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Transcript of CAPE Caribbean Studies SAMPLE
CAPE®Caribbean Studies
www.pearsoncaribbean.com
Jeanette Ottley is an experienced teacher, examiner and author at both CSEC and CAPE levels. She piloted Caribbean Studies in Barbados in 1998 and supervised the subject at Queens College, Barbados until her retirement. She has travelled extensively throughout the Caribbean.
Marolyn Gentles is a geography education author who was involved with the development and implementation of national EE programmes in Jamaica with the National Environmental Education Committee, and the Blue and John Crow Mountain National Park. She is presently researching Caribbean diaspora at Baruch, City University of New York..
Veta Dawson is head of the Humanities Department at the Immaculate Conception High School in Kingston, Jamaica where she has seen many students pass with exceptional results.
Julian Cresser, lecturer at the Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, acted as an advisor on the project.
CA
PE®Caribbean Studies
CAPE is a registered trademark of the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). CAPE® Caribbean Studies is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC.
WITH COMPANION WEBSITE
Jeanette Ottley M
arolyn Gentles Veta D
awsonCAPE®Caribbean Studies
Jeanette Ottley ● Marolyn Gentles ● Veta Dawson
CAPE® Caribbean Studies is a unique book and website package that will help students understand the historical, geographical and social infl uences that have shaped the regions they live in today, confi dent in the knowledge that all the demands of the new 2012 syllabus are covered:
● � e content of each unit concisely covers the syllabus and highlights key concepts so that students understand exactly what is required of them for the CAPE exam.
● A dedicated research and data collection section takes students step-by-step through the process of completing their Independent Research Projects, providing an essential check point for both school and private candidates.
● Exclusive online content is delivered in an engaging and interactive way to enable accessible revision of topics and to bring variety to learning with videos and quizzes.
CAPE CARIB_CVR_FIN_COL_BLU&GRN.indd 1 15/10/2012 10:55
SAMPLE
Understanding
Sport has been a dominant feature of Caribbean society since colonisation. It has contributed to
educational advancement, recreational ful� lment, health and � tness well-being and economic development in the region. Sport, as a building block for community and institutional social development, has been very signi� cant in Caribbean communities because it shares a very real and purposeful role in the economic and social functions of a society. The global commercialisation of sport and its ability to generate capital has been the most signi� cant shift in the way Caribbean countries view sports in the 21st century. The modern world of cable and wireless technology along with pre-existing media has used sport as a channel for upholding capitalism, nationalism and culture. Through marketing campaigns, especially advertisements, live broadcasts of events, public service announcements and news media releases, sport is no longer a voluntary participatory activity but a function of the socio-economic machinery.
Contribution of sports to
Caribbean society
By the end of this chapter you should be able to:
• Explain the contribution of sports in the Caribbean to economics, health/� tness and education opportunities
• Discuss sports as a feature of Caribbean identity and international recognition
• Evaluate the contribution of sports to building discipline and morale
• Appreciate the relevance of sport tourism as an added value to the traditional tourism product of the Caribbean
15Chapter
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 259 29/10/2012 12:31
Trinidad and Tobago
was the smallest
nation, both in size
and population, to
ever participate in a
FIFA World Cup.
Did you know?
SportsThe roles and function of sports in the Caribbean and globally have evolved over decades.
Historically, sporting activities were very primitive and usually a function of some form of ritual or
rite of passage and sometimes even preparation for wars. Sporting activities were crude and, in
many instances, violent. This was probably a primary reason for the exclusion of women from such
social activities. Sport, then, was more a function of social development rather than a function of
economic development.
The evolution of sports from a ritual to more socially inclusive and acceptable activities came about
at the same time as the Industrial Revolution, the rise of capitalism and the spread of bureaucratic
rationalism. Sports became structured with the introduction of rules, regulations and standards, all
of which became democratised (fair play) and bureaucratised (managed by organisations) but, most
signi� cantly, sports became commercialised. The new structure of sport transformed its functions
and contributions to society and professional sports were born.
Traditional sports in the CaribbeanThe history of sports in the Caribbean prior to colonisation has little if any documentation. It may be
deduced that aspects of the lifestyle of Amerindians, such as � shing and hunting, can be classi� ed
as sports but not in the context of modern-day sports. Sport history in the Caribbean would
therefore start with the establishment of European colonies as was previously discussed in other
chapters. However, despite being colonies, many Caribbean countries were able to enter athletes
as representatives and not necessarily as a subject of the governing European country. This began
the nurturing of self-awareness and identity among Caribbean people.
