europeanopinions which saw them as a primiti$e( in"erior(barbaric( unci$ili7ed to be eliminated( o$erwor1ed(ensla$ed. Caribbean 8ntellectual perspecti$e see1s todispel the $iew that these people did not ha$e a histor!.

'alter >odne! '6istor! o" %u!anese wor1ing people)RCL> Kames 'Glac1 Kacobins) 6ilar! Gec1les 'Glac1>ebellion in Garbados). /here is the need to $iew theindigenous people not onl! in terms o" the labour the!pro$ided 'encomienda) but the cultural contribution

the! ha$e made. 'alinago resisted Europeans andhalted the ad$ance o" European settlement( le"t usarchitectural st!les( "oods( cra"t( "arming s!stems)

8ndo3Caribbean erspecti$es


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p

Emancipation o" sla$es led to the introduction o" indentured wor1ers "rom Asia '8ndian andChina). 8ndians came in large numbers to %u!ana( /rinidad and Cuba and to a much lesserextent Kamaica between in Dmcentur!. 8n-uenced b! contractual arrangements andcolonialism( the! ha$e also produced se$eral writings( which expressed their culture andresponses within the Caribbean. 8n Caribbean the! "ound harsh conditions 're"er toindentureshipR low wages( withholding o" pa!( o$ercrowded dilapidated unsanitar!barrac1s( restricted mo$ements( harsh penalties( poor nutrition( o$erwor1 disease. 8nresponse 8ndians protested( went on stri1es( riotsR others repatriated others culti$ated plots

practiced thri"t and industr!( complained to immigration gents( created organi7ations suchas East 8ndian National Association in /rinidad( staged cultural acti$ities such as #i$ali(bagwa( 6osa!. /he coming o" the East 8ndians resulted in increase in East 8ndianpopulationR e$en exceeding A"rican population in %u!ana and /rinidad G! 2thcentur! the!ha$e made signi5cant strides mo$ed "rom cane 5elds to education( commerce and healthsectors( re$ersal in trend o" illiterac!( higher pa!ing Fobs.

Although the! ha$e been associated with labour( the East 8ndians ha$e showed theirresilience to achie$e economic independence and so ha$e been able to in-uence the

economies o" the countries in which the! ha$e li$ed. 8n addition the! ha$e mo$ed intoareas o" politics especiall! /rinidad and %u!ana ' Kagan( anda!( Kagdeo etc. 8ntellectualwriters who ha$e highlighted 8ndo3 Caribbean thoughts include ;SNaipaul ' Nobel pri7ewinner "or Literature) and Samuel Sel$on

Cape Caribbean Studies Module 2

Documents

Transcript of Cape Caribbean Studies Module 2