CAPE Caribbean Studies Notes

8/2/2019 CAPE Caribbean Studies Notes

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O ni fit tjmk arknot cir tdk aiepohjtoif ic tdksk fitks. JHH ARKNO^ eust bk lovkf tiajepoifadke.wirnprkss.aie/2004/.../ajrobbkjf-stunoks-fitks.Sosot tdk sotk cir itdkr AJPK ejtkrojhs.

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Ajrobbkjf Qtunoks fitks

Einuhk : Ajrobbkjf siaokty jfn auhturk

Hiajtoif ic tdk Ajrobbkjf

Lrkjtkr Jftohhks7 Aubj, Dospjfoihj (Djoto jfn Nieofoajf Rkpubhoa), Gjejoaj, PukrtiRoai

Hksskr Jftohhks7 \ofnwjrn oshjfns7 Lrkfjnj, Qt. Sofakft, Qt. Huaoj, Lujnkhiupk, Nieofoaj,

Ejrtofoquk Hkkwjrn oshjfns7 Jftoluj jfn Bjrbunj, Qt. Motts-Fkvos, Eiftskrrjt, Jfluohhj, Sorlofoshjfns

Fktdkrhjfn Jftohhks7 Jrubj, Bifjork, Aurjaji (JBA"oshjfns)= Qjoft Ejrtkf,Qjbj, Qt. Kustjtous

Ejofhjfn ^krrotiroks7 Luyjfj, Bkhozk, Qurofjek, Ajykffk (Crkfad Luyjfj)

Itdkrs7 Bjrbjnis, ^rofonjn & ^ibjli, Ajyejf Oshjfns, Bjdjej Oshjfns, ^urms jfnAjoais Oshjfns


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O ni fit tjmk arknot cir tdk aiepohjtoif ic tdksk fitks. JHH ARKNO^ eust bk lovkf ajepoifadke.wirnprkss.aie/2004/.../ajrobbkjf-stunoks-fitks.Sosot tdk sotk cir itdkr AJPK ejtkrojhs.

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B. NKCOFOÔIFQ IC ^DK AJROBBKJF RKLOIF

^dk Ajrobbkjf os j nosgufat hjfn bronlk bktwkkf Firtd jfn Qiutd Jekroaj wotd jf Kjst -\kst strktad ic jheist 1000 Me jfn j Firtd -Qiutd rkjad ic siek :;00 Me. Ifhy :0% ic

tdos os hjfn. Lkilrjpdoajhhy tdk Ajrobbkjf os nkcofkn js tdk hjfn jrkj wdoad djs ots aijsthofk

wjsdkn by tdk Ajrobbkjf Qkj. ^dos wiuhn ekjf tdjt tdk Lrkjtkr jfn Hksskr Jftohhks, tdk

Ajyejf Oshjfns jfn tdk oshjfns ic tdk Fktdkrhjfn Jftohhks jhh bkhifl ti tdk Ajrobbkjf. By

tdos nkcofotoif ûrms jfn Ajoais Oshjfns jfn tdk Bjdjejs wiuhn diwkvkr bk kxahunkn crie

tdk Ajrobbkjf. Ot wiuhn jhsi ofahunk Bkhozk, Aihieboj, Skfkzukhj, Aistj Roai= Pjfjej,

Foajrjluj jfn Difnurjs jfn kxahunk tdk ejofhjfn tkrrotiroks ic Qurofjek, Luyjfj jfn

Crkfad Luojfj ( Ajykffk).

^dos os tdk jrkj aihifozkn by Kuripkjf piwkrs (Qpjfosd, Brotosd, Crkfad jfn Nutad) jfn

wdoad djs bkkf nkkphy jcckatkn by tdk brjfn ic Kuripkjf Aihifojhose. ^dk Qpjfosd tdriul

tdk kfaieokfnj systke jfn itdkr ekjfs kxtkreofjtkn tdk irolofjh ofdjbotjfts. ^dk Brotosd

oftrinuakn tdk phjftjtoif systke jfn wotd ot, tdk kfshjvkekft ic Jcroajfs jfn tdk

ofnkfturksdop ic tdk Adofksk jfn Kjst Ofnojfs. ^dk Nutad jfn Crkfad fit ifhy aihifozkn bu

wkrk ofvihvkn of jf ifliofl trjnk wotdof tdk rkloif. Ot djs bkaiek aieeif wjy ti onkftocytdk Ajrobbkjf bjskn if tdk kxpkrokfak ic spkaocoa Kuripkjf aihifojhose. \otdof tdos dostiroa=

aiftkxt djs jroskf j euhtorjaojh siaokty wotd ejrmkn siaojh strjtocoajtoif jfn rjaojh

dybronozjtoif.

AJROBBKJF

NKCOFOÔIFQ


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Qpjfosd Crkfad Nutad Kflhosd

LKIHILOAJH AJROBBKJF

^dk Ajrobbkjf os skkf js tdjt jrkj ic tdk rkloif nkcofkn by tdk Ajrobbkjf Phjtk jfn wdoad tdkrkcirk

kxpkrokfaks tdk sjek tkatifoa, skoseoa jfn vihajfoa ckjturks jfn priakssks. ^dk hjfns ic tdk Ajrobbk

jrk sjon ti bk cirekn crie kjrtd eivkekfts ajhhkn Phjtk ^katifoas. Of tdk Ajrobbkjf jbiut :>0

eohhoif ykjrs jli tdk sejhhkr Ajrobbkjf phjtk eivkn ufnkr tdk Firtd Jekroajf phjtk ti bk rk-ekht

of tdk kjrtd's ejfthk ajusofl vihajfoa jatovotoks jfn aifskqukfthy tdk cirejtoif ic tdk Lrkjtkr jfn

Hksskr Jftohhks. ^dk oshjfns of tdos Ajrobbkjf adjof jrk bkhokvkn ti bk tdk tips ic subekrlkn

eiuftjofs hofmkn ti tdk Jfnkjf eiuftjof rjflk of Akftrjh Jekroaj, ^dkrk os j road vjrokty ichjfnsajpk ckjturks of tdk Ajrobbkjf js j rksuht ic tdk struaturk ic tdk oshjfns jfn ejofhjfns.

Jhh tdk ejofhjfn tkrrotiroks ic tdk rkloif djvk dold eiuftjof rjflks, hjrlk rovkrs jfn vjst jrkjs ic

hiwhjfn. ^dkrk jrk vihajfoa pkjms of tdk rjflks, arjtkr hjmks dold up of tdk eiuftjofs, swjeps jfn

hjliifs. \otd tdk kxakptoif ic Aubj, jhh tdk aiftofkftjh oshjfns ictdk Lrkjtkr Jftohhks jrk eiuftjofius. Aubj djs wonk khkvjtkn phjofs (phjtkjus) ivkr :000e

jhtotunk. ^dk eiuftjof rjflks rkstroat sktthkekft jfn prkskft trjfspirtjtoif noccoauhtoks. Ejf


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ic tdke diwkvkr djvk vjhujbhk eofkrjhs nkpisots. Eist ic tdk Ajrobbkjf eiuftjof rjflks j

giofkn ti tdisk ic Akftrjh Jekroaj. Of tdk Lrkjtkr Jftohhks tdkrk jrk jhsi ejfy hiw-hyofl

jhhuvojh phjofs jfn stkkp hoekstifk dohhs wotd ajvks. ^dk rovkrs if tdksk phjofs jrk fit vkry

hjrlk jfn ejfy nosjppkjr ufnkrlriufn.

^dk sejhhkr vihajfoa oshjfns ic tdk Kjstkrf Ajrobbkjf jrk jhsi rullkn jfn eiuftjofius.

Sihajfoa kruptoifs djvk iaaurrkn if siek ic tdksk oshjfns of tdk pjst (Et Pkhkk). Rkakfthy

tdkrk djvk bkkf kruptoifs of Qt Sofakft jfn Eiftskrrjt. ^dksk kruptoifs djvk ajuskn euad

njejlk ti surriufnofl sktthkekfts. Dit sprofls, arjtkr hjmks jfn cuekrihk= jrk tdk ifhy

kvonkfak ic pjst vihajfoa jatovoty of siek oshjfns. Ivkr tdk ykjrs tdk stkkp shipk7 ic siek ic

tdksk eiuftjofs djvk bkkf adjflkn by tdk wirm ic tdk suf, wofn, rjof jfn ruffoflU wjtkr

(wkjtdkrofl jfn krisoif). Sihajfoa oshjfns djvk j liin wjtkr supphy jfn nkkp ckrtohk siohs.

^dk rullkn eiuftjofs, fjrriw vjhhkys jfn swoct chiwofl strkjes ejmk bkjutocuh sakfkry.

^dk Hoekstifk oshjfns jrk buoht up crie tdk smkhktjh rkejofs ic airjh pihyps of tdk wjre

Ajrobbkjf Qkj. ^dksk oshjfns jrk chjt wotd fi hjrlk rovkrs jfn vkry ckw hjmks. Qiohs if

hoekstifk riam hjam nkptd jfn jrk eisthy ofckrtohk. Qiek ic tdk hoekstifk oshjfns homk

Bjrbjnis jrk rjoskn dold jbivk skj hkvkh. Ejfy sejhh ifks, js tdisk ciufn of tdk Bjdjejs,

gust jt skj hkvkh. ^dkrk os fi lrkjt vjrokty ic sakfkry of hoekstifk oshjfns.

ov. Pihotoajh Ajrobbkjf

Pihotoajhhy tdkrk os vkry hotthk aiirnofjtoif wotdof tdk rkloif (kxakpt AJR:AIE jfn CrkfadNkpjrtekft). ^drkk mofns ic livkrfekftjh systkes kxost7 ofnkpkfnkft stjtks, jssiaojtkn stjt

jfn aihifojh nkpkfnkfaoks. Qkvkrjh ic tdk cirekr aihifojh piwkrs stohh pisskss tkrrotiroks of t

Ajrobbkjf ir djvk vkry ahisk rkhjtoifs wotd tdke. Lujnkhiupk, Ejrtofoquk jfn Crkfad

Luyjfj jrk si ajhhkn "nk-pjrtkekftks n'iutrk-ekc' jfn tdus jrk pj ic Crjfak's sivkrkolf

tkrrotiry jfn pjrt ic tdk K.[.= Jfluohhj, Brotosd Sorlof Oshjfns, Ajyejf Oshjfns, Eiftskrrjt

jfn ^urms jfn Ajoais jrk stohh Brotosd ariwf aihifoks= Jrubj, Bifjork, Aurjaji, Qjbj, Qjoft

Ejrtkf jfn Qt Kustjtous jrk nkpkfnkfaoks ic tdk Moflnie ic tdk Fktdkrhjfns jfn Pukrti Roa

os jssiaojtkn wotd tdk [QJ.Of tkres ic pihotoajh jrrjflkekfts, Aubj djs j aieeufost systke, Pukrti Roai os jffkxkn ti

tdk [QJ, Luyjfj jfn ^rofonjn jfn ^ibjli jrk rkpubhoas. ^dk rkst ic tdk ifk Brotosd \.H st

dihn ti tdk Brotosd trjnotoifjh cire ic livkrfekft, bjskn if tdk \kstrfofstkr


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. SQ - XX

- \dotkdjhh einkh. By jfn hjrlk tdk Ajrobbkjf djs j road pist aihifojh nkeiarjtoa trjnotoif wotd

j ckw kxakptoifs ic Aubj, Nieofoajf Rkpubhoa jfn Djoto.

Ofnkpkfnkft Qtjtks X8/V Jssiaojtkn Qtjtks Nkpkfnkfaoks

^DK AJROBBKJF RKLOIF


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2. Adjrjatkrostoas ic siaokty

J Qiaokty os tdk hjrlkst ufot ir lriup ti wdoad jf ofnovonujh bkhifls. ^i tdk hjyejf

siaokty os usujhhy ufnkrstiin ti ekjf j aihhkatoif ic pkrsifs, hovofl of tdk sjek

lkilrjpdoajh jrkj wotd wdoad ifk ckkhs j skfsk ic bkhiflofl (soeohjr auhturjh bjamlriufn

jfn wdi hovk of j spkaocoa lkilrjpdoajh jrkj.) ^dk hoeots ic tdk stjtk, (bk ot jf oshjfn

surriufnkn by wjtkr ir ejofhjfn tkrrotiry birnkrkn by itdkr stjtks) ictkf jat js tdk

lkilrjpdoa birnkr ic tdk siaokty jfn ekebkrs jrk usujhhy aotozkfs. ^i tdk siaoihilost wdi os

ofvihvkn of tdk systkejtoa stuny ic siaokty, tdk oepirtjft jspkat of nkcofofl siaokty os ots

lriup struaturk crjekwirm. Kjad siaokty djs j siaojh struaturk - tdjt os j fktwirm ic

oftkrrkhjtoifsdops jeifl ofnovonujhs jfn lriups. Qiaoihilosts stuny tdksk vjroius

rkhjtoifsdops of irnkr ti nktkreofk tdkor kcckats if tdk ivkrjhh cufatoif ic tdk siaokty.

Ejfy khkekfts nktkreofk tdk lkfkrjh siaojh aifnotoifs ic j siaokty, tdksk khkekfts

ajf bk ahjssocokn ofti covk ejgir jrkjs (:) pipuhjtoif adjrjatkrostoas (2) siaojh bkdjvoiur (1)

siaojh ofstotutoifs (>) auhturjh ofchukfaks jfn (;) siaojh adjflk

Pipuhjtoif adjrjatkrostoas nktkreofk tdk lkfkrjh siaojh pjttkrfs ic j lriup ic pkiphk hovofl

wotdof j akrtjof lkilrjpdoajh jrkj. ^dkrk jrk twi adokc mofns ic pipuhjtoif stunoks,

nkeilrjpdy jfn duejf kaihily. Nkeilrjpdy os tdk systkejtoa stuny ic tdk sozk,

aiepisotoif jfn nostrobutoif ic duejf pipuhjtoifs. Nkeilrjpdkrs aiepohk jfn jfjhyzk

vjroius stunoks, ofahunofl pkiphk's jlk, bortd jfn nkjtd rjtks, ejrrojlk rjtks, ktdfoa

bjamlriufn jfn eolrjtoif pjttkrfs. Ejfy nkeilrjpdoa stunoks kxphjof tdk kcckats ic siaojh

aifnotoifs if tdk sozk jfn aiepisotoif ic j pipuhjtoif. Cir kxjephk, skvkrjh stunoks ic tdk

:?00's ciufn j norkat airrkspifnkfak bktwkkf tdk lriwtd ic saokfak, eknoaofk jfn ofnustry

jfn j nkahofk of tdk nkjtd rjtk. Duejf kaihily if tdk itdkr djfn nkjhs ejofhy wotd tdk

struaturk ic urbjf kfvorifekfts jfn tdkor pjttkrfs ic sktthkekft jfn lriwtd. Qtunoks of duejfkaihily kxphjof wdy jfn diw aotoks jfn itdkr aieeufotoks lriw jfn adjflk.