Traditional sports such as track and � eld, football and cricket became cemented in Caribbean
societies. While cricket is the oldest competitive sport in the English-speaking Caribbean, track and
� eld is undoubtedly the sport of choice in the entire region. It is the most represented sport globally
and the sport with the most outstanding Caribbean performers. Arthur Wint from Jamaica won
the � rst Olympic gold medal for the Caribbean in 1948. Since then, the Caribbean has produced
many great track athletes such as Donald Quarri from Jamaica, Alberto Juantoreno from Cuba,
Felix Sanchez from the Dominican Republic, Hasely Crawford from Trinidad, and the world’s most
recent sensation Usain Bolt from Jamaica. Caribbean women also excel in this area of sports,
women such as Tonique Williams-Darling from The Bahamas, and Deon Hemmings, Veronica
Campbell-Brown and Shelley-Ann Fraser Pryce all from Jamaica. Jamaica has produced many of
the Caribbean’s top track and � eld athletes and is sometimes considered the leading track and � eld
nation in the Caribbean.
Football is one of the most popular team sports in the Caribbean. It is played across the region
with inter-regional competitions between Latin America and the Caribbean. But unlike cricket and
track and � eld sports, the Caribbean has struggled to make its mark globally with top countries in
this sport. However, football has enjoyed support and enthusiasm in the Caribbean where football
governing bodies, led by the Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association
Football (CONCACAF), have put effort into encouraging participation. Three Caribbean nations,
Cuba, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, have made it to the FIFA World Cup. Cuba entered FIFA
260
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 260 29/10/2012 12:31
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
261
� e 2007 Cricket World Cup
was hosted in six Caribbean
territories. � e o� cial song ‘the
game of love and unity’ by
Jamaican Shaggy, Barbadian Rupee and Trindadian
Fay-Ann Lyons was a true manifesto
of Caribbean integration.
Did you know?
261
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
Figure 15.1 Outstanding sports men and women from the Caribbean
in 1938 where they quali� ed by default. Jamaica was the � rst English-speaking Caribbean nation
to qualify and play in the 1998 FIFA World Cup, followed by Trinidad and Tobago in 2006. Players
from the two countries signed contracts to play with clubs in Europe. Among these were Ricardo
Gardner of Jamaica and Dwight York of Trinidad.
There is a large discrepancy across the region in the development and success of different sports.
There are particular sports that are more identi� able with some countries and sub-regions than
others. Other sports introduced early in the Caribbean, such as boxing and weightlifting, although
not as popular as those mentioned previously, have gained much support. Boxing, for example, is
a popular sport in Cuba and the Cubans have done well in the world’s boxing arenas. Weightlifting
is also a traditional sport of the Caribbean. It was through this sport that Trinidad received its � rst
Olympic medal in 1948 when Rodney Wilks was awarded a silver medal.
CricketCricket is one of the oldest sports to be played competitively in the Caribbean and for years has
been the most popular. ‘Cricket lovely cricket’ has been a slogan used to express the passion
and joy that Caribbean people have for the game and the of� cial Caribbean team, the West Indies
cricket team, popularly called the ‘Windies’. The West Indies team was once the best in the world,
with the era 1970–90 the best years overall for the team. Added to its historic signi� cance, cricket
has played a vital role in the cultural expression and regional identity of Caribbean people. The sport
Always Often Sometimes Seldom
Athletics Netball
SwimmingFootball
Usain BoltMerlene Ottey
Ato BoldenVeroncica Campbell
Donald QuarryShelley-Ann Fraser Pryce
Dwight YorkeRicardo Gardner
Ian GoodisonRussell Latapy
Emmanuel Sanon
Simon ForbesElaine DavisAlthea Byfi eldKizzy Marfi eldJaanelle BarkerAnika La Roche
Anthony NesterLeah MartindaleDanielle BeaubrunAila AtkinsonAndrewPhillipsJanelle Atkinson
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 261 29/10/2012 12:31
Highlights in cricketYEAR MILESTONE OUTSTANDING
PLAYERSASSOCIATEDTERRITORY
1930 Beat England in British GuianaFirst West Indian double century by Clifford RoachFirst to take 5 wickets in an inning by Learie Constantine 5 for 87
Sir Learie ConstantineGeorge HeadleyClifford Roach
TrinidadJamaicaTrinidad
1948 Era of the legendary ‘3 W’s’ said to be one of the best ‘middle order’ combinations of all times. Weeks scores 5 consecutive test centuries
Sir Clyde WalcottSir Everton WeeksSir Frank Worrel
BarbadosBarbadosBarbados
1950 First victory on England’s famous Lord’s cricket grounds. Sonny Ramadhin took 11 wickets and Alf Valentine 2. An embarrassing loss to England at their premier cricket ground
Sonny Ramadhin
Alf Valentine
Sir Everton Weeks
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and TobagoBarbados
1958 Garry Sobers 365 not out versus Pakistan in Jamaica sets a recordPasses Len Hutton’s test record
Sir Gar� eld SobersSir Everton Weeks
BarbadosBarbados
1959 Wes Hall gets the � rst West Indies ‘hat-trick’ against Pakistan in Pakistan
Wes HallSir Frank Worrel
BarbadosBarbados
1975 West Indies � rst World Cup victory beating Australia Clive LloydGordon Greenidge
GuyanaBarbados
1976 Michael Holding (14 wickets) and Viv Richards (1811 runs in that year) combination win in England
Michael HoldingSir Vivian Richards
JamaicaAntigua
1979 West Indies second World Cup victory over England Clive LloydCollis KingDesmond Haynes
GuyanaBarbadosBarbados
1984 5–0 win over England in England popularly referred to as the ‘black’ white-wash
Sir Viv RichardsDesmond HaynesLarry Gomes
Antigua BarbadosJamaica
1986 Viv Richards scores the fastest test century ever off 56 balls Sir Vivian RichardsLarry Gomes
Jeffrey Dujon
Antigua Trinidad and TobagoJamaica
1993 7 for 1! Ambrose gets 7 wickets for 1 ball in Australia Curtly Ambrose Antigua
1994 Curtly Ambrose bowls out England for 45 taking 6 wickets for 24 runs, 8 in all. One of the most devastating in test cricketBrian Lara surpasses Sobers’ 1958 record to score 375 versus England
Curtly AmbroseCourtney WalshBrian Lara
Antigua JamaicaTrinidad and Tobago
2000 Courtney Walsh breaks record with 435 and then ends his career in 2001 with 519 wickets, the highest ever
Courtney WalshCurtly Ambrose
JamaicaAntigua
2004 Brian Lara breaks world record with 400 not out Brian LaraShivnarine Chanderpaul
Trinidad and TobagoGuyana
2007 The Caribbean hosts the World Cup for the � rst time
Table 15.1
262
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 262 29/10/2012 12:31
263
Activity 1� e West Indies cricket team has brought fame and popularity to Caribbean sport.
1 a) Discuss the benefi ts the region has had from the West Indies cricket team’s success.
b) After reading more widely, explain why the ‘Rebel Tour’ tarnished the image of the team and the region.
2 ‘Cricket is an integral part of the Caribbean’s history and heritage.’ Discuss the extent to which this statement is true.
3 Choose a local cricket club/team in your country.
a) Find out when and why the club was formed.
b) Evaluate the e� ect of the club on the ‘morale’ of the local people.
c) How does this club help in fi nding local talent for professional cricket?
4 Research and analyse the socio-economic e� ects of the staging of Cricket World Cup in 2007 on the region. Use data and information from your own country to support your analysis.
Women in SportWomen in the Caribbean play most of the popular male sports like cricket and football, yet netball
and hockey are the two most popular sports played by women at a competitive level throughout
the Caribbean region and internationally. Netball is the more popular of the two and played in
schools from primary to tertiary level throughout the region. Caribbean nations do very well at
the world championships, with Jamaica being rated in the top ten for several years. In 2003, the
World Netball Championship was held in the Caribbean in Kingston, Jamaica. The Jamaican team
achieved third place in that championship. Like cricket, netball was introduced to the region by the
British during colonisation and, also like cricket, Caribbean players have surpassed their former
rulers by dominating the game.
Hockey is a competitive female sport in the Caribbean and players compete in regional and
international championships in both junior and senior teams. Hockey is one of the sports that
provides a conduit for collaboration between all Caribbean nations. Jamaica, Trinidad and Barbados
are the leading teams in the English-speaking Caribbean. The major events for women’s hockey in
the Caribbean are the Pan American Women’s Hockey Cup and the Commonwealth Games.