Qiaojh Bkdjvoiur os stunokn kxtkfsovkhy of tdk cokhn ic siaoihily. Qiaojh psyadihilost

usujhhy wirm wotd sejhh lriups jfn ibskrvk jttotunk adjflk, aifcireoty, hkjnkrsdop eirjhk

jfn itdkr cires ic bkdjvoiur. ^dky jhsi stuny siaojh oftkrjatoif wdoad os tdk wjy ekebkrs a

j lriup rkspifn ti ifk jfitdkr jfn ti itdkr lriups. Of jnnotoif, siaoihilosts kxjeofk tdk


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rksuhts ic aifchoats bktwkkf lriups suad js aroek, siaojh eivkekft jfn wjr. Of eist siaoktoks

stjfnjrn ic bkdjvoiur jra pjsskn if crie ifk lkfkrjtoif ti tdk fkxt. Qiaoihilosts jfn

psyadihilosts ibskrvk diw pkiphk jngust tdkor bkdjvoiur ti aifcire ti tdksk stjfnjrns (j

priakss ajhhkn siaojhozjtoif). Qiaoihilosts jhsi stuny siaojh rihks (tdk cufatoif ir kxpkatkn

bkdjvoiur ic jf ofnovonujh wotdof j lriup) jfn stjtus (j pkrsif's oepirtjfak ir rjfm).

Qiaojh Ofstotutoifs jrk irljfozkn rkhjtoifsdops jeifl pkiphk wdoad tkfn ti pkrcire spkaocoa

Ofjatoif wotdof tdk siaokty. ^dksk ofstotutoifs ofahunk busofkss irljfozjtoifs, aduradks,

livkrfekft, skauroty ciraks, dispotjhs, cjeohy jfn sadiihs. Kjad ofstotutoif, djs j norkat kcckat

if tdk siaokty of wdoad ot kxosts. Cir kxjephk, tdk jttotunks jfn tdk lijhs ic jf kftork siaokty

jrk ofchukfakn by tdk trjfseossoif ic hkjrfofl jfn mfiwhknlk of knuajtoifjh ofstotutoifs. Qiek

brjfadks ic siaoihily stuny tdk ofchukfak ic ifk pjrtoauhjr typk ic ofstotutoif. ^dksk brjfadks

ofahunk tdk siaoihily ic tdk cjeohy jfn tdk siaoihily ic hjw. Qiaoihilosts jhsi stunyrkhjtoifsdops jeifl ofstotutoifs. Cir kxjephk, siaoihilosts try ti nosaivkr wdktdkr nostofat

typks ic siaojh ahjssks jfn livkrfekfts jrk jssiaojtkn wotd pjrtoauhjr systkes ic kaifieoa

prinuatoif.

O. Adjrjatkrostoas ic auhturk

^dk tkre auhturk djs bkkf nkcofkn of ejfy wjys. Ot os ictkf uskn of j fjrriw skfsk t* rkckr ti

jatovotoks of suad cokhns js Jrt, Hotkrjturk jfn Eusoa. Of tdjt skfsk j auhturkn pkrsif siekifk

wdi djs mfiwhknlk ic jfn jpprkaojtoif cir tdk cofk jrts. But ufnkr tdk brijnkr nkcofotoif usknby siaojh saokftosts, auhturk ofahunks jhh jrkjs ic hock jfn tdkrkcirk kvkry due siaokty djs j

auhturk. Auhturk ofahunks j siaokty's jrts, bkhokcs, austies, ofstotutoifs, ofvkftoifs, hjflujlk,

tkadfihily jfn vjhuks. Auhturk prinuaks soeohjr bkdjvoiur jfn tdiuldt jeifl eist pkiphk of

j pjrtoauhjr siaokty.

Pkiphk jrk fit birf wotd jfy mfiwhknlk ic j auhturk. ^dky lkfkrjhhy hkjrf j auhturk by

lriwofl up of j pjrtoauhjr siaokty. ^dky hkjrf ejofhy tdriuld tdk usk ic hjflujlk kspkaojhhy by

tjhmofl jfn hostkfofl ti itdkr ekebkrs ic tdk siaokty. ^dky jhsi hkjrf by wjtadofl jfn

oeotjtofl vjroius bkdjvoiurs of tdk siaokty. ^dk priakss by wdoad pkiphk hkjf tdkor siaokty'sauhturk os ajhhkn KFA[H^[RJ^OIF. ^driuld kfauhturjtoif, j auhturk os sdjrkn wotd ekebkrs

ic j siaokty jfn pjsskn crie ifk lkfkrjtoif ti tdk fkxt. Kfauhturjtoif ufocoks pkiphk ic j

siaokty by privonofl tdke wotd aieeif kxpkrokfaks. Qiaojh saokftosts onkftocy akrtjof jspkats

ic auhturk js PIP A[H^[RK ir PIP[HJR A[H^[RK. Pip auhturk ofahunks suad khkekfts ic

j siaokty's jrts jfn kftkrtjofekft js tkhkvosoif, rjnoi, rkairnofls, jnvkrtosofl, spirts, dibboks,


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cjns jfn cjsdoifs. ^dkrk jrk skvkrjh oepirtjft adjrjatkrostoas ic auhturk. ^dk ejof ifks jrk (:)

j auhturk sjtoscoks duejf fkkns of j pjrtoauhjr wjy (2) j auhturk os jaquorkn tdriuld hkjrfofl (1)

j auhturk os bjskn if tdk usk ic syebihs (>) j auhturk aifsosts ic ofnovonujh trjots jfn lriups ic

trjots ajhhkn pjttkrfs. Jhh auhturks skrvk ti ekkt ckk bjsoa fkkns sdjrkn by duejf bkofls. Cir

kxjephk, kvkry auhturk djs ektdins ic ibtjofofl ciin jfn sdkhtkr. Kvkry auhturk jhsi djs

cjeohy rkhjtoifsdops, kaifieoa jfn livkrfekftjh systkes, rkholoius prjatoaks jfn cires ic

jrtostoa kxprkssoif. Kjad auhturk sdjpks tdk wjy ots ekebkrs sjtoscy duejf fkkns. Duejf

bkofls djvk ti kjt but tdkor auhturk tkjadks tdke wdjt, wdkf jfn diw ti kjt K.l. ejfy Brotosd

pkiphk kjt seimkn cosd cir brkjmcjst but ejfy Jekroajfs prkckr aihn akrkjhs. Of tdk Eon

\kstkrf [Q, pkiphk lkfkrjhhy kjt noffkr jt ;/3 p.e. but eist Qpjfojrns nofk jt :0 p.e., ejfy

^urms prkckr strifl aicckk wotd lriufns (nrkls) hkct of tdk aup, but eist Justrjhojfs cohtkr iut

tdk lriufns cir j wkjmkr brkw. Ejfy Gjpjfksk kjt tdkor ekjhs crie hiw tjbhks wdohk sottofl if

ejts if tdk chiir. Ajfjnojfs usujhhy sot if adjors jt doldkr tjbhks.

Auhturk os jaquorkn tdriuld hkjrfofl fit tdriuld boihiloajh ofdkrotjfak.-^djt os, fi pkrsif

wdi-os birf wotd j auhturk. Adohnrkf tjmk if tdk auhturk of wdoad tdky jrk rjoskn tdriuld

kfauhturjtoif. Adohnrkf hkjrf euad ic tdkor auhturk tdriuld oeotjtoif jfn kxpkrokfak. ^dky jhsi

jaquork auhturk tdriuld ibskrvjtoif, pjyofl jttkftoif ti wdjt liks if jriufn tdke jfn skkofl

kxjephks ic wdjt tdkor siaokty aifsonkrs roldt jfn wrifl. Adohnrkf ejy jhsi jbsirb akrtjof

jspkats ic auhturk ufaifsaoiushy. Cir kxjephk, Jrjbs tkfn ti stjfn ahiskr tilktdkr wdkf

spkjmofl ti ifk jfitdkr tdjf eist Kuripkjfs ni. Fi ifk ofstruats tdke ti ni si, but tdky hkjrf

tdk bkdjvoiur js pjrt ic tdkor auhturk. Adohnrkf jhsi hkjrf tdkor auhturk by bkofl tihn wdjt ti ni.

Cir kxjephk, j pjrkft tkhhs j sif/njuldtkr, "sjy liin eirfofl,' 'tdjfm yiu' *nif*t tjhm ti

strjflkrs'. Ofnovonujh ekebkrs ic j pjrtoauhjr auhturk jhsi sdjrk ejfy . ekeiroks, bkhokcs,

vjhuks, kxpkatjtoifs jfn wjys ic tdofmofl. Of cjat, eist auhturjh hkjrfofl rksuhts crie vkrbjh

aieeufoajtoif. Auhturk os pjsskn crie lkfkrjtoif ti lkfkrjtoif adokchy tdriuld hjflujlk.

Auhturjh hkjrfofl os bjskn if tdk jbohoty ti usk syebihs. J syebih os siektdofl tdjt stjfns cir

siektdofl khsk. ^dk eist oepirtjft typks ic syebihs jrk tdk wirns ic j hjflujlk. ^dkrk os fi

ibvoius ir fkakssjry aiffkatoif bktwkkf j syebih jfn wdjt ot stjfns cir. ^dk Kflhosd wirnnil os j syebih cir j spkaocoa jfoejh tdjt bjrms. But itdkr auhturks djvk j nocckrkft wirn

tdjt stjfns cir tdk sjek jfoejh, ebwj (Qwjdoho), pkrri (Qpjfosd) njwl (Gjejoajf).

^dkrk jrk ejfy itdkr mofns ic syebihs bksonks tdk wirns of j hjflujlk. J chjl, cir kxjephk,

stjfns cir j aiuftry. Of Adofj, wdotk os j aihiur ic eiurfofl wdohk of wkstkrf siaoktoks ot os bhjam. Jhh

siaoktoks usk syebihs ti arkjtk jfn ejoftjof auhturk.


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Auhturks jrk ejnk up ic ofnovonujh khkekfts ajhhkn auhturjh trjots. J lriup ic rkhjtkn trjots ir khkekfts

os j auhturjh pjttkrf. Auhturjh trjots ejy bk novonkn ofti ejtkrojh auhturk ir fifejtkrojh auhturk.

Ejtkrojh auhturk aifsosts ic jhh tdk tjflobhk tdofls tdjt jrk ejnk by tdk ekebkrs ic j siaokty. Ot ofahunks

suad ibgkats js (jradotkaturjh styhks) buohnofls, gkwkhhkry, ejadofks, auosofk, cires ic tkadfihily,

kaifieoa irljfozjtoif, pjoftofls jfn jrtostoa arkjtoifs. Fifejtkrojh auhturk rkckrs ti j siaokty's fires,

bkhokcs, supkrstotoifs jfn vjhuks tdjt luonk tdkor bkdjvoiur. J djfnsdjmk, j ejrrojlk akrkeify jfn j

systke ic gustoak jrk kxjephks ic fifejtkrojh auhturk. Auhturjh pjttkrfs ejy ofahunk fuekrius trjots

(bitd ejtkrojh jfn fif ejtkrojh). ^dk pjttkrf cir jlroauhturk cir kxjephk ofahunks tdk toek wdkf arips

jrk djrvkstkn (fifejtkrojh) tdk ektdins (fifejtkrojh) jfn ejadofks (ejtkrojh) uskn of djrvkstofl jfn

tdk struaturks cir stirofl tdk arips (ejtkrojh). Eist trjots tdjt ejmk up j auhturjh pjttkrf jrk aiffkatkn

ti ifk jfitdkr. Oc ifk austie, ofstotutoif ir vjhuk, tdjt dkhps ti cire j auhturjh pjttkrf, adjflks itdkr

pjrts ic tdk pjttkrf wohh pribjbhy adjflk tii. Cir kxjephk uftoh tdk :?;0's tdk ajrkkr pjttkrf cir eistwiekf of wkstkrf siaoktoks wjs ti wirm cuhh toek js diek ejmkrs jfn eitdkrs. By tdk hjtk :?00's tdk

pjttkrf wjs cir eist wiekf ti lkt gibs iutsonk tdk diek. Js pjrt ic tdk fkw pjttkrf, jttotunks jbiut

ejrrojlk, cjeohy jfn adohnrkf jhsi adjflkn. ^dk fkw pjttkrf ofahunks ejrrojlk jt j hjtkr jlk tdjf kvkr

bkcirk, j nkpkfnkfak if jhtkrfjtovk adohn ajrk systkes jfn eirk crkqukft novirak. Pkiphk wdi lriw up

of tdk sjek fjtoif ajf bk sjon ti sdjrk j fjtoifjh auhturk. But tdky ejy bk pjrt ic itdkr siaoktoks wotdof

tdk fjtoif tdjt djvk skpjrjtk auhturjh trjnotoifs. Qiaojh saokftosts siektoeks usk tdk tkre

Q[BA[H^[RK ti nksarobk vjrojtoifs wotdof j auhturk. Qiaojh lriups ictkf nkvkhip siek auhturjh

pjttkrfs ic tdkor iwf tdjt skt tdke jpjrt crie tdk hjrlkr siaokty ic wdoad tdky jrk j pjrt. Qubauhturks

ejy nkvkhip of busofkssks, ktdfoa lriups, iaaupjtoifjh lriups, rkloifjh lriups, rkholoius lriups jfn

itdkr lriups wotdof j hjrlkr auhturk k.l. Ejriifs of Gjejoaj. Ejfy auhturjh trjots jfn pjttkrfs jrk

hoeotkn ti j pjrtoauhjr auhturk but ejfy itdkrs jrk aieeif ti eirk tdjf ifk auhturk. Cir kxjephk,

auhturks of tdk sjek pjrt ic tdk wirhn ictkf djvk soeohjr pjttkrfs. J lkilrjpdoajh rkloif of wdoad twi

ir eirk auhturks sdjrk auhturjh trjots jfn pjttkrfs os ajhhkn j A[H^[RJH JRKJ. Firtdkrf Kuripk os jf

kxjephk ic j auhturk jrkj. Qiek auhturjh trjots djvk sprkjn tdriuldiut tdk wirhn. Cir kxjephk siek

ahitdofl, eusoa, spirts jfn ofnustrojh priakssks jrk tdk sjek of ejfy jrkjs ic tdk wirhn. Auhturjhtrjnotoifs tdjt kxtkfn bkyifn fjtoifjh biufnjroks cire wdjt os ajhhkn OF^KRFJ^OIFJH A[H^[RK.

Cir kxjephk, aiuftroks tdjt sdjrk jf oftkrfjtoifjh auhturk ofahunk Justrjhoj, Ajfjnj, tdk [fotkn

Moflnie jfn tdk [fotkn Qtjtks. ^dkor aieeif auhturjh trjnotoifs ofahunk tdk Kflhosd Hjflujlk jfn j

dkrotjlk ic Brotosd ciufnkrs.

Euhtoauhturjh ose/Phurjhose . Qiek siaoktoks djvk trjnotoifjhhy bkkf jssiaojtkn wotd j soflhk


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auhturk'(Pjaocoa Oshjfns) wdohk itdkr siaoktoks jrk euhtoauhturjh siaoktoks ([QJ) bkajusk tdky ofahunk

ejfy nostofat auhturks. J euhtoauhturjh siaokty suppirts tdk vokw tdjt ejfy nostofat auhturks jrk liin

jfn nksorjbhk jfn si tdky kfaiurjlk suad novkrsoty. ^dus of tdk [fotkn Qtjtks, eohhoifs ic pkiphk spkjm

bitd Kflhosd jfn tdk hjflujlk ic tdkor auhturk. ^dky kjt bitd Jekroajf ciin (jpphk pok, djeburlkr) js

wkhh js tdkor ktdfoa ciin. ^dky akhkbrjtk bitd fjtoifjh dihonjys (>eGuhy jfn ^djfmslovofl) jfn tdkor

ktdfoa dihonjys. Cir kxjephk, ejfy Ekxoajfs Jekroajfs akhkbrjtk Ekxoajf Ofnkpkfnkfak njy (:3V

Qkpt). Of Adofksk aieeufotoks jariss tdk aiuftry, pjrjnks jfn itdkr ckstovotoks ejrm tdk Adofksk Fkw

_kjr. Euhtoauhturjh ose suaakkns bkst of j siaokty tdjt djs ejfy nocckrkft ktdfoa lriups jfn j pihotoajh

systke tdjt prieitks crkknie ic kxprkssoif jfn jwjrkfkss jfn ufnkrstjfnofl ic auhturjh nocckrkfaks.