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
has also played a major role in Caribbean integration, evident in team selection, competitions and
overall Caribbean support. It is said that Caribbean unity is most evident during international cricket
matches. The West Indies cricket team is a symbol of Caribbean unity and pride. This pride and joy
is manifested in many Caribbean songs honouring the team, especially calypso.
Though introduced by the British in the early 1900s, Caribbean players brought to the sport a
special style and skill that captured global fans. The British ‘gentleman’s’ game became a West
Indian phenomenon. The West Indies team reached international status in 1928 and by 1930 won
their � rst test match against England. The match that was played in the Caribbean featured cricket
greats like George Headley, Clifford Roach and Learie Constantine.
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 263 29/10/2012 12:31
� e Caribbean has a
regional swim event
called the Caribbean
Islands Swimming
Championship
(CISC). � e event
attracts swimmers
from English,
Spanish and French
Caribbean islands.
Did you know?
Figure 15.2 Jamaican bobsleigh
264
� e Development Of Non-traditional SportsWhen you think of sports in the Caribbean, cricket, football and track and � eld come to mind.
In Latin America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, sports such as baseball and basketball
have national popularity equivalent to the popularity of cricket in the Commonwealth Caribbean.
Globalisation, as discussed in previous chapters, has affected the Caribbean in all aspects of life
and the interest in developing non-traditional sports is becoming more evident in the region.
When the Jamaican bobsleigh team made their debut in the 1988 Winter Olympics in Alberta,
Canada, the world was in amazement. The amazement was such that a movie was subsequently
made (in 1993) about the event. Despite the absence of ice and snow, the prerequisites for winter
sport, the team was able to compete effectively. In 1994, in the Norway Winter Olympics, the team
were placed 14th, ahead of the USA, Russia and France (all developed countries from the colder
north). The popular ‘push cart’ derby, a community sport in Jamaica, was never competed at
any international event. The skills from this sport, however, were used in the development of the
Jamaican bobsleigh team.
Other non-traditional sports that are growing fast in popularity and producing international competitors
from the Caribbean include swimming, water-polo and golf. Watersports are growing in popularity and
receiving funding and sponsorship similar to some of the traditional sports. Many educational institutions
have a well-developed watersports programme and there are regional bodies governing watersports.
The development of swimming is important to Caribbean development because most Caribbean
territories are islands. Surveys showed that over 50 per cent of Caribbean residents can’t swim.
Programmes
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 264 29/10/2012 12:31
New stadiums were either built
or completely renovated for the 2007 ICC Cricket
World Cup. Jamaica alone spent
approximately US $80 million on
the construction of new repairs to old
stadiums.
Did you know?
265
Figure 15.3 A community poster advertising a swim programme
to get Caribbean students swimming are evident throughout the region. Swimming, however, is costly
primarily because of the maintenance of pools and equipment to support safety and health. Throughout
the Caribbean, non-pro� t organisations like Swim Jamaica are assisting the education system and sport
industry by implementing swim programmes in communities.
Sport as an Income EarnerThe use of sport to generate wealth and contribute to long lasting direct and indirect professional
careers as a model for economic and social development is a new direction for Caribbean
economies competing in a global marketplace. Recent changes toward economic diversi� cation
from agricultural dependency (sugar and bananas) and the development of regional tourism have
opened the way for the development of sport as a viable economic activity. Sporting activities make
up a multi-billion dollar global industry and small island economies can bene� t from this income.
Local and international sporting activities have the potential to directly and indirectly earn income
(see Table 15.2 on page 266). From individual earnings in professional careers to advertising and
television rights, sports in the Caribbean are earning money.
Wealth, however, can only be generated when capital investment is injected. Particularly
necessary are:
• the construction of state-of-the-art internationally sized sporting stadiums and facilities
• the construction of more local sport training centres and physical education colleges
• development of research in sport management and sport medicine at regional universities
• the formulation of government policies that monitor, enforce and adjudicate the processes of
sports that will align with international laws
• the provision of government grants for sports in national budgets.