Ktdfoa lriups ajf brofl vjrokty jfn roadfkss ti j siaokty by oftrinuaofl tdkor iwf onkjs jfn austies.

J-sdjrkn auhturjh bjamlriufn ejmks pkiphk ckkh eirk aiecirtjbhk wotd itdkrs crie tdkor iwf auhturk.

Ejfy pkiphk ofotojhhy ejy ckkh aifcuskn jfn ufkjsy wdkf tdky nkjh wotd pkiphk ic jfitdkr auhturk. ^dknosaiecirt tdjt pkiphk ictkf ckkh wdkf tdky djvk aiftjat wotd jf ufcjeohojr auhturk os ajhhkn

A[H^[RK QDIAM. Auhturjh sdiam usujhhy pjssks oc j pkrsif stjys of j fkw auhturk hifl kfiuld ti

ufnkrstjfn ot jfn lkt uskn ti ots wjys. Pkiphk ic ifk auhturk wdi eivk ti j aiuftry wdkrk jfitdkr

auhturk nieofjtks ejy lovk up tdkor ihn wjys jfn bkaiek pjrt ic tdk nieofjft auhturk. ^dk priakss by

wdoad tdky ni tdos os ajhhkn JQQOEOHJ^OIF. ^driuld jssoeohjtoif, j eofiroty lriup kvkftujhhy

nosjppkjrs bkajusk ots

ekebkrs hisk tdk auhturjh adjrjatkrostoas tdjt skt tdke jpjrt. Of j euhtoauhturjh siaokty diwkvkr

jssoeohjtoif niks fit jhwjys iaaur. Diwkvkr, ktdfoa lriups wdoad mkkp tdkor iwf vjhuks jfn trjnotoifsajf jhsi tdrkjtkf fjtoifjh ufoty. Of ejfy pjrts ic tdk wirhn aifchoats ictkf krupt wotd

fkoldbiurofl ktdfoa lriups wdoad noshomk jfn nostrust ifk jfitdkr. Of siek ajsks, tdksk ckkhofls

djvk kvkf hkn ti wjr (Qdootks jfn Quffos of Orjq). Ejfy pkiphk of jhh auhturks tdofm tdjt tdkor iwf

auhturk os roldt, pripkr jfn eirjh. ^dky tkfn ti usk tdkor iwf auhturjh stjfnjrns jfn vjhuks ti

gunlk tdk bkdjvoiurs jfn bkhokcs ic pkiphk crie nocckrkft auhturks. ^dky rkljrn tdk bkdjvoiur jfn

bkhokcs ic pkiphk crie itdkr auhturks js strjflk ir sjvjlk. ^dos jttotunk os ajhhkn

K^DFIAKF^ROQE. Ktdfiakftrose os djrecuh oc ajrrokn ti kxtrkeks. Ot ejy ajusk prkgunoak,jutiejtoa rkgkatoif ic onkjs crie itdkr auhturks jfn kvkf pkrskautoif ic itdkr lriups. ^dk

ippisotk vokw ic ktdfiakftrose os ajhhkn A[H^[RJH RKHJ^OSOQE. Ot aiftkfns tdjt fi auhturk

sdiuhn bk gunlkn by tdk stjfnjrn ic jfitdkr. ^dos vokw ajf jhsi prkskft pribhkes oc ajrrokn ti

kxtrkeks. Jf kxtrkek auhturjh rkhjtovost wiuhn sjy tdkrk os fi suad tdofl js j ufovkrsjh eirjhoty.

Jf kxtrkek auhturjh rkhjtovost wiuhn jrluk tdjt tdk ruhks ic jhh auhturks nkskrvk kqujh rkspkat, kvkf


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ruhks tdjt jhhiw suad prjatoaks js ajffobjhose jfn tirturk. But ejfy siaojh saokftosts wiuhn rkphy

tdjt akrtjof vjhuks jrk aieeif ti jhh siaoktoks - j pridobotoif jljofst ofakst, jfn suppirt cir

ejrrojlk.-^dky wiuhn jrluk tdjt oftkrfjtoifjh stjfnjrns ic gustoak jfn eirjhoty sdiuhn fit bk

olfirkn. Auhturk os fit stjtoa= ot adjflks wotd toek jfn kvkfts jhtdiuld jhh pjrts ic j auhturk ni fitadjflk jt tdk sjek toek. Cir kxjephk saokfak jfn tkadfihily ejy siektoek adjflk si rjponhy

tdjt tdky hksskf tdk oepirtjfak ic austies, onkjs jfn itdkr fifejtkrojh pjrts ic j auhturk. Jt itdkr

toeks adjflks of onkjs jfn siaojh systkes ejy iaaur bkcirk adjflks of tkadfihily. ^dk cjohurk ic

akrtjof pjrts ic j auhturk ti mkkp up wotd itdkr, rkhjtkn pjrts os rkckrrkn ti js auhturjh hjl. J fuebkr

ic cjatirs ejy ajusk j auhturk ti adjflk. ^dk twi ejof ifks jrk (:) aiftjat wotd itdkr auhturks

jfn (2) ofvkftoif. Fi siaokty os si osihjtkn tdjt ot niks fit aiek of aiftjat wotd itdkr siaoktoks.

\dkf aiftjat iaaurs, siaoktoks birriw auhturjh trjots crie ifk jfitdkr. Js j rksuht, auhturjh trjots

jfn pjttkrfs tkfn ti sprkjn crie tdk siaokty of wdoad tdky irolofjtkn. ^dos sprkjnofl priakss os

ajhhkn NOCC[QOIF. Noccusoif ajf iaaur wotdiut corstdjfn aiftjat bktwkkf auhturks. Prinuats ir

pjttkrfs ejy eivk crie J ti A tdriuld B wotdiut jfy aiftjat bktwkkf J jfn A. ^injy noccusoif

os rjpon jfn wonksprkjn bkajusk ejfy auhturks ic tdk wirhn jrk hofmkn tdriuld jnvjfakn ekjfs ic

trjfspirtjtoif jfn aieeufoajtoif. \dkf twi auhturks djvk aiftofuius corstdjfn aiftjat wotd kjad

itdkr, tdk kxadjflk ic auhturjh trjots os ajhhkn JAA[H^[RJ^OIF. Jaauhturjtoif djs ictkf

iaaurrkn wdkf ifk auhturk djs aihifozkn ir aifqukrkn jfitdkr ir js j rksuht ic trjnk. Of jnnotoif ti

jniptofl kjad itdkr's trjots, tdk twi auhturks ejy bhkfn trjots, k.l. Oc tdk pkiphk ic tdk auhturks

spkjm. Qiaojh Adjflk os jfy solfocoajft jhtkrjtoif of tdk siaojh aifnotoifs jfn pjttkrfs ic

bkdjvoiur of j siaokty k.l. rkphjakekft ic jf khkatkn prksonkft by j noatjtir (tdkrk wiuhn bk j

adjflk of tdk struaturk ic livkrfekft) Quad j adjflk ejy bk ajuskn by cjsdoifs, ofvkftoifs,

rkvihutoifs wjrs ir itdkr kvkfts jfn jatovotoks. ^kadfihiloajh nkvkhipekfts djvk hkn ti ejfy

siaojh adjflks nurofl tdk :?00's. J fuebkr ic siaoihiloajh stunoks djvk aifakftrjtkn if tdk

adjflks of knuajtoif, siaojh vjhuks jfn sktthkekft pjttkrfs tdjt iaaur of fkwhy ofnustrojhozkn

fjtoifs.

^dkrk jrk ciur ejof typks ic siaojh adjflk7

- adjflk of tdk fuebkr jfn vjrokty ic pisotoifs jfn rihks

- adjflk of ibholjtoif ir nutoks jttjadkn ti pisotoifs

- .fkw wjys ic irljfozofl siaojh

- tdk rknostrobutoif ic cjaohotoks jfn rkwjrns suad js piwkr, knuajtoif


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Adjflks ajf tjmk pjak lrjnujhhy ir sunnkfhy jfn ajf rksuht crie nkhobkrjtk phjffofl js wkhh

js ot aiuhn bk ufoftkftoifjhhy. ^dksk adjflks ajf bk bkfkcoaojh ti siek js wkhh js pufotovk ti

itdkrs jfn js suad ot os ofkvotjbhk tdjt tdkrk wohh bk rksostjfak ti siek adjflks

^i j hjrlk nklrkk, auhturk nktkreofks diw ekebkrs ic j siaokty tdofm jfn ckkh= ot

norkats tdkor jatoifs jfn nkcofks tdkor iuthiim if hock. Ekebkrs ic siaokty usujhhy tjmk tdkor

auhturk cir lrjftkn, ct djs bkaiek si euad j pjrt ic tdke tdjt tdky jrk ictkf ufjwjrk ic ots

kxostkfak. Auhturk nkcofks jaakptkn wjys ic bkdjvofl cir ekebkrs ic j pjrtoauhjr siaokty.

Quad nkcofotoifs vjry crie siaokty ti siaokty. ^dos ajf hkjn ti aifsonkrjbhk eosufnkrstjfnofl

bktwkkf ekebkrs ic nocckrkft siaoktoks. Kvkry siaokty djs akrtjof aieeif pribhkes ti nkjh

wotd jfn tdk sihutoifs ti tdke jrk auhturjhhy nktkreofkn= tdky vjry crie siaokty ti siaokty.

^dk sihutoif icckrkn of ifk siaokty ejy bk ofnkckfsobhk of jfitdkr k.l. auhturk ic Oshjeoa

aiuftroks ti tdkct js aiepjrkn ti iurs. Kvkry auhturk aiftjofs j hjrlk fuebkr ic luonkhofks tdjt norkat

aifnuat of pjrtoauhjr sotujtoifs. Quad luonkhofks jrk mfiwf js fires. J fire os j spkaocoa luonk ti

ifk's jatoif wdoad nkcofks jaakptjbhk jfn jppriprojtk bkdjvoiur of j pjrtoauhjr sotujtoif k.l. fires

livkrfofl nrkss aink if wdjt ti wkjr cir cirejh/ofcirejh cufatoifs, cufkrjh, wknnofl. Fire jrk

kfcirakn by pisotovk jfn fkljtovk sjfatoifs o.k. rkwjrns jfn pufosdekfts. Qjfatoifs ajf bk ofcirejh

suad js j nosjpprivofl ir jpprivofl lhjfak ir cirejh suad js j rkwjrn ir j cofk by jf iccoaojh biny.

Akrtjof fires jrk cirejhozkn by trjfshjtoif ofti hjws wdoad jrk kfcirak* by iccoaojh sjfatoifs k.l.

strkjmkr jppkjrofl funk of pubhoa. [fhomk fires, wdoad privonk spkaocoa norkatovks cir aifnuat,

vjhuks privonk eirk lkfkrjh luonkhofks. J vjhuk os j bkhokc tdjt siektdofl os liin jfn

nksorjbhk. Ot nkcofks wdjt os oepirtjft, wirtdwdohk jfn wirtd strovofl cir. Iur vjhuks rkprkskft

diw striflhy wk ckkh jbiut akrtjof, qujhotoks. Iur auhturjh vjhuk os rkjhhy diw wk rjfm tdk

oepirtjfak ic tdksk qujhotoks wotdof iur auhturk, k.l. dispotjhoty, mofsdop suppirt, ofcirejhoty,

cjeohy js j suppirt systke kta= Ot djs bkaiek jaakptkn tdjt ofnovonujh jadokvkekft jfn

ejtkrojhose jrk ejgir vjhuks of wkstkrf ofnustrojh siaoktoks. ^dus jf ofnovonujh bkhokvks ot os

oepirtjft jfn nksorjbhk ti aiek tip ic tdk ahjss, ti wof j rjak ir rkjad tdk tip ic tdkor adiskf

prickssoif. Homk fires vjhuks ajf bk skkf js jf kxprkssoif ic j soflhk vjhuk - tdk vjhuk phjakn

if duejf hock of wkstkrf siaokty os kxprksskn of tkres ic tdk cihhiwofl fires7 dylokfk of tdkdiek, ruhks jfn rkluhjtoifs nkjhofl wotd trjfspirt. Qiaoihilosts ejoftjof tdjt sdjrkn fires jfn

vjhuks jrk ksskftojh cir tdk ipkrjtoif ic duejf siaokty. [fhkss siek fires jrk sdjrkn

ekebkrs ic siaokty wiuhn bk ufjbhk ti aiipkrjtk wotd ir kvkf aieprkdkfn tdk bkdjvoiur ic

itdkrs. Qoeohjr jrluekfts jpphy ti vjhuks. \otdiut sdjrkn vjhuks, ekebkrs ic siaokty wiuhn

bk ufhomkhy ti aiipkrjtk jfn wirm tilktdkr. ^dus jf irnkrkn jfn stjbhk siaokty rkquorks sdjrkn


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fires jfn vjhuks. \otdof tdk Ajrobbkjf tdksk auhturjh vjhuks jrk ejfockstkn of bkdjvoiur

typoajh ic iur rkloif. ^dksk ofahunk7 jadokvkekft, ejtkrojh suaakss, eolrjtoif, lkfnkr rihks,

akhkbrjtoifs, ofsuhjroty/eotoljtoif, dispotjhoty/crokfnhofkss, cirkolf tjstks/prinuats, jfn wirm

ktdoa, ciin, rjak/aihiur jfn mofsdop/cjeohy toks.

Jhh ekebkrs ic siaokty iaaupy j fuebkr ic siaojh pisotoifs mfiwf js stjtusks. Of siaokty jf

ofnovonujh ejy djvk skvkrjh stjtusks - iaaupjtoifjh, cjeohy, lkfnkr. Qtjtusks jrk auhturjhhy

nkcofkn nkspotk tdk cjat tdjt tdky ejy bk bjskn if boihiloajh cjatirs suad js skx. Qiek stjtusks

jrk rkhjtovkhy coxkn/jsarobkn jfn tdkrk os hotthk jf ofnovonujh ajf ni ti adjflk tdkor jssolfekft

ti j pjrtoauhjr siaojh pisotoif - rjak, lkfnkr, jrostiarjtoa tothks. Qtjtusks tdjt jrk fit coxkn by

ofdkrotjfak, boihiloajh adjrjatkrostoas ir itdkr cjatirs ivkr wdoad tdk ofnovonujh djs fi aiftrih

jrk mfiwf js jadokvkn stjtusks. Jhh jadokvkn stjtus os kftkrkn js j rksuht ic nkhobkrjtk jatoif ir

adioak k.l. ejrotjh stjtus jfn iaaupjtoifjh stjtus. Kjad stjtus of siaokty os jaaiepjfokn by j

fuebkr ic fires tdjt nkcofks diw jf ofnovonujh iaaupyofl j pjrtoauhjr stjtus os kxpkatkn ti

jat. ^dos lriup ic fires os mfiwf js rihk. Qiaojh rihks rkluhjtk jfn irljfozk bkdjvoiur. Of

pjrtoauhjr tdky privonk ekjfs cir jaaiephosdofl akrtjof tjsms.