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 265 29/10/2012 12:31
266
Economic dimensions of sport
RELATED INDUSTRY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Manufacturing Clothing for teams and team support
Footwear and equipment (bats, balls, stumps and so on)
Printing: tickets, programmes, posters
Services Sports medicine: pain therapy, injury management (on-� eld emergency, orthopaedic
consultation, drug research and testing)
Nutrition management: diet consultation, meal planning and preparation
Biomechanics: specialised equipment and robotics
Physiotherapy: physical therapy management in and out of play
Leisure centres/gyms: weight training, aerobics
Professionalisation: merchandising, product endorsement
Management: technical, administrative, � nancial and coaching staff
Media coverage Electronic: radio and television live coverage, news, documentary, marketing and promotion
Sports magazines: marketing and promotion, news reports, team pro� les, critique and evaluation
Sponsorship Advertising
Marketing: companies bene� t from sponsorship by sports stars wearing their brand name
or being spokesperson for the company. Cable and Wireless, Digicel and Pepsi International
have been major sponsors at different times for the West Indies cricket team
Research and publication Medical research, especially in improving physical limits and endurance and pain management
Social sciences: economics, sociology and history of sport
Magazine and biographies: archiving and documenting
Gambling Horse racing: popular in the Caribbean. Government tax on dividends and large winnings
provide revenue to GDP
Table 15.2
Sports tourismSports tourism is a new direction and product that the region is actively pursuing. Sports tourism
enhances the tourism industry by widening and diversifying the attractions of the region. There are two
types of sports tourist, those who visit the region as spectators and those who visit to play sport.
Huge events like cricket, football and athletics attract large crowds. The staging of the 2007
Cricket World Cup was a prime example of the development potential of sports tourism for the
Caribbean. The advantage of sports tourism is that it can � ll the gap that seasonality creates in the
conventional tourism industry. The Caribbean is already one of the premier vacation spots in the
western hemisphere and is home to some of the world’s top sports men and women; with the close
proximity of North American markets, selling the region as a viable sporting destination is sensible.
Sporting enthusiasts can be big spenders and, as well as spending money on the sporting event of
their choice, they also spend on food, memorabilia, travel and sightseeing.
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 266 29/10/2012 12:31
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
267
Activity 2Conduct some research and then analyse the socio-economic impacts of the staging of the Cricket World Cup in 2007 on the region. Use data and information from your own country to support your analysis.
The Caribbean Sea and its beautiful blue waters is the perfect location for watersports. Regattas,
yachting, � shing tournaments, open sea swimming, jet-skiing and a plethora of beach activities are
some of the activities that already take place in the Caribbean. With further investment in developing
resources and marketing the region as a watersports site, the Caribbean could pull in billions of
dollars in watersports tourism. Increased infrastructure for various sporting facilities when aligned
with present tourism attractions would make the region the number one sports tourism destination
in the world.
� e potential of golf as a sports tourism product� e Caribbean has numerous golf courses, especially on large hotel resort sites. � e rich and famous like to jet to the Caribbean and on their list of activities is the game of golf. Luxurious golf resorts like Sandy Lane in Barbados have hosted some of the world’s most famous people, many of whom chose the location for its golfi ng facilities. Golf is no longer an exclusive sport for the wealthy or ‘elite’ class but enjoys a rising number of players and fans. 2009 estimates put the number of golfers in the USA at about 29 million. � at fi gure, when added to the numbers of fans who support the game, increases the income potential of the game. Golf is a popular sport for visitors in many Caribbean resorts, making it a viable attraction to be included in sports tourism.
Golf courses in the Caribbean have the potential to bring in billions of dollars in revenue. Jamaica, for example, has a capacity for 650,000 rounds of golf, which can be played at 13 golf clubs across the island annually but only a quarter of that capacity is currently contributing to the annual income potential of golf as a sports tourism product. When added to the rounds of golf available throughout the region in countries like Aruba, Barbados, Cayman and Trinidad and Tobago, the region is sitting on considerable potential wealth from golf. � e region should collectively develop initiatives to increase the number of rounds played to raise the profi le of golf in the Caribbean, increase the number of golf tourists and establish an economic base around golf. With so many rounds collectively available in the Caribbean, the region can easily be developed as a golf-friendly destination. Developing golf, or any other sport for that matter, will include the creation of links with ground and air transportation, accommodation, culture, heritage attractions, entertainment and the craft industry among others.
C a s e S t u d y
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 267 29/10/2012 12:31
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
267
Activity 2Conduct some research and then analyse the socio-economic impacts of the staging of the Cricket World Cup in 2007 on the region. Use data and information from your own country to support your analysis.