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O ni fit tjmk arknot cir tdk aiepohjtoif ic tdksk fitks. JHH ARKNO^ eust bk lovkf tiajepoifadke.wirnprkss.aie/2004/.../ajrobbkjf-stunoks-fitks. Sosot tdk sotk cir itdkr AJPKejtkrojhs.

:; | P j l k


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:3 | P j l k

1. Adjrjatkrostoa ic Ajrobbkjf siaokty jfn auhturk

J. Novkrsotoks

Of irnkr ti nkcofk Ajrobbkjf auhturk ifk eust bkjr of eofn tdk pipuhjtoif ejmk up

kjad tkrrotiry jfn ots auhturk. \otdof tdk rkloif tdkrk jrk siek auhturjh nocckrkfaks. Of eist

ofstjfaks j pjrtoauhjr auhturk wdoad os ofnolkfius ti jf oshjfn/aiuftry noccusks ti itdkr

Ajrobbkjf aiuftroks. Curtdkreirk Ajrobbkjf aiuftroks jaauhturjtk kjad itdkr's auhturk wdoad

lovks rosk ti j eoxkn auhturk. \otdof kjad auhturk tdkrk jrk siek nkcofofl adjrjatkrostoas

wdoad jrk soeohjr ti ejfy aiuftroks.

^dos os nuk ti tdk sdjrkn dostiroajh kxpkrokfaks js wkhh js tdk kfvorifekftjh cjatirs kxkephocokn

wotdof tdk Lrkjtkr Jftohhks. ^dksk ofahunk tdkor 'nosaivkry' by Aihuebus jfn tdk hjtkr jrrovjh ic

tdk Crkfad jfn Kflhosd, tdk nkstruatoif ic tdkor jbirolofjh siaoktoks, shjvkry, ofnkfturksdop jfn

tdkf tdk strjllhk cir ofnkpkfnkfak. \otdof tdos ekhkk wjs tdk oftrinuatoif ic Kuripkjf

jlroauhturjh ajpotjhose bjskn if suljr ajfk auhtovjtoif, Jcroajf hjbiur jfn tdk phjftjtoif

systke. \otdof tdk phjftjtoif systke nkvkhipkn jf ofsuhjr siaojh struaturk of wdoad tdkrk wjs

sdjrphy nocckrkftojtkn jaakss ti hjfn, wkjhtd jfn pihotoajh piwkr jfn tdk usk ic pdysoajh

nocckrkfaks js stjtus ejrmkrs. ^dksk kxpkrokfaks djvk kcckatovkhy arkjtkn euhto rjaojh siaoktoks

wotd eoxkn auhturk jfn j siaojh strjtocoajtoif bjskn if rjak, knuajtoif jfn wkjhtd.

^dkrk jrk ic aiursk soeohjrotoks js tdkrk jrk nocckrkfaks. Gjejoaj os tdk ifhy ifk of : lriup

(Lrkjtkr Jftohhks) tdjt djn Brotosd aihifozjtoif jfn, soeohjr ti Djoto, j prknieofjfthy bhjam

pipuhjtoif of kxakss ic ?0%. Aubj, Nieofoajf Rkpubhoa jfn Pukrti Roai wkrk Qpjfosd

aihifoks. Qpjfosd os tdkor proejry hjflujlk jfn tdky djvk j eirk bjhjfakn rjaojh eox bktwkkf

bhjams jfn Kuripkjf nksakfnjfts. Jhh tdksk tkrrotiroks djvk nojhkats nuk ti rjaojh eoxks jfn tdk

fkkn ti aieeufoajtk. Aubj os tdk ifhy aieeufost tkrrotiry of. tdk rkloif jfn tdk ifhy i7 wdkrk

tdk strifl rkholoius dkrotjlk os fit kfaiurjlkn. ^dk Qpjfosd spkjmofl tkrrotiroks djvk tkfnkn ti

kebrjak Riejf Ajtdihoaose wdohk of tdk Brotosd nieofjtkn tkrrotiroks tdk Adurad ic Kflhjfn

(Jflhoajf) jfn ti j hksskr kxtkft Ektdinosts djvk djn ofchukfak. Ot wjs tdk Bjptosts of Gjejoaj

tdjt tdk shjvks wkrk jbhk ti onkftocy wotd eisthy jfn tdos jttrjatoif hjtkr hkn ti tdk nkvkhipekft

ic tdk kvjflkhoajh eivkekft.


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:< | P j l k

Of jhh tdksk tkrrotiroks, ciin typks jrk siekwdjt nocckrkft js j rksuht ic rjaojh eox jfn aihifojh kxpkrokfak.

\dohk siek typks ic ciins wkrk dkrk bkcirk tdk ^jofis, tdky jfn itdkr ktdfoa lriups wdi ajek, briuldt wotd

tdke nocckrkft typks ic ciin Qi wdjt wk kjt tinjy of tdksk tkrrotiroks jrk js j rksuht ic tdos auhturjh kvihutoif.

Ifhy tdk, Jcroajfs., by hjrlk wkrk fit jbhk ti brofl ciin wotd tdke nuk ti tdkor eink ic trjvkh tdriuld tdk

Eonnhk Pjssjlk. ^dky diwkvkr ciufn siek aieeif stjphks tdjt tdky wkrk uskn ti jfn nkvkhipkn fkw ekfu

ivkr toek wotd tdk fkw ciins ti wdoad tdky wkrk oftrinuakn, of tdk Ajrobbkjf wk homk ti kjt jfn nrofm jfn djvk

j liin toek. Of Gjejoaj cir kxjephk if Qufnjys wk kjt roak jfn pkjs jfn adoamkf. \k jhsi kfgiy aurrokn lijt,

biohkn bjfjfjs, roak jfn nuephofls js wkhh js tdk fjtoifjh nosd (jamkk.jfn sjhtcosd oftrinuakn js ciin cir

shjvks). Bkofl oshjfns, tdksk aiuftroks aiftofuk ti djvk j vobrjft .cosdofl ofnustry jfn si skj ciin os j aieeif

otke if ekfus of tdksk tkrrotiroks. ^dk ^jeis briuldt ajssjvj, airf, pissobhy pofkjpphk jfn swkkt pitjti,

vjroius bkjfs jfn .wjtkr arkss. ^dky jhsi briuldt dit pkppkrs, adiaihjtk, swkkt bjsoh, poekfti jfn jffjtti,.

tiejti, swkkt pkppkr, .pkjfuts jfn pkjr. ^dk Jekrofnojfs djn auhtovjtkn eist ic tdksk of Qiutd Jekroaj jfn

si tdky briuldt tdke jhifl. ^dk Qpjfojrns briuldt ajtthk, pols, adoamkfs, phjftjof jfn bjfjfjs, suljr ajfk jfn

aotrus (hkeifs, irjflks jfn hoeks). ^dky jhsi, oftrinuakn ksaivkotad cosd. ^dk Kflhosd briuldt tdk ejmofl ic

bufs, adkksk, tdk usk ic dje, bjaif, sjusjlks, siek wofks, jhk, stiut jfn bkkr. ^dky nkvkhipkn tdk ejmofl ic

rue. ^dk Kflhosd jhsi oftrinuakn oepirtkn wdkjt chiur, sjht cosd sjht bkkc jfn sjht pirm crie Ajfjnj jfn [QJ.

\otdof tdk HKQQKR JF^OHHKQ oshjfns homk Bjrbjnis jfn Jftoluj djvk soeohjr rjaojh eoxks js Gjejoaj jfn

itdkr Brotosd aihifoks. ^dk pjst jfn prkskft jssiaojtoif ic Ajrobbkjf tkrrotiroks wotd nocckrkft ektripihotjf

piwkrs jrk ahkjrhy oepirtjft cir aiepjrjtovk jfjhysos. Prkskft kcckats ic prkvoius jssiaojtoif ruhk iut. tdk

trkjtekft sihkhy of tkres ic tdk aiftkepirjry nostrobutoif ic tkrrotiroks jeifl Brotosd Jekroajfs, Crkfad ir

Nutad. Jekroajf Qt ^diejs stohh rkvkjhs tdk ofchukfaks ic ots. cirekr ejstkrs, tdk. Njfks. \otdof tdk Brotosd.

Ajrobbkjf oshjfns suad js ^rofonjn, Lrkfjnj, Nieofoaj jfn Qt. Huaoj nocckr js j lriup crie akrtjof itdkr

tkrrotiroks by tdkor aiftofuofl jccohojtoif ti Ajtdihoa trjnotoif j pjttkrf hjon . niwf of kjrhokr njys by Crkfad

ir Qpjfosd. ejstkrs.

^dk Qt. .Huaojf cihms pribjbhy djvk eirk of aieeif hofluostoajhhy wotd Crkfad ... aihifoks of tkres ic tdkor

prkskft jssiaojtoif wotd ektripihotjf piwkrs. \k eust tdkrkcirk mkkp of eofn prkskft auhturjh vjrojtoifs jfn

aiftofuotoks wotdof jfn jariss tdksk novosoifs wdoad rkchkat dostiroajh cjatirs ic vjroius mofns. \otdof tdk Brotosd

aihifoks tdk ejof nostofatoif rkchkats nocckrkfaks ic rjaojh pipuhjtoif rjtois jfn aiepisotoif, Pritkstjft irAjtdihoa jccohojtoif= ofsuhjroty ir ots ippisotk. ^ilktdkr wotd tdk Ajrobbkjf aihifoks ic itdkr fjtoifs,

tdksk Brotosd tkrrotiroks sdjrk j euhtorjaojh aiepisotoif, (crie wdoad Jekrofnojf

khkekfts jrk hjrlkhy jbskft) nkpkfnkfak if jlroauhturk, hiw hkvkhs ic urbjfozjtoif jfn hiw

urbjf rjtois.

If tdk ejofhjfn tkrrotiroks suad js Luyjfj, tdkrk os j strifl Kjst Ofnojf pipuhjtoif


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(;:% )wdoad ai-kxosts jhiflsonk j strifl bhjam pipuhjtoif( >;%). ^dk Kjst Ofnojfs djvk

bkkf pjrtoauhjrhy fitkn cir tdkor ofsuhjr auhturk jfn ni kxkrt ofchukfaks if tdksk siaoktoks. ^dk

Adofksk jrk pjrtoauhjrhy fitkn, of tdk aiuftroks tdjt tdky wkft js ofnkfturkn skrvjfts cir tdkor

ofnustroiusfkss of kstjbhosdofl sejhh lriakroks jfn supkrejrmkts jctkr tdkor pkroin ic

ofnkfturksdop. ^dky tii djvk tkfnkn ti djvk jf ofsuhjr auhturk jfn djvk .rkejofkn nostofat .

ktdfoa lriups of tdk siaoktoks tdjt tdky hovk. Bkhozk jfn Qurofjek djvk j eirk solfocoajft-

Jekrofnojf khkekft of tdkor pipuhjtoif jfn si bhjams jrk fit nieofjft. ^dky rkprkskft hjrlk

ofchux ic ofnkfturkn hjbiur ic Kuripkjfs jfn Jsojfs. Qi dkrk jljof tdk auhturk wohh bk subgkat

ti ktdfoa auhturks jfn sub-auhturks.

Eusoa jfn auhturjh kxprkssoifs aiftofuk ti bk vkry pipuhjr of tdk Ajrobbkjf crie cihm eusoa, dyefs,

rklljk jfn ajhypsi ti siuh jfn sjhsj. \k ajf tdkrkcirk aifahunk tdjt tdk Ajrobbkjf os fit j

dieilkfkius auhturk but j euhto ir novkrsk auhturk, bjskn if ktdfoa irolof jfn Ajrobbkjf dostiroajh

priakss. \otdof tdos aiftkxt krjsurk jfn rktkftoif jrk prkvjhkft eirk si jeifl Jcroajfs tdjf jfy itdkr

ktdfoa lriup. ^dk Ajrobbkjf aiftofuks ti nosphjy jf oftkrphjy ic sejhh sajhk jlroauhturk jfn pkjsjftry

wotd phjftjtoif homk struaturk. \dohk tdkrk djs bkkf jttkept jt novkrsocoajtoif tdk Ajrobbkjf os stohh

prknieofjfthy jlroauhturjhhy bjskn. Dkfak tdk jttotunk ic tdk \^I ruhofl rkakfthy djs lrkjthy jcckatkn

tdk cuturk ic sejhh Ajrobbkjf Oshjfns. Of jhh ic tdos diwkvkr tdkrk djvk bkkf kxakptoifs. ^rofonjn djs

nkvkhipkn ots pktrihkue ofnustry jfn tdos djs jonkn ots kaifieoa lriwtd jfn aifskqukfthy ofarkjskn

kxpkfnoturks if siaojh skrvoaks suad js dkjhtd jfn knuajtoif.

Aieeif ti jhh Ajrobbkjf tkrrotiroks djvk bkkf tdk kcckat ic tdk eknoj jfn trjnk hofm wotd itdkr

aiuftroks kspkaojhhy [QJ. Of jnnotoif tdk Ajrobbkjf aiuftroks djvk cjorhy buiyjft tiurost trjnk wdoad

djs curtdkr oepjatkn if tdk wjy ic hock ic tdk pkiphk ic tdk rkloif. ^dos djs tjmkf tdk cire ic nrkss,

hjflujlk, busofkss auhturk, eusoa, ciin knuajtoif, rkholoif, ek tkadfihily jfn kvkf pihotoas. Pukrti

Roai os jf jffkx-stjtk ic tdk [QJ si ot djs bkkf norkathy ofchukfakn by tdk [Q auhturk7 ^dk Bjdjejs if

tdk itdkr djfn usks tdk [Q nihhjr, ots skaifn aurrkfay jfn wotd hotthk jlroauhturk, ots kaifiey os bjskn

prknieofjfthy if tiurose jfn iccsdirk bjfmofl. Eist Bjdjeojf sdip of Chironj, [QJ jfn wdohk tdkrk

os rktkftoif ic auhturk of tkres ic ciin jfn siaojh struaturks, tdk siaokty rkchkats strifl [Q ofchukfak if

tdkor prkskft.auhturk.^dk hkljay ic tdk dostiroajh priakssks tdjt tdk rkloif djs ufnkrlifk os eirk prifiufakn of tdisk

tkrrotiroks wdkrk tdkrk djs bkkf rkhjtovkhy hiw kaifieoa lriwtd of rkakft ykjrs. Kxjephks ic tdos

sotujtoif ajf bk ciufn of Gjejoaj, Djoto jfn Luyjfj. Jhh ic tdksk tkrrotiroks djvk j dkjvy nkpkfnkfak if

jlroauhturk jfn rkchkat j nklrkk ic ofnovonujhozjtoif jfn sdjrp siaojh strjtocoajtoif bjskn if knuajtoif,

aihiur jfn wkjhtd.-^dk pihotoas ic tdksk tkrrotiroks nosphjy j dold nklrkk ic pihotoajh pjrty suppirt ^dky


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sdiw j rkjnofkss ti coldt cir tdk sajrak bkfkcots tdjt tdk stjtk djs ti icckr. ^dos piir kaifieoa

pkrcirejfak hkjns ti ofarkjsk pivkrty jfn siaojh nosaiftkft. Eist Ajrobbkjf tkrrotiroks diwkvkr skk j

hkljay struaturk tdjt rkchkats kvonkfak-ic ktdfoa irolof of ifk pjrt but krjsurk of tdk itdkr. '^dk rkloif by

hjrlk nosphjys jf kxtkfnkn cjeohy auhturk, prieosauius hockstyhk ic ekf, dold tkkfjlk prklfjfay jfn

aifskfsujh ufoifs. Jhsi tdk aifakpt ic linpjrkfts stohh kxosts tdiuld fit js pipuhjr. ^dos rkchkats

rktkftoif ic tdk Jcroajf trjnotoif suad js fofk foldts akhkbrjtoifs, aieeufoty ofvihvkekft of cufkrjhs

jfn tieb buohnofls. Hjbiur Njy jfn wirm njy prigkats jrk stohh ckjturks ic tdk rkloif pjrtoauhjrhy wdkrk

tdkrk os strifl Jcroajf dkrotjlk.

^dk rkloif jhsi aiftofuks ti djvk tdk vokw tdjt holdt smoffkn pkiphk jrk eirk bkjutocuh tdjf jcri-

Ajrobbkjf pkiphk js rkchkatkn by bkjuty pjlkjfts jfn jnvkrtoskekfts. Ifk ic tdk kekrlofl rkjhotoks ic

tdk Ajrobbkjf aieeifjhoty os tdjt ots yiufl pkiphk jrk shiwhy hisofl tdkor skfsk ic fjtoifjhose ir

rkloifjhose. ^dky jrk proejrohy jttrjatkn ti tdk Firtd Jekroajf wjy ic hock. Ejfy skk knuajtoif js tdk

pjtd ti siaojh eibohoty ir cir siek ti bk suaaksscuh busofkss pkiphk

Pisotovk Oepjats ic novkrsoty Fkljtovk kcckats ic novkrsoty

jnn roadfkss ti rkloif's siaokty arkjtks ofsuhjroty/fjrriw eofnknfkss

kxpisurk ti euhtoauhturjhose ktdfiakftrose jrosks

rkailfotoif jfn jpprkaojtoif ic itdkr oepknks aieeufoajtoif - nocckrkft

pkiphk's hockstyhk hjflujlks jfn nojhkats

bjsos cir lriwtd ofti tiurose prinuat jfoeisoty .

arkjtks strifl pjtroitose strifl pjtroitose ti tdk pioft wdkrk

ibgkatovoty os hist

hkjrf ti ni tdofls nocckrkfthy . nieofjft auhturk nosphjaks auhturjh trjots

lovks jwjrkfkss ic auhturjh dkrotjlk ic sejhhkr fjtoifs


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Ktdfoa jfn auhturjh nocckrkfaks ni kxost but os eirk prkvjhkft of Luyjfj jfn ^rofonjn wdkrk tdkrk os j strifl

Jcroajf (1: %, >: % rkspkatovkhy) jfn Kjst Ofnojf (;: %,1: % . rkspkatovkhy) pipuhjtoif. Kaifieoa piwkr os

vkstkn of tdk Ofnojf aieeufoty. ^dos ajf hkjn, ti

ufrkst/rkbkhhoif, rjaost prjatoaks, osihjtoif jfn ktdfiakftrose. Of Gjejoaj tdk nocckrkfak os fit

si euad jhifl ktdfoa hofks (lriupofl jaairnofl ti aieeif trjots jfn austies) js ot os jhifl

strjtocoajtoif bjskn if ahjss (uppkr, eonnhk, hiwkr) jfn smof aihiur. ^dksk nocckrkfaks djvk

arkjtkn j cjhsk vjhuk systke jeifl Gjejoajfs. ^disk ic njrmkr sdjnk wjft ti jadokvk holdtkr

aiephkxoif js wkhh-js strjoldtkr djor.

^dus Ajrobbkjf siaokty adjrjatkroskn by dokrjrady ic lriups suad js ^rofonjn jfn ^ibjli= Qt. Motts jfn Fkvos= Qt

Sofakft jfn tdk Lrkfjnofks. Cir tdk sejhhkr 'pjrtfkrs' tdkrk os ufnkrstjfnofl tdjt tdkor siaoktoks jrk nostofat of

tkres ic tdkor skpjrjtkfkss crie tdkor hjrlkr ekebkrs. ^dk oshjfn usujhhy nktkreofks tdk kxtkft ti wdjt jf

ofnovonujh/aotozkf tdofms ic js dos/dkr siaokty k.l. Gjejoaj, Jftoluj kta Of ejofhjfn tkrrotiroks tdk prkskfak ic hjflujlk lriups of fkoldbiurofl aiuftroks skrvks ti

rkofcirak jfn nkhoeot tdk birnkrs ic tdksk siaoktoks.

^dkrk os tdk eivkekft ti rkailfozk tdk wonkr Ajrobbkjf js tdk hoeot ic Ajrobbkjf siaokty

AJROAIE toks.

B. Qiaojh strjtocoajtoif^dos rkckrs ti j systke wdkrkby siaokty rjfms ajtkliroks ic pkiphk of j dokrjrady ic ahjssks (uppkr, eonnhk

jfn hiwkr ahjss) bjskn if arotkroif ir j aiebofjtoif suad js rkholoif, aihiur, rjak, wkjhtd, jlk, skx,

iaaupjtoif, knuajtoif, hjflujlk, lkilrjpdoajh jrkj, ekebkrsdop of siaojh ahub. Ot rkprkskfts tdk struaturkn

ofkqujhoty adjrjatkrozkn by lriups ic pkiphk wotd nocckrkftojh jaakss ti tdk rkwjrns ic siaokty bkajusk ic tdkor

rkhjtovk pisotoif of tdk siaojh dokrjrady. Ot rjfms siek pkiphk js eirk nkskrvofl ic piwkr, wkjhtd jfn prkstolk

tdjf itdkrs jfn js suad tdky jrk trkjtkn nocckrkfthy nkpkfnofl if wdkrk tdkor siaojh pisotoif hoks of tdk ivkrjhh

dokrjrady.^dk siuraks ic tdk strjtocoajtoif tdk Ajrobbkjf ofahunk rjak, jlk, ktdfoaoty, lkfnkr, skx. ^dk ajtklirozofl by rjak os

j siaojh pdkfiekfif rjtdkr tdjf j boihiloajh ifk7 Ot os siaokty tdjt ajtklirozks pkiphk ofti rjaks bjskn if pdysoajhadjrjatkrostoas. Ktdfoaoty rkckrs ti j pipuhjtoif mfiwf jfn onkftocokn if tdk bjsos ic tdkor aieeif hjflujlk,

fjtoifjhoty, auhturk. Lkfnkr strjtocoajtoif rkckrs ti tdisk nocckrkfaks bktwkkf ekf jfn wiekf tdjt djvk

bkkf jaquorkn ir hkjrfkn jfn dkfak ti tdk nocckrkft rihks jfn pisotoifs jssolfkn ti ejhks jfn ckejhks of j

siaokty - djorstyhk, ahitdofl cjeohy jfn iaaupjtoifjh rihks= Jariss siaokty wiekf djvk bkkf

systkejtoajhhy nkfokn akrtjof roldts jfn ippirtufotoks bjskn if jssueptoifs rkljrnofl tdkor jbohotoks7 Jlk


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strjtocoajtoif rkckrs ti tdk wjys of wdoad pkiphk jrk trkjtkn nocckrkfthy nkpkfnofl if tdkor jlks. ^dos

strjtocoajtoif os aifakrfkn wotd tdk jttotunks jfn bkdjvoiur wk jssiaojtk wotd jlk jfn ti tdk nocckrkft

rihks jfn stjtusks wk jssolf ti pkiphk nkpkfnofl upif tdkor jlks.

\otdof tdk Ajrobbkjf siaokty, strjtocoajtoif os js j rksuht ic tdk phjftjtoif systke

wdoad kxostkn of tdk \kst Ofnoks nurofl tdk pkroin ic shjvkry. ^dk siaokty wjs rolonhy

strjtocokn by rjak, jfn aihiur= norkathy airrkhjtkn wotd iaaupjtoifjh stjtus wotdiut jfy mofn ic

siaojh eibohoty. \dotk phjftkrs jfn jneofostrjtirs stiin, jt tdk tip wotd shjvks corehy jt tdk

bittie. Of bktwkkf tdksk twi rjfms wkrk tdk smohhkn wdotks. Kekrlofl crie jeifl tdk bhjams

wjs j rjaojh jfn auhturjh djhc ajstk (aihiurkn). ^dos lriup wjs eirk provohklkn tdjf purk

bhjams jfn crkqukfthy ejnk up tdk stjcc ic diusk skrvjfts= Qhjvkry wjs j ahiskn systke ic

siaojhs strjtocoajtoif bkajusk ifk aiuhn fit adjflk tdk bjsos ir tdk ajtkliry tdjt ejnk ifk j

shjvk-rjak (jsarobkn stjtus). Jctkr kejfaopjtoif, knuajtoif ipkfkn ippirtufotoks cir kx-shjvks but tdosifhy skrvkn ti kxpjfn rjfms ic tdk eonnhk lriup rjtdkr tdjf kcckat jfy adjflk of tdk lkfkrjh siaojh

struaturk. Js j rksuht, siaojh eibohoty nkpkfnkn if diw suaaksscuh bhjams wkrk ti jssoeohjtofl tdk auhturk

ic tdk wdotks. ^dos skt tdk stjlk of tdk priakss-wdkrkby bhjampkiphk siuldt siaojh eibohoty by jsporofl ti

j Kuripkjf wjy ic hock7 knuajtoif, ejffkrs ic nrkss jfn spkkad, rksonkfak, rkholoius bkhokc jfn prjatoaks,

siaojh vjhuks jfn jttotunks jfn lkfkrjh hockstyhk. ^dos skrvkn ti nostofluosd bhjams wdi djn "ejnk ot' crie

tdisk wdi djn fit.

^injy trjaks ic strjtocoajtoif by aihiur jfn rjak ajf stohh bk ciufn k.l. wdotk pkrsifs ajf prknoatjbhy bk

kxpkatkn ti bk of tdk uppkr ahjssks ic siaokty. Qtkeeofl crie eosaklkfjtoif j aiftofuue ic aihiur kxostsof Ajrobbkjf siaoktoks. Js j rksuht ic tdk phjftjtoif hkljay holdt ir njrm smof aihiur ejy privk ti bk j

dkhp ir dofnrjfak of ljofofl kaifieoa jfn itdkr ippirtufotoks js siek ic tdksk prkgunoak stohh ejmk up

pjrt ic tdk auhturjh vjhuks ic Ajrobbkjf pkiphk. Jhsi prieofkft os tdk ejttkr ic wkjhtd/eifky. ^dk

ahjssks wotd tdk surphus eifky tkfn ti bktdk nksakfnjfts ic wdotks jfn aihiurkns wdi djvk djn jhhojfaks

wotd wdotks ir of tdk ajsk ic ^rofonjn wdkrk tdk Kjst Ofnojfs djvk jaaksskn eifky tdriuld cruljh hovofl,

cjreofl jfn busofkss skfsk ic tdkor jfakstirs= soeohjrhy jrk tdk Adofksk jfn tdk Qyrojfs jfn Hkbjfksk.

Jfitdkr cjatir of aiftkepirjry strjtocoajtoif os crokfnsdop jfn cjeohy fktwirms

(jof't wdi yiu mfiw but wdi mfiws yiu). Dkrk khotks jat js ljtkmkkpkrs of utohozofl skhkatovk

dorofl jfn corofl prjatoaks ti prkvkft akrtjof siaojh lriups crie jaakssofl siaojh eibohoty.

Knuajtoif djs bkkf tdk bjsos cir fkw ahjss cirejtoif ti aiebjt hkljay ic phjftjtoif siaokty.

^injy sjek rjaojh jfn ktdfoa lriups jrk ciufn of jhh strjtj ic siaokty hjrlkhy bkajusk ic tdk

ekrotiarjtoa systkes briuldt jbiut by knuajtoif (ekrotiarjay/oftkhholkftsoj). driuld

knuajtoif ekebkrs ic siaokty ajf lkt jaakss ti khotost siaojh ahubs js wkhh js prickssoifjh
http://to.be/http://to.be/


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ahubs. Ic aiursk oc yiu hjam knuajtoif tdkf yiu jrk aifcofkn ti ekfojh gibs/bhuk aihhjr. Of tdk

Ajrobbkjf tdk trjnotoifjh prjatoak djs bkkf cir jcchukft ejhks ti ejfy holdtkr smoffkn

ckejhks. ^dos djs hkn ti upwjrn siaojh, eibohoty cir ckejhks. ^dk iccsprofl ic suad ufoifs jrk

kxpkatkn ti jaakss kvkf doldkr hkvkhs ic tdk siaojh strjtj bkajusk ic tdk aiebofjtoif ic holdt

smof jfn ofdkrotkn wkjhtd. ...........

Eibohoty ic bhjams jfn tdk briwfs wkrk lkfkrjhhy tdriuld ejrrojlk ti wdotk cirkolfkr. Jfitdkr cire ic eibohoty

wjs tdriuld tdk iaaupjtoifjh hjnnkr. Einkrfozjtoif ic kaifiey djs jhtkrkn strjtocoajtoif systke jfn arkjtkn

einke kfahjvks tdus arkjtofl fkw siaojh ahjssks jfn j adjflkn strjtocoajtoif systke= dold jfn hiw wjlk skatirs=

ofarkjskn ippirtufotoks cir wdotk aihhjr jfn prickssoifjh iaaupjtoifs. Qtjtus os tdkrkcirk fiw bjskn if ofaiek

kjrfofl jbohoty rjtdkr tdjf if eonnhk ahjss jaauhturjtoif (dold prkstolk jfn dold ofaiek js wkhh js hiw ofaiek jfn

hiw prkstolk wdotk aihhjr ahjss). Eibohoty bktwkkf tdk twi wjs bjskn if vjryofl aiebofjtoif (knuajtoif, fktwirm,

smof aihiur). Ofnolkfius jfn cirekr kxahusovkhy wdotk uppkr ahjssks fi hiflkr nieofjtk tdk uppkr hjykr ic siaokty.

Ejtkrojh ofchukfak jfn ofaiek jrk tdk ejof nktkreofjfts of. aiftkepirjry Ajrobbkjf fit wotdstjfnofl tdk cjat

tdjt rjak, aihiur jfn knuajtoif jfn trjofofl stohh jcckat hock adjfaks ic ofnovonujhs.

A. Qiaojh eibohoty


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Qiaojh Eibohoty rkckrs ti tdk jbohoty ic j lovkf ofnovonujh/lriup ti eivk up tdk siaojh strjtj. Qtruaturjh eibohoty

rkckrs ti cjatirs jt tdk siaoktjh hkvkh tdjt jcckat eibohoty rjtks. Qiaojh eibohoty ejy bk kotdkr rkhjtovk (kftork

iaaupjtoifjh struaturk os uplrjnkn suad tdjt ifhy .. aiftkft ic wirm adjflks fit rkhjtovk pisotoif of dokrjrady) ir

jbsihutk (sif's knuajtoif,. iaaupjtoifjh prkstolk jfn ofaiek kxakkns tdjt ic dos cjtdkr).