The Caribbean Sea and its beautiful blue waters is the perfect location for watersports. Regattas,
yachting, � shing tournaments, open sea swimming, jet-skiing and a plethora of beach activities are
some of the activities that already take place in the Caribbean. With further investment in developing
resources and marketing the region as a watersports site, the Caribbean could pull in billions of
dollars in watersports tourism. Increased infrastructure for various sporting facilities when aligned
with present tourism attractions would make the region the number one sports tourism destination
in the world.
� e potential of golf as a sports tourism product� e Caribbean has numerous golf courses, especially on large hotel resort sites. � e rich and famous like to jet to the Caribbean and on their list of activities is the game of golf. Luxurious golf resorts like Sandy Lane in Barbados have hosted some of the world’s most famous people, many of whom chose the location for its golfi ng facilities. Golf is no longer an exclusive sport for the wealthy or ‘elite’ class but enjoys a rising number of players and fans. 2009 estimates put the number of golfers in the USA at about 29 million. � at fi gure, when added to the numbers of fans who support the game, increases the income potential of the game. Golf is a popular sport for visitors in many Caribbean resorts, making it a viable attraction to be included in sports tourism.
Golf courses in the Caribbean have the potential to bring in billions of dollars in revenue. Jamaica, for example, has a capacity for 650,000 rounds of golf, which can be played at 13 golf clubs across the island annually but only a quarter of that capacity is currently contributing to the annual income potential of golf as a sports tourism product. When added to the rounds of golf available throughout the region in countries like Aruba, Barbados, Cayman and Trinidad and Tobago, the region is sitting on considerable potential wealth from golf. � e region should collectively develop initiatives to increase the number of rounds played to raise the profi le of golf in the Caribbean, increase the number of golf tourists and establish an economic base around golf. With so many rounds collectively available in the Caribbean, the region can easily be developed as a golf-friendly destination. Developing golf, or any other sport for that matter, will include the creation of links with ground and air transportation, accommodation, culture, heritage attractions, entertainment and the craft industry among others.
C a s e S t u d y
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 267 29/10/2012 12:31
Figure 15.4 Golf can provide a lot of employment
The Caribbean has the potential to earn billions in foreign exchange. However, some territories
lack the organisational facility, and particularly capital, to inject the infrastructural development to
facilitate full development of golf and other sports as international attractions. Investment in sports
may also seem an unlikely priority when more pressing issues like poverty, the environment and
human development are of real concern.
268
The development of golf as a subsector of sports tourism can generate income and facilitate
economic development by way of:
• forging partnerships with the operators of private and public golf courses to upgrade the
condition of all courses to internationally accepted standards
• developing selected golf courses to world-class standards to host international competitions
• facilitating the branding of local golf courses as uniquely Caribbean
• staging an annual golf talent search nationally
• working with tourism partners to develop a golf vacation package that combines golf with
entertainment and other tourism activities
• working with linkage industries such as manufacturing and craft to develop a line of golf-
related products such as Jamaica/Barbados-branded sportswear, craft items, rum and other
memorabilia
• training caddies in tourism skills so that they can interact with players while retaining their
Caribbean authenticity.
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 268 29/10/2012 12:31
Alphonso Cunningham was the only medalist from
the English-speaking Caribbean at the 2012 Paralympic
Games. He won gold in javelin.
Did you know?
269
R e s e a r c h P r o j e c t i d e a s
Make a trip to your nearest accessible international-sized golf course and researchthe following:
1 What is the total of local membership?
2 How many rounds does the course have?
3 How many international players use the club annually?
4 What does this club do to attract visitors?
5 What is the annual income for the club?
Figure 15.5 Swimming contributes to upper body � tness and cardio-vascular health
Health and FitnessSports can help to improve the lives of individuals because playing sports promotes good health
and muscle � tness. Physical exercise not only helps the body and overall health but is proven to
contribute to mental development in children and good mental health in adults. The report from the
United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace states that young
people can bene� t from physical activity as it contributes to developing healthy bones, ef� cient
heart and lung function as well as improved motor skills and cognitive function. Physical � tness also
helps psychological development and mental stability.
Exercise is also very important for adults and the aging population. Exercise helps to slow down the
effects of aging and assists in the prevention and control of degenerative diseases like hypertension,
heart disease and and diabetes which are on the rise in the Caribbean. These illnesses impact on
the economy negatively because of high medical costs, reduced productivity hours and loss of life.
The importance of sport and � tness is therefore signi� cant for sustainable growth and development.
The importance of � tness can be seen in everyday life in the Caribbean. From physical education
(PE) on the school curriculum to the cultural weekend afternoon games of cricket and football,
Caribbean adults and children are involved in various sports, many at a competitive level.
The contributions that sports can make to the health of Caribbean people, however, are dependent
on various dynamics from territory to territory. This is because sporting activities alone may not
lead directly to great health bene� ts because of other factors, such as diet and in particular the
conditions under which the activities take place. Children playing cricket and football on hard, dusty
and unprepared � elds without proper gear can damage children’s health rather than improving
it. Some Caribbean countries have high rates of poverty, which is evident in the infrastructure
of community and school sporting facilities. Some communities and schools have sought the
help of private corporations in assisting the development of sports through � nancial support and
infrastructural development.
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
M15_CAPE_CARIB_SB_6615_U15.indd 269 29/10/2012 12:31
Usain Bolt and
Asafa Powel both
trained at the
sporting facilities
of the University
of Technology.
� e university has
some world-class
technology in
sports, especially for
athletics.
Did you know?
270
Sport and EducationOver the past three decades, sport as an educational subject and area of research has become
very prominent. Sports are making a contribution to Caribbean education in three major ways: as a
� eld of study, as a co-curricular activity and as a means of accessing further education.
The � eld of Sports Studies comprises several disciplines that cover a wide area of teaching,
research and the general development of sport-related issues. These specialist areas of Sports
Studies include medicine, law, economics, psychology, education and management. The variety
of specialisation in Sports Studies is more available in developed countries than in the Caribbean.
The GC Foster College of Physical Education and Sport, established in 1980 in Jamaica, was the
� rst educational institution in the English-speaking Caribbean to be totally dedicated to the study
of sport. The college offers certi� cates, diplomas and bachelor’s degrees in physical education and
sport careers such as team management and professional coaching. Following the establishment of
GC Foster College, the development of facilities and programmes for Sports Studies have increased
throughout the Caribbean. Among Caribbean institutions offering world-class Sports Studies is the
University of Technology in Jamaica. This institution offers the most diversi� ed and state-of-the-art
programmes in sports including postgraduate studies in Physical Education, Coaching and Sports
Management. The University of the West Indies at St Augustine and Mona also offers science
degrees in Sports Management. The increase in Sports Studies has facilitated strengthening of the
sport industry in the region, created occupation and career opportunities, and has kept athletes
who would have otherwise have migrated to developed countries in the region.
Sports in the curriculumSports were traditionally experienced as extra-curricular in educational institutions with the
underlying role being to boost the mind for learning (‘all work and no play, makes Jack a dull boy’),
while at the same time developing school ‘spirit’ in support for, and identity with, the institution.
However, there existed contradictions that those who excelled at extra-curricular sporting activity
were sometimes not particularly intelligent or academically inclined and sporting talent was
sometimes seen as a compensation for a lack of intelligence. So, while physical education existed
to support physical and mental health, it was not considered a mental or intellectual gift. In addition
to the intellectual contradictions, the lack of professional careers in sport highlighted another
contradiction. Sport was not seen as a real occupation and, especially in the Caribbean where
amateur sport in particular attracted little or no income, sport was relegated to recreation and not
seen as a factor in income generation or economic development. Sport as an integrated subject in
the mainstream curriculum, therefore, faced a major developmental challenge until recent years.
Under the restructuring of the Caribbean educational system, many territories have moved away
from the historical education ideologies about sports, especially those that were associated
with or developed out of colonisation. On the other hand, the importance placed on sports in
schools is a legacy of colonial education, especially in the British Caribbean. It was actually in
the ‘British’-type schools (which were carbon copies of British education, mostly established as
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271
private or church schools) that sports were considered to aid discipline and ‘good’ character
development. These schools were considered elite schools and the sports such as polo, tennis
and horse racing considered elite sports. The contradictions arise because after slavery, when
‘free’ education became available for the freed slaves, the curriculum varied greatly. The sports
played in government public schools were either different or grossly underfunded. Only cricket and
athletics grew as popular sports among the poor. It was not until the mid 20th century that football
became popular. In the overhaul of the education system of the 21st century, the importance of
physical education as a co-curricular and teaching subject has been modernised and aligned with
developments in developed countries. These include but are not limited to:
• the physical upgrade of sporting facilities in schools
• enhanced teaching and learning resources
• textbooks and examinations in physical education
• increased use of educational technology
• professional development for teachers
• expanded transportation and meal programmes, especially for athletes
• decentralisation of educational processes and resources.
The introduction of Physical Education as an examination subject at the CXC-CSEC level is one
of the advanced steps towards developing professional sport throughout the Caribbean. The
paradigm shift in teaching sport and physical education will help not just to strengthen the minds
and bodies of Caribbean students, but also to expand the career choices that these students will
have, which will further boost economic growth.
Activity 3Conduct a class debate to support or oppose the proposition: ‘Sport in the Caribbean is more about competition than intellectual and economic development.’
Sport scholarships as an opportunity for higher educationMany Caribbean students have been given educational opportunities to study in colleges and
universities in North America and the United Kingdom. Sport scouts travel to Caribbean sporting
events in search of talent. College sport is big business, especially in the USA and therefore having
talented athletes is important. Scouts start looking for talent as early as secondary-age students but
most are sought at the post-secondary age. Many of the athletes who are given sport scholarships
to attend post-secondary institutions outside of the Caribbean may not have otherwise received
opportunities within the region. Many recipients do not return to the Caribbean after � nishing
college, as little opportunity for employment exists for them. Some even become professionals
in their � eld of sport and choose to represent their new country of residency in international
sport, rather than the Caribbean. Others, like Patrick Ewing, have migrated at an early age from
Jamaica and become naturalised US citizens. As a basketball talent who later became a Hall of
Fame great, Ewing might not have had the opportunity for fame and economic wealth, had he
stayed in Jamaica. England’s national football player, John Barnes, also migrated at an early age
and represented England as no opportunity for global success in football as a Caribbean national
Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
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272
existed. Another example is the national netball team of the USA, which is made up of 80 per cent
Caribbean-born players, including the coach and team manager. Some players were playing for
their respective Caribbean countries but switched allegiance for economic reasons. Nevertheless,
some men and women with great talent, like Ato Boldon of Trinidad, and Veronica Campbell of
Jamaica, have represented their respective countries after studying and training abroad.
New developments in commercial sport and amateur games within the Caribbean are making the
industry more attractive and keeping valuable talent in the region. However, the Caribbean still lacks
the tools to completely own and manage its international sporting stars. Economic analysis, new
strategies and the modernisation of sport are three of the actions that must be taken to use sport
as a developmental tool for regional growth through sports.
Sports as a Symbol of Caribbean Identity and International RecognitionIf there is anything that de� nes the Caribbean collectively or individually, it’s sports. Cricket de� nes
us as a Caribbean region more than any other sport. As discussed earlier, the West Indies Cricket
Team is one of the unifying forces among Caribbean people and is one of the early building blocks
of Caribbean integration. The sport has also represented a sense of independence, from the
colonial power hold of England especially, when the team won games against England in the pre-
independence and early post-independence eras. Cricket has somewhat lost its glory to sports like
football and track and � eld. However, Caribbean people still support each other on the international
front. When the Soca Warriors of Trinidad made their debut at the Football World Cup in 2006, the
entire Caribbean supported them, as they did for the Reggie Boyz of Jamaica earlier in 1998. Usain
Bolt had the entire Caribbean and the diaspora feeling proud and the sense of unity and Caribbean
identity were strong, especially among the diaspora, when he broke two world records at the Beijing
Olympics in 2008. The Jamaican colours became the Caribbean colours.
Sports can be as divisive as they are unifying when it comes to the Caribbean (or anywhere else in
the world). Caribbean territories have a competitive spirit against each other. Just as in discussions
about the Federation, sports can bring out feelings of insecurity and divisiveness in the region. In
preparation for the Cricket World Cup in 2007, it was not easy for Caribbean territories all bidding
for � nals to be held in their particular island. Sport is the single most prominent activity that de� nes
one group from another, no matter what political or social issues are present; during a major
sporting event, all other issues take back stage, whether the focus on sport is in support of or in
opposition against the sporting event. In 1998, when the Jamaican football team won the qualifying
game to the World Cup, the then Prime Minister P.J. Patterson announced immediately at the
games that the following day would be a national holiday. The euphoria expressed that day and the
days that the team played in the World Cup were phenomenal. The sport uni� ed