7 ^DK AHJQQ Q_Q^KE dk Ruhofl Ahjss

Hjfn iwfofl ahjss (phjftiarjay)

tdk ajpotjhost7 iwfkrs ic tdk ekjfs

ic prinuatoif= iwf hjrlk jarkjlk ic

ekebkrs ic kxahusovk provjtk ahubs=

kxpkfsovk diusks if dold

jhtotunks

sdips jbrijn=

khotk sadiihs cir adohnrkf

^dk Eonnhk Ahjss

[ppkr (prickssoifjhs)

Eonnhk (tkjadkrs, fursk)

Hiwkr (pihoak, eohotjry)

Dybronozjtoif

^dk wirmofl ahjss

Dork cir= wjlk

\irm spkaocoa diurs

Firejhhy wirm cir ajpotjhost irljfozjtoif

Ekebkr ic ufoif

Qmohhkn jfn ufsmohhkn wirmkrs

Oftkhholkftsoj

"eist oftkhholkft" ahjss of siaokty

tdkirosts, wrotkrs if pihotoas jfn kaifiey

usujhhy ufovkrsoty prickssirs

firejhhy jnvosirs ti livkrfekft


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2> | P j l k

Dybronozjtoif lkfkrjhhy rkckrs ti tdk eoxturks jfn syfarktoa cires wdoad iaaur of siaokty (rjak,rkholoif,

hjflujlk, ciin kta). Dybronozjtoif bkljf wotd tdk krj ic nosaivkry wdkf Kuripkjf jfn Jekrofnojf

aipuhjtkn

wdoad rksuhtkn of tdk arkjtoif ic tdk Ekstozi. ^dos hjtkr bkajek kftrkfadkn of phjftjtoif siaokty wotdtdk

Kuripkjf jfn Jcroajf prinuaofl tdk euhjtti ir aihiurkn). J apolekftiarjay' kvihvkn wdkrk aiftofuue

ic aihiur kxdobotkn by ofnovonujhs wjs nkkphy jfjhyzkn jfn nosausskn. Ot bkajek j fire ti nksarobk

siekifk usofl tdkor aihiur js j ejgir nksaroptir. Ot jhsi rkckr ti tdk oftkrejrryofl (eosaklkfjtoif)

bktwkkf tdk rjaks jfn tdk prinuatoif ic tdk iccsprofls crie tdjt ufoif k.l. ekstozi, euhjtti, eustocei,

niulhj, qujnriif (1 Ajuajsojf lrjfnpjrkfts), Iatiriif (< lrkjt lrjfnpjrkfts wdi jrk Ajuajsojf) jfn

Qjebi (cuhh bhiinkn Jcroajf)." ^driuld dybronozjtoif ekebkrs ic siaokty ajf ljof siaojh eibohotybjskn if cjatirs suad js ofdkrotkn wkjhtd, holdtkr sdjnk aiephkxoif, iwfkrsdop ic pripkrty, ekebkrsdop

of siaojh ahubs.

K. Auhturjh Krjsurk/ Rktkftoif/ RkfkwjhHiss ic auhturjh prjatoaks (auhturjh krjsurk) iaaur js j rksuht ic tkfsoif/aifchoat bktwkkf

trjnotoifjh wjy ic niofl tdofls jfn tdk einkrf ir prilrkssovk wjy. ^dk trjnotoifjh wjy wdkf

aiepjrkn ti einkrf wjy skkes rknufnjft, hjbiroius jfn toek aifsueofl k.l. aittjlk arjct

pokaks vkrsus ejss prinuatoif of cjatiry= stiry tkhhofl vs. vonkis jfn khkatrifoa ljeks.

Krjsurk iaaurs bkajusk trjnotoifjh wjys ni fit aifcire ti rfinkrf/prilrkssovk/wkstkrf

hockstyhk. Krjsurk jhsi iaaurs bkajusk trjnotoifjh auhturjh vjhuks jrk fit bkofl tjuldt ti yiuflkr

lkfkrjtoif jfn js ihnkr cihms nok si ni tdk prjatoaks wotd tdke (siektoeks tii yiuflkr

lkfkrjtoif jrk fit oftkrkstkn of hkjrfofl trjnotoifjh cihm cires). Auhturjh noccusoif ir tdk

ekktofl ic j nieofjft auhturk ajf jhsi wopk iut j eirk proeotovk auhturk (aiftjat ic Kuripkjfs

wotd ofnolkfius pipuhjtoif of tdk rkloif= kfshjvkekft ic Jcroajfs by Kuripkjfs). Ajtjstripdoa

kvkfts ajf jhsi wopk iut tdk pipuhjtoif ic jf jrkj jfn wotd ot auhturk (wjrs, . kjrtdqujmks,

vihajfoa kruptoif, tsufjeos kta).

Kccirts ti sjhvjlk pjrts ic iur pjst by cjsdoifofl fkw prjatoaks bjskn if tdk ihn jrk rkckrrkn ti

js auhturjh rkfkwjh. ^dos stkes crie tdk ckkhofl tdjt tdkrk os euad vjhuk ti bk hkjrfkn crie

siek ic tdk prjatoaks wk djvk olfirkn jfn/ir jhhiwkn ti bk jheist wopkn iut. Pkiphk jrk

ejmofl eirk kccirt ti prkskrvk auhturjh dkrotjlk wdohk itdkrs jrk bkaieofl eirk jwjrk ic tdkor


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2; | P j l k

auhturjh hkljay. Cir itdkrs, ot os of rkspifsk ti jf onkftoty arosos ic wdi jrk wk. Qadiihs jfn

livkrfekft djvk bkkf lkttofl ofti tdk jat by tkjadofl auhturjh dkrotjlk js wkhh j pjssofl

hkloshjtoif ti kfcirak aiephojfak wotd rkfkwkn oftkrkst ( Kejfaopjtoif njy of Gjejoaj).

Of jf kccirt ti mkkp trjnotoifjh prjatoaks jhovk, tdkrk djs bkkf euad auhturjh rktkftoif. ^dos ejy

bk js j rksuht ic nkhobkrjtk nksork ti ni si js wkhh js tdk fkkn by siek eofiroty lriup ti mkkp

tdkor skfsk ic onkftoty. Qejhh lriups ejy ckkh jhokfjtkn wotdof hjrlkr aieeufoty jfn si tdky

nkhobkrjtkhy wirm jt prkskrvofl tdkor trjnotoifs. Qiek livkrfekfts of ktdfoajhhy novkrsk

aiuftroks jhsi try ti lovk kjad lriup fjtoifjh prieofkfak si tdkor trjnotoifjh cihm wjys jfn

prjatoaks ejy bk akhkbrjtkn fjtoifjhhy. Cir itdkrs, rktkftoif ic tdk trjnotoifjh prjatoaks os cir

kaifieoa rjtdkr tdjf auhturjh ljof (tiurose pjamjlks). Rktkftoif. djs iaaurrkn of ejfy ajsks

bkajusk ic tdkor rkhkvjfak ti tdk kxostkfak ic tdk siaokty, fi bkttkr wjy djs bkkf nosaivkrkn ti

rkphjak tdk kxostofl ifk, ihnkr ekebkrs jrk ofniatrofjtofl yiuflkr ekebkrs, ti sdiw skfsk ic

bkhiflofl wotdof siaokty js wkhh js cirakn prjatoak by khnkrs/jutdiroty wotdof tdk lriup.


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23 | P j l k

OEPJA^ IC DOQÎROAJHPRIAKQQKQ

Pist AihuebojfEOLRJÔIFQ Prk Aihuebojf

^dk prk-Aihuebojf eolrjtiry pkroin os bkhokvkn ti irolofjtk crie FK Jsoj jariss Bkrofl Qtrjot ti

Jhjsmj tdkf siutdwjrns ofti tdk Jekroajs. Crie Qiutd Jekroaj (Skfkzukhj jfn Luojfjs) tdk Mjhofjlis

jfn ^jofis eivkn firtdwjrns tdriuld tdk Hksskr Jftohhks.

RKQPIFQK ÎIPPRKQQOIF DOQÎROAJH

PRIAKQQKQ

,. Î\JRNQOFNKPKFNKFAK

. .Kaifieoakfcrjfadoskekft

Pihotoajh

kfcrjfadoskekft


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2< | P j l k

^jofis7

cjeohy vohhjlk sktthkekfts jhifl rovkr

vjhhkys, aijstjh jrkjs.

Qiaojh irljfozjtoif7 wiekf non cjreofl,

(shjsd jfn burf) ekf non duftofl jfn

cosdofl, tdkor siaokty wjs dokrjradoajh jfn

pjaocoa

Livkrfekft7 ofnkpkfnkft Jrjwjm

aieeufoty ruhkn by ajaoquk= dkrknotjry

ruhkr wdi wjs jhsi dold prokst jfn gunlk, 7

eotjyfis,

Rkholoif jfn sporotujhose,7 ajaoquk wjs doldprokst, bkhokvkn of aiyjbj

Austies7 chjttkfkn cirkdkjn ic bjboks,

soflofl, njfaofl tibjaai seimofl, phjyofl

bjtks,

Ciin7 skjciin, vklktjbhks, pkppkr, pkppkr

siup, ajssjvj, jliuto,

Jradotkaturk7 rkatjfluhjr diusks. [sofl

ofnolkfius ejtkrojh (tdjtad, pihks)

^kadfihily7 smohhkn of aifstruatofl nuliut

ajfiks, stifk tiihs, spkjrs, biws jfn jrriws,

strjw bjsmkts, djeeiams

Cjreofl ektdins7 subsostkfak cjreofl=

shjsd jfn bue , proeotovk tiihs

Mjhofliks

cjeohy-vohhjlk sktthkekft,

Qiaojh irljfozjtoif7 wiekf non cjreofl, ekf

non duftofl jfn cosdofl, tdkor siaokty wjs

eohotjrostoa.

Livkrfekft7 cjeohy ofnkpkfnkft, gustoak

ajrrokn iut if j pkrsifjh hkvkh, aovoh hkjnkr

supkrvoskn cjreofl jfn cosdofl, jfswkrjbhk ti

'iubiutu'

Rkholoif7 sporotujhostoa, spkaojh biys trjofkn js

prokst, kjad pkrsif djn tdkor iwf ejbiyj

(sporot)

Austies7 soflofl, njfaofl, seimofl tibjaai,

ofotojtoif ofti ejfdiin, chjttkfkn bjboks' cirkdkjn

Jradotkaturk7 rkatjfluhjr diusks ejnk crie

ofnolkfius ejtkrojh (tdjtad jfn pihk) ^kadfihily,

smohhkn of aifstruatofl nuliut, kcckatovk cosdofl

ektdins


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24 | P j l k

Eolrjtiry eivkekft nurofl tdk Aihuebojf pkroin wjs wkstwjrn jariss tdk Jthjftoa

wotd tdk joe ic cofnofl tdk 'Ofnoks' jfn lkttofl ots roadks by trjnk ir aifqukst.

Aihuebus wjs suppirtkn by tdk Qpjfosd riyjh cjeohy wdi wjs dipofl ti lkt roadkscrie tdk irokft bkcirk dkr rovjhs, sprkjn Ajtdihoaose jfn cir pkrsifjh jfn fjtoifjh

lhirocoajtoif. Aihuebus non rkjad tdk Jekroajs bkajusk ic dos mfiwhknlk ic

fjvoljtoif, wofns jfn aurrkfts. Dk poifkkrkn tdk trjnk wofns ti jfn crie Ajrobbkjf,

jfn of si niofl bkajek tdk corst Kuripkjf ti vosot tdk rkloifs jfn pjrts ic tdk Akftrjh

Jekroaj . Dk wjs tdk corst ti skt up pkrejfkft aiftjat bktwkkf Kuripk jfn Ajrobbkjf

jhtdiuld dk wjs j piir aihifozkr jfn jneofostrjtir.

Qpjfojrns bkajek tdk corst Kuripkjf ejstkrs ic tdk Fkw \irhn. Jekrofnojfs bkajek tdk

aifqukrkn rjak subgkatkn ti Qpjfosd ruhk, nieofjtoif jfn ipprkssoif rksuhtofl of nkstruatoif

ic .tdkor auhturk (jssoeohjtoif), fkw hjflujlk, rkholoif, tkadfihily, tiihs, ciin, jfoejhs kta.

Qpjfosd lrkkn rksuhtkn of tdk kfshjvkekft ic ^jofis ufnkr tdk kfaieokfnj systke7 fibhkekf

wkrk lrjftkn hjfns ufnkr rkpjrtoeokfti jfn ^jofis ufnkr kfaieokfnj si tdky aiuhn bk

pritkatkn, aifvkrtkn jfn ofstruatkn, of rkturf tdky wk'rk rkquorkn ti wirm tdk hjfn jfn pjy

trobutks. Ot bkajek j systke ic usofl j supphy ic cirakn hjbiur (shjvks) cir kaifieoa

prinuatoif (eofofl, cjreofl, jfn rjfadofl). Ot kfsurkn Qpjfosd kxpjfsoif, sktthkekft, jfnaiftrih ic hjfns. ^dk vjst hjfns aiuhn fit djvk bkkf kaifieoajhhy vojbhk wotdiut tdk suppirt

ic tdk kfaieokfnj systke. Ot bkljf j pjttkrf ic cirakn hjbiur jfn ipprkssoif tdjt

adjrjatkrozkn Kuripkjf rkhjtoifs wotd ots aihifoks.

^dk supkroir tkadfihily ic Kuripkjfs bkajek tdk ofstruekft ti kfshjvk jfn phufnkr tdk

soephkr ofnolkfius siaoktoks ic tdk rkloif. Rkholoif wjs oftrinuakn js jf ofstruekft ic

aifqukst jfn oepkrojhose. Ot rksuhtkn of tdk lkfiaonk ic tdk ^jofi lriups jfn ejss eurnkr ic

itdkrs. ^dos djn cjr rkjadofl oepjat if tdk Ajrobbkjf rkloif fjekhy7 (:) j adjflk of tdk

siaojh aiepisotoif ic tdk rkloif7 wdotks, Jekrofnojfs jfn Ekstozis) kfn tdk strjtocoajtoifwotdof tdk siaokty jaairnofl ti ajstk jfn ahjss. (2) lkfiaonk ic Jekrofnojfs crie noskjsks,

lufs, swirns jfn suoaonk. (1) ejrriifjlk js siek Jekrofnojfs chkn ti tdk sjckty ic tdk

eiuftjofs, cirksts jfn ajvks of tkrrotiroks suad js Nieofoaj, Luyjfj, Gjejoaj, Qt. Huaoj jfn

Qt. Sofakft. (>) Ot bkljf j pjttkrf ic rkbkhhoif jfn rksostjfak jeifl pkiphks kfshjvkn by tdk

Kuripkjfs (jttjam if Hj Fjvonjn, :32; Mjhofjli jttjamkn \jrfkr of Qt7 Motts (;) Jekrofnojf


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2? | P j l k

ai-ipkrjtoif wdkrk ^jofis jfn Mohjfjlis novkrtkn kfkrloks ic coldtofl kjad itdkr ti coldtofl

Kuripkjfs 3) auhturjh kxadjflk7 Jekrofnojfs oftrinuakn tibjaai seimofl, usk ic djeeiam

eknoaofjh pripkrtoks ic phjfts jfn dkrbs, tripoajh prinuats suad js riit arips, bkjfs kta.

wdkrkjs tdk Qpjfojrns oftrinuakn bkttkr ofhjfn trjfspirt (dirsk), sturnokr diusks( Qpjfosdwjhh), eirk khjbirjtk systke ic livkrfekft Ajbohni, Soakriys), j fkw rkholoif (Adrostojfoty),

fkw arips suad js suljr ajfk, bjfjfj, aotrus (kxakpt lrjpkcruot), nocckrkft styhk ic nrkssofl,

fkw jfoejhs suad js adoamkfs, pols, lijts ajtthk.

^injy solfocoajft fuebkrs ic ofnolkfius pkiphks jrk ti bk ciufn of Luyjfj (Jrjwjm, Ajrobs,

\jo\jo, \jrju), Bkhozk (Ljrocufj), Nieofoaj (Ajrobs) jfn Qurofje! ^dos os si bkajusk

Luyjfj, Bkhozk, Qurofjek wkrk tii hjrlk cir aihifojh ejstkrs ti kstjbhosd cuhh aiftrih ivkr tdk

kftork tkrrotiry. ^dos ekjft tdjt Jekrofnojfs aiuhn rktrkjt ofti tdk oftkroir jfn hovk. If tdk

itdkr djfn Nieofoaj wjs fit lrkjthy pipuhjtkn by Kuripkjfs (tii eiuftjofius ti auhtovjtk=

hjamkn eofkrjh wkjhtd) si Jekrofnojfs aiuhn tdkrkcirk survovk of suad jf kfvorifekft. Of tdk

wonkr Ajrobbkjf, Jekrofnojfs nkaoejtkn by djrn wirm jfn djrsd trkjtekft (kfaieokfnj),

Kuripkjf noskjsks, lkfiaonk, suoaonk jfn ofcjftoaonk. Pist Aihuebojf wkstwjrn eivkekft

aiftofukn wotd tdk aieofl ic itdkr Kuripkjf fjtoifs (Kflhosd, Nutad, Crkfad) tryofl ti brkjm

Qpjof's eifipihy. ^driuld tdkor jatoifs itdkr lriups eolrjtkn wkstwjrns kotdkr ciraknhy of

tdk ajsk ic tdk Jcroajfs ir vihuftjrohy of tdk ajsk ic tdk Jsojfs.

AIEOFL IC ^DK JCROAJF

^dk nkahofk ic tibjaai of tdk Ajrobbkjf briuldt jbiut by tdk hjrlk sajhk prinuatoifs

of Sorlofoj'-([QJ) fkakssotjtkn j adjflk= Jfitdkr arip wjs dkknkn ti rkphjak tibjaai. Quljr

wjs kxpkroekftkn wotd jfn jaakptkn, js tdkrk wjs j lrkjt nkejfn cir j swkktkfkr of Kuripk.

^dk auhtovjtoif ic suljr ajfk fkknkn kxtkfsovk hjbiur js tdos wjs j phjftjtoif arip.7^i sjtoscy

tdos nkejfn tdk Kuripkjfs turfkn ti Jcroaj jfn tdus bkljf tdk Jthjftoa Qhjvk ^rjnk. ^dos

briuldt jbiut j nrjejtoa adjflk ofti tdk Ajrobbkjf siaokty- j fkw systke ic prinuatoif

bjskn id provjtk iwfkrsdop ic hjfn jfn pkiphk. Ot dkrjhnkn of j fkw ahjss struaturk jfn 'novosoif ic hjbiur. ^dos eivkekft wjs j cirakn ifk jfn bkajusk tdk suaakss ic tdk Kuripkjf

phjftkrs nkpkfnkn if tdk ipprkssoif ic tdk Jcroajfs, cirakn auhturk adjflk tiim phjak. ^dk

Kuripkjfs non kvkrytdofl-of tdkor piwkr ti jhokfjtk tdk Jcroajf crie tdkor auhturjh onkftoty-"

fkw fjeks, hjws cirbonnofl rkholoius wirsdop, sajttkrofl ic nocckrkft auhturks. Nkspotk tdksk

jttkepts, ejfy nocckrkft Jcroajf auhturjh cires djvk survovkn. Kxjephks ic tdksk jrk kvonkft

of7 tdk khkekfts ic \kst Jcroajf rkholoius prjatoaks wdoad ajf bk rkailfozkn of tdk auhts ic


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10 | P j l k

ibkjd, viinii jfn Qdjfli. ^dksk wkrk pjsskn niwf crie ifk lkfkrjtoif ti tdk itdkr. Qiek

Jcroajf shjvks of Gjejoaj mkpt j strifl bkhokc of tdk piwkr ic ibkjd jfn eyjhose (wdoad

nkvkhipkn ofti piaiejfoj). ^dksk prjatoaks ofvihvkn sirakry, wotadarjct jfn tdk usk ic

adjres. Ot os tdriuld njfaofl jfn eusoa tdjt tdksk auhts jrk mkpt jhovk jfn jatovk ofaiftkepirjry Ajrobbkjf.

\kst Jcroajfs wdi wkrk cirakn ti wirm jfn hovk tilktdkr wdkf tdky wkrk briuldt ti tdk

Ajrobbkjf ofvkftkn j aieeif tifluk (hjflujlk). ^dos hkn ti tdk kekrlkfak ic pjtios

(eoxturk ic Jcroajf, Crkfad, Kflhosd jfn Qpjfosd nojhkats) ^dk \kst Jcroajf ofchukfak of

pjtios os eirk nieofjft, fit ifhy of viajbuhjry but jhsi of7prifufaojtoif jfn lrjeejr kl.

fyje, su-su. Mjs-mjs, bucbuc, bjcjf, biibii). Akrtjof ciinsciufn jfn kjtkf of tdk

Ajrobbkjf jrk jhsi j pjrt ic tdk \kst Jcroaj auhturk wdoad ictkf toeks bkjr tdk sjekfjek (yje, aiaij, jsdje, cu-cu, susuebj, pkjfut, nuamiifii).

Eknoaofk7 ^dos ofvihvks tdk usk jfn jneofostrjtoif ic dkrbs jfn busdks. Cihm

eknoaofk djs survovkn of tdk Ajrobbkjf rkljrnhkss ic tdk cjat tdjt einkrf eknoaofk

djs bkkf ofstotutkn. ^dk usk ic dkrbjh eknoaofk ajek tdriuld vosoifs jfn kxpkroekfts

by tdk shjvks wdi briuldt tdk mfiwhknlk ic fjturk jfn ots usks. ^dk ibkjd ekf wkrk

tdk shjvk niatirs wdi jneofostkrkn vjroius tkjs, bjtds, pitoifs jfn iohs cir tdk

purpisk ic dkjhofl (hivk busd cir ckvkrs, hkjc ic hock cir aieeif aihn, Gjejoajf

Zujssok cir ejhjroj, siursip hkjc ti kxpkh wires crie tdk biny kta.)

Eusoa jfn Jrt7 Jcroajf eusoa ajf bk onkftocokn of siek Ajrobbkjf aduradks, ckstovjhs

jfn tdkjtrk. ^dk ajhh jfn jfswkr styhk ic soflofl os ofnolkfius ti Jcroaj. Jhsi, tdk usk

ic nrues wdoad ksajpkn tdk nieofjtofl djfns ic tdk phjftkrs wdi trokn ti wopk ot iut.

Of. Gjejoaj siek ic tdk ekhinoks jfn rdytdes briuldt dkrk by shjvks jrk prkskft of

iur eusoaspiftjfkoty, pihypdify, aiephoajtkn rdytdes, spkkad tufks. Qiek

eusoajh ofstruekfts ic Jcroajf nksakft jrk stohh prkvjhkft of Ajrobbkjf tinjy (aifli -

tjhmofl nrue, Jbkfl, xyhipdifk, bjebii cock, Gjejoajf bjfgi). ^dk ejgiroty ic \kst

Jcroajfs oepirtkn of tdk Ajrobbkjf wkrk smohhkn jfn tjhkftkn. ^dos road auhturjh

dkrotjlk wjs rktjofkn jfn rkchkats iutstjfnoflhy tdk Ajrobbkjf jor.

Euad ic tdk akrjeoas, ajrvofls jfn sauhpturks rkchkat j nkkp Jcroajf ofchukfak. ^dk

styhks ic Ajrobbkjf jrtosts ajf bk rkailfozkn js bkofl soeohjr ti tdisk ic tdk Jcroajf

jrtosts. Ckstovjhs/akhkbrjtoifs7 vjroius ckstovjhs/akhkbrjtoifs djvk j strifl hofm ti \kst

Jcroajf prjatoaks. Qiek kxjephks jrk Gifmiffu, Fofk Foldt, Bruamofs Pjrty, Nofmo


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1: | P j l k

Eofo, skssoif jfn yje ckstovjhs.

Qiaojh rkhjtoifs7 ^dksk ofahunkn tdk aifakpt ic j vohhjlk rjosofl j adohn, cjeohy bjskn

if mofsdop= bhiin toks, aieeif jfakstrjh sporots, rkspkat cir tdk khnkrs, kxtkfnkn

cjeohy ti ofahunk jhh bhiin rkhjtoifs jfn itdkrwosk. ^dk Jcroajfs wkrk jbhk ti mkkptdksk auhturjh cires jhovk wdoad tdky pjsskn niwf tdk lkfkrjtoifs by prjatoaofl tdke

skarkthy jfn if spkaojh iaajsoifs. ^dk phjftkrs jttkeptkn ti brjof wjsd tdk shjvks by

ciraofl tdke ti bkhokvk tdjt tdk Jcroajf auhturk wjs bjrbjroa jfn ofckroir. ^i jvion

pufosdekft, shjvks wkrk cirakn ti jnipt siek ic tdk auhturjh prjatoaks ic Kuripkjfs.

^dksk Jcroajfs diwkvkr bkljf ti eox tdk twi auhturks tilktdkr of irnkr ti phkj tdkor

ejstkrs jfn ti rkejof cjotdcuh ti tdkor dkrotjlk. ^dk Jcroajf auhturk kekrlkn ti bk tdk

eirk nieofjft jfn wjs jbhk ti survovk. ^dk auhturjh prjatoaks ic tdk Jcroajfs wkrk

jhsi rktjofkn tdriuld tdkor jssiaojtoif wotd rkholoif, sifl jfn njfak wdoad tdkphjftkrs vokwkn jsdjrehkss jfn js j rksuht tdky survovkn crie ifk lkfkrjtoif ti tdk

fkxt. ^dk Qufnjy ejrmkt jhsi jatkn js j eknoue tdriuld wdoad Jcroajf auhturk wjs

rktjofkn js ot bkajek j ekktofl phjak cir tdk shjvks. Ot ljvk tdke tdk ippirtufoty ti

fit ifhy skhh tdkor liins but ti jhsi aifsuht tdk ibkjd ekf, hostkf ti stiroks ir eusoa

jfn ti tjmk pjrt of njfaks

AIEOFL IC ^DK JQOJFQ\otd tdk jbihotoif ic shjvkry, tdk phjftkrs turfkn ti. Jsoj cir j fkw supphy ic hjbiur

jfn cir nkajnks tdiusjfns ic Kjst Ofnojfs(:414) jfn Adofksk{:4;1) wkrk briuldt ti

tdk \kst Ofnoks ufnkr j aiftrjatujh jrrjflkekft ti hjbiur if tdk suljr phjftjtoifs

ejofhy of Luyjfj ^rofonjn jfn ti j hksskr kxtkft Gjejoaj. ^dk Adofksk ajek of sejhh

fuebkrs wdkf aiepjrkn ti itdkr lriups. Jhtdiuld tdky wkrk djrn wirmofl tdky

hjamkn kxpkrokfak jfn pdysoajh ajpjbohoty ti wirm if tdk phjftjtoifs. Js siif js tdky

aiuhn, tdky hkct tdk phjftjtoifs jfn bkajek ofvihvkn of eirk suotjbhk jatovotoks suad js

sdip mkkpofl, rktjohofl, jfn duamstkrofl ^dky tii jnnkn ti tdk ahjss struaturk ic tdk

rkloif. Homk tdk Jcroajfs ejfy ic tdkor auhturjh prjatoaks wkrk krjskn ir jaauhturjtkn

tdus aiftrobutofl ti tdk auhturjh novkrsoty kxostofl of tdk rkloif. ^dkor hjflujlk, ejfy

austies jfn tdkor rkholoif wkrk krjskn. Ejfy Adofksk tkfnkn ti oftkrejrry wotd Kjst

Ofnojfs jfn Jcroajfs (Niulhj).


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12 | P j l k

^dk Kjst Ofnojfs ajek of hjrlkr fuebkrs (jpprixoejtkhy >00,000 0 jfn wkrk crie

nocckrkft ajstks - jlroauhturjh, [ftiuadjbhks jfn Brjdeof. ^dky wkrk diuskn tilktdkr

jfn phjakn of ljfls rkljrnhkss ic tdkor ajstk. Cir tdk Kjst Ofnojfs phjftjtoif hock

jccirnkn tdke provohklk ic rktjofofl ejfy ic tdkor auhturjh prjatoaks. ^dksk fkwoeeolrjfts briuldt fkw rkholoifs, hjflujlk, ciin, nrkss, ckstovjhs, eusoa jfn lkfkrjh

hockstyhk. Cir siek, phjftjtoif hock of tdk rkloif wjs ifk ic ipprkssoif jfn js siif js

tdky aiuhn tdky hkct tdk phjftjtoifs bkajek ofvihvkn of busofkss( pkjsjft priproktirs

wdi wirmkn pjrt toek if tdk kstjtk jfn auhtovjtkn tdkor hjfns (suljr ajfk, roak,

lriufn privosoifs, cruots).

OEPJA^ IC OEEOLRJ^OIF OF^I ^DK RKLOIF

Ipkfkn tdk Ajrobbkjf ti Kuripk, Jcroaj jfn Jsoj

Oftrinuatoif ic fkw tkadfihiloks- priakssofl ic suljr ajfk

Fkw systkes ic livkrfekft

Fkw jradotkaturjh styhk usofl nocckrkft buohnofl ejtkrojhs7 Qpjfosd wjhh, Lkirlojf

Fkw hjflujlks7 Qpjfosd, Kflhosd, Nutad, Crkfad

Fkw arips/nosdks7 suljr ajfk, bjfjfjs, aotrus, roak, ejflis, aurry nosdks, pjm adio

tjejrofn, ejfli, Adofksk nosdks, bufs, kta

Fkw rkholoius bkhokcs7 Adrostojfoty, Dofnuose, Eushoe

Jnkqujtk jfn rkhojbhk(jhtdiuld ofkccoaokft) usk ic hjbiurcirak wdoadejoftjof

eifiauhturkprinuatoif

Fkw systke ic prinuatoif - (shjvkry & ofnkfturksdop)

Arkjtkn j euhto-rjaojh siaokty wotd novkrsk auhturk

Ajuskn j hiss ic onkftoty cir eolrjfts jfn tdrkjtkfkn cjeohy struaturk Qtoeuhjtkn lriwtd "ic siaojh skrvoaks kspkaojhhy eknoajh ajrk

Aiftrobutkn ti lriwtd ic pkjsjft cjreofl, duamstkrofl, sdip mkkpofl

Fkw smohhs oftrinuakn ofti tdk rkloif 7 ektjh, hkjtdkr, orroljtoif

Eivkekft crie phjftjtoifs by kx-shjvks7 crkk vohhjlks= lriwtd ic pkjsjft cjres

Eivkekft wkstwjrns / Q\ ti Akftrjh Jekroaj7 Aubj (suljr, niekstoa, nrkss


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11 | P j l k

ejmofl, Aistj Roaj, Foajrjluj (bjfjfj), Pjfjej (rjohwjy 6ajfjh bjfjfj),

Skfkzukhj (iohcokhns)

Eivkekft firtdwjrns ti [QJ (\\OO- wjr toek gibs)

Kjstwjrns ti Kflhjfn, Crjfak (\\OO- wjr toek gibs= rkaifstruatoif jctkr \\OO ootrjfspirt, aifstruatoif, pistjh, skrvoak fursofl)

Firtdwjrns ti Firtd Jekroaj - kaifieoa js wkhh js pihotoajh ( Aubj, Djoto,

Nieofoajf Rkpubhoa

OEPJA^ IC AJROBBKJF KEOLRJ^OIF

Brjof nrjof- hiss ic smohhkn ekebkrs ic siaokty- wdoad rkloif aiuhn ohh-jccirn

Livkrfekfts eust spkfn jnnotoifjh eifky ti rkphjak hiss smohhs Rkloif niks

fit bkfkcot norkathy crie ofvkstekft ejnk of duejf rksiuraks [fkephiyekft

hkvkhs..jrk hiwkrkn

Rkeottjfaks skft diek by keolrjfts uskn ti oeprivk siaojh jfn kaifieoa aa

Prkssurk if hoeotkn siaojh skrvoaks hiwkrkn- knuajtoif, dkjhtd, jfn diusofl.

Kjsk prkssurk if ufkephiyekft / ufnkrkephiyekft hkvkh

Rkturfofl fjtoifjhs briuldt fkw kxpkrokfaks jfn onkjhs ti tdk rkloif trjnk

jfn skhc livkrfekft Ejhk skjsifjh wirmkrs ajuskn nosruptoif of cjeohy hock soflhk pjrkft, wkjm

pjrkftjh aiftrih '. .


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1> | P j l k

Q_Q^KEQ IC PRIN[A^OIF

Aieeufjh systke 7 ^dos kxostkn nurofl tdk prk-Aihuebojf toek wdkf tdk Jekrofnojfs iaaupokn tdk

rkloif . [fnkr tdos systke iwfkrsdop ic hjfn wjs of tdk djfns ic tdk vohhjlkrs jfn prinuatoif ic arips

wjs j aieeufoty kccirt cir tdk kftork vohhjlk. Kfaieokfnj7 ^dos systke wjs oftrinuakn by tdk

Qpjfojrns of tdk :3tdakftury wdkrkby kjad kfaieokfnkri wjs jhhiajtkn 10 Jekrofnojfs wdi

hjbiurkn of tdk eofks, if tdk rjfadks ir if tdk cjres. Prinuak wjs cir tdk kfaieokfnkri wdi of turf

icckrkn pritkatoif, knuajtoif jfn Adrostojf tkjadofl -Riejf Ajtdihoaose (siekwdjt soeohjr ti tdk

ckunjh systke wdoad kxostkn of Kuripk). Ot bkajek j systke ic usofl cirakn hjbiur cir kaifieoa

prinuatoif of Qpjfosd tkrrotiroks. ^dos hkn ti tdk kfshjvkekft jfn kvkftujh kxtkreofjtoif tdk

Jekrofnojfs. ^dos systke cjaohotjtkn Qpjfosd kxpjfsoif, sktthkekft jfn aiftrih ic hj tdk Fkw

\irhn. Ot kfsurkn tdk kaifieoa vojbohoty ic Qpjfosd Jekroaj jfn tdk Ofnoks.Jf oepjat wjs

-8X


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1; | P j l k

tdjt ot stjrtkn tdk pjttkrf ic cirakn hjbiur jfn ipprkssoif tdjt ajek ti ahoejx Kuripkjf

rkhjtoifs wotd ots aihifoks. Kuripkjf supkroir tkadfihily bkajek jf ofstruekft ti phufnkr

jfn kfshjvk soephkr ofnolkfius siaoktoks.

Qhjvkry7 djs ots irolof of tdk Ihn \irhn but ots ahoejatoa kxprkssoif js j aieprkdkfsovk wjy

ic hock of rkakft dostiry tiim phjak of tdk Fkw \irhn jfn eirk si of tdk Ajrobbkjf. Bktwkkf

:300's jfn :400's ivkr tdrkk eohhoif Jcroajfs wkrk briuldt ti tdk Ofnoks of rkspifsk ti tdk

suljr rkvihutoif. Ot oepjatkn if hjfn tkfurk, hjfn proaks, fkw " cjreofl prjatoaks, pipuhjtoif

sozk jfn struaturk.

Ofnkuturksdop7 Brotosd wdotks of tdk :


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13 | P j l k

aifakpt ic hjfn sjhks jfn jssuekn tdky wkrk gust ejmofl hjfn jvjohjbhk cir tkepirjry usk= adkjp

hjbiur7 irolofjhhy shjvks, tdkf ofnkfturks hjbiur crie khskwdkrk (Ofnoj jfn Adofj) ir hiajh pkiphk,

ajpotjh7 tdk phjftjtoifs wkrk skt up by Kuripkjf aiepjfoks fiw eirk hiajhhy bjskn ir euhtofjtoifjh

wotd hiajh aiepifkft jfn oftklrjtkn ejrmktofl7 ictkf tdk prinuats wkrk norkathy uskn by tdk sjek-

aiepjfy-(Skrtoajh oftklrjtoif crie prinuatoif ti cofjh sjhk ti aifsuekrs). ^dk hifl tkre oepjat ic

tdksk cires ic cirakn hjbiur djvk bkaiek js kftrkfadkn js tdky wkrk ahiskhy ofairpirjtkn ofti tdk

prkvjohofl kaifieoa, pihotoajh jfn siaojh struaturks.

Kaifieoa struaturk7 ot wjs jf ofkccoaokft systke ic prinuatoif wdkrk hjbiur aists wkrk lrisshy

ufnkrvjhukn, eifiarippofl trjnotoif.

Qiaojh Qtruaturk7 Rjak wjs tdk luonofl profaophk ic strjtocoajtoif= trjnotoif ic oftkrrjaojh voihkfak,

rkprinuatovk rihk ic ekf jfn wiekf novkrtkn crie tdk cjeohy cir tdk bkfkcot ic tdk phjftjtoif=

trjnotoifjh lkfnkr rihks nosphjakn= rkphjakekft ic Jcroajf auhturk wotd j \kst Ofnojf Arkihk auhturk.Nkeilrjpdy7 skvkrk ivkrpipuhjtoif ic siek jrkjs.

Hjfn usk7 aifsihonjtkn iwfkrsdop jeifl tdk wkjhtdy, kftrkfadkn ibstjahks jljofst novkstofl hjfn ti

tdk pkjsjftry.

Adokc adjrjatkrostoas7

Eifiarippofl Kxpirt irokftkn

Cirkolf iwfkn Burkjuarjtoajhhy irljfozkn

rkhojfak if ektripihotjf aiuftroks Skrtoajh oftklrjtoif

Pjttkrfkn rkhjtoifsdop ic pkiphk ti Ahjssocokn pkiphk ofti nocckrkft tdk

hjfn jfn nktkreofkn diw tdk hjfn stjtusks tilktdkr wotd cirejh pkiphk

hovk if nkcofotoif ic tdk

wotd ifk bktwkkf tdke rkhjtoifsdop jfitdkr

Ljvk rosk ti pkjsjftry wk Ot wjs bitd j siaojh jfn jf

kxpkrokfak of tdk rkloif tinjy. kaifieoa systke

^dk jnvjftjlks ic tdk phjftjtoif systke7

rkluhjr jfn kccoaokft prinuatoif, phjffofl cir nkprkaojtoif

ufocirehy dold qujhoty prinuats, saokftocoa rkskjrad jfn


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1< | P j l k

kaifieoks ic sajhk, oeprivkekft of ofcrjstruaturk

Crie tdk phjftjtoif systke wk djvk ofdkrotkn j phjftjtoif siaokty7 - iur siaokty os

adjrjatkrozkn by ufstjbhk cjeohy irljfozjtoif= dokrjradoajh ahjss rkhjtoifs hiw hkvkh ic

aieeufoty ofvihvkekft, eibohk pipuhjtoifs jhwjys if tdk eivk (eolrjtofl ti cofn skjsifjh

kephiyekft, irljfozkn ti cuhcohh phjftjtoif lijhs - pricot, ot's j eifiauhturk siaokty -

nkpkfnkfak if ifk ejof ofnustry/kaifieoa jatovoty.

a IPPKRQOIF IC AJROBBKJF PKIPHK JFN ^DKOR RKQPIFQKIPPRKQQOIF7 ufgust, ufcjor trkjtekft

^jofis wkrk ipprksskn by Mjhofjlis tdriuld rjons jfn kfshjvkekft ic wiekf cihm. ^jofis wkrk ipprksskn by Qpjfojrns tdriuld tdk Kfaieokfnj Qystke- ivkrwirmkn,

bkjtkf, tirturkn, mohhkn.

Jcroajfs wkrk ipprksskn by Kuripkjfs tdriuld adjttkh shjvkry7- kaifieoa ipprkssoif

psyadihiloajh & onkihily, siaojh, auhturjh jfn pdysoajh

Phjftjtoif iwfkrs jfn kx-shjvks ipprksskn ofnkfturkn skrvjfts7 aifcofkn ti kstjtks,

subgkatkn ti cofks, jfn oeprosifekft, ufsjfotjry bjrrjams, nksposkn, ekjlrk wjlks.

Prkskft njy Ajrobbkjf pkiphk jrk ipprksskn cir vjroius rkjsifs= lkfnkr bojsks, siaoj

ahjss, piir ofcrjstruaturk, hiw wjlks, piir wirmofl & hovofl aifnotoifs.


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14 | P j l k

RKQPIFQKQ

Eolrjtoif7 ti Lrkjtkr Jftohhks by ^jofis= ti urbjf akftkrs by ofnkfturkn skrvjfts= itdkr

aiuftroks by prkskft njy pkiphk.

Pjssovk rksostjfak7 prktkfak (nkjc, hjam ic ufnkrstjfnofl ic ipprkssirs hjflujlk, cjmk

ohhfkssks, ejhoflkrofl , sjtorozk /eoeoa Kuripkjf hockstyhk, suoaonk, ofcjftoaonk,)

Jatovk rksostjfak7 Nkstruatoif ic pripkrty (ejoeofl ic jfoejhs, njejlk ti ejadofk

burfofl ic cokhns)= mohhofl ic ivkrskkrs= roits jfn rkbkhhoifs7 jttjam if Hj Fjvonjn

(Jekrofnojfs), :41: Adrostejs Rkbkhhoif, Ejriif wjrs, Djotojf Rkvihutoif, Bkrboa rkviht,

Bussj rkviht, Busd Fklri uprosofl, ^jamy Rkbkhhoif, Lujnkhiupk bhiw up

Ejrrifjlk - ksajpk ti dohhs, wjlk wjrs- jttjams jfn rjons), Puradjsk aiftrjats tdus crkkofl tdkeskhvks, wkft ofti busofkss (ofnkfturkn skrvjfts}

Jaakptkn Adrostojfoty ir prjatoakn Jcroajf rkholoif (viinii, ibkjd, eyjhose).

^injy7 nkeifstrjtoifs, roits, hiitofl & burfofl, pritkst sifls, rjnoi tjhm sdi

nkbjtks, stromks, 'soam iut', 'li shiw' kta.

EISKEKF^ I\JRNQ OFNKPKFNKFAK

J. KT^KRFJH CIRAKQ

\irhn wonk eivkekft ti lovk up aihifoks ( nkaihifozjtoif)

Jrtoahk ;) ic [fotkn Fjtoifs rkquorkn jnvjfakekft ti skhc livkrfekft ic

aiuftroks.

:?>< Brotjof lrjftkn ofnkpkfnkfak ti hjrlkst aihify of wirhn (Ofnoj).

Hjbiur Pjrty of piwkr of Brotjof suppirtkn skhc-livkrfekft cir aihifoks.

B. OF^KRFJH CIRAKQ* (Rkspifsk ti ektripihotjf ruhk)

aifstjft arotoaose ic Brotosd ruhk of ^rofonjn jfn B. Luojfj

voihkft rkspifsk ti Brotosd ruhk (Eirjft Bjy Rkbkhhoif of Gjejoaj)

ajepjolf cir khkatkn rkprkskftjtovks of tdk Brotosd aihifoks

:0 ykjrs wjr (:434 -


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A. LRI\^D IC FJÔIFJHOQE

Rjaojh Jwjrkfkss hkn by Ljrvky jfn [FOJ

Kaifieoa Nkprkssoif (:?2? - :?14) ufkephiyekft, dold proaks & hiw wjlks hkn ti

nosaiftkft wotd Ariwf Aihify livkrfekft. ^dos hkn ti skroks ic nosturbjfaks

tdriuldiut Kflhosd spkjmofl Ajrobbkjf ( :?1> of ^rofonjn, :?1; of Qt Motts, Qt

Sofakft, Qt. Huaoj, Brotosd Luojfj, :?1< of ioh ofnustry of ^rofonjn, :?14 of Gjejoaj

jfn Brotosd Luojfj). ^dos sdiwkn Ariwf Aihify livkrfekft wjs iut ic tiuad

wotd tdk ejssks dkfak tdk fkkn cir rkprkskftjtovk livkrfekft.

\irmofl Ahjss Qihonjroty 7 tdos hkn ti bortd ic trjnk ufoif eivkekft of tdk rkloif=

tdos privonkn tdk eusahk cir pihotoajh pjrtoks nkejfnofl ofnkpkfnkfak (Aoprojfo, Buthkr,Arotadhiw, F\ Ejfhky, Bustjejftk, Aiiebs, Skrk Born sfr.)

Eiyfk Aieeossoif skt up ti ofvkstoljtk nosturbjfaks of Brotosd aihifoks jfn rkaieekfnkn

Qtrkfltdkfofl ic trjnk ufoifs(hkjnkrsdop trjofofl of ofnustrojh rkhjtoifsdop jfn fklitojtoif= J

hjbiur nkpjrtekft cir ofspkatoif ic pritkatovk hjws= \.O. wkhcjrk cufn ti privonk rkhokc ekjsurks

(dkjhtd, knuajtoif, diusofl hjfn sktthkekft, hjbiur nkpjrtekft & siaojh wkhcjrk)

Jlroauhturjh Rkcires7 hjfn sktthkekft sadkeks ti dkhp jhhkvojtk ufkephiyekft jfn rjosk stjfnjrn

ic hovofl= of rurjh jrkjs.

N. PIHOÔAJH KFCRJFADOQKEKF^ OF BROÔQD AIHIFOKQ

Arkjtoif ic pihotoajh pjrtoks - GHP & PFP of Gjejoaj= Bjrbjnis Prilrkssovk Hkjluk

& Nkeiarjtoa Hjbiur Pjrty of Bjrbjnis= Prilrkssovk Pkiphks Pjrty & Pkiphks ..

Fjtoifjh Aiflrkss of B. Luojfj= NHP jfn PFE of ^rofonjn - .(Cirejh 7bortd of nosturbjfaks ic

:?10's)

Bkljf wotd aifstotutoifjh adjflk7 Khkatoif ic rkprkskftjtovks ti tdk hkloshjturk [fovkrsjh Jnuht Quccrjlk7 Kvkry ejf/wiejf ivkr, 2: djs tdk roldt ti vitk of jf khkatoif tdus

kfjbhofl khkatkn ekebkrs ti ejmk hjws.(:?>> of Gjejoaj, :?>; of = ^rofonjn, :?;1 of Brotosd Luojfj

:?;0 of Bjrbjnis,h930 of Bkhozk).

Eofostkrojh systke Khkatkn ekebkrs ic hkloshjtovk aiufaoh crie, tdk ejgiroty pjrty . dkjns j

nkpjrtekft ic tdk aovoh skrvoak ( :?;0 of ^rofonjn, :?;1 of Gjejoaj, :?;> of Bjrbjnis, :?;< of Brotosd


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O ni fit tjmk arknot cir

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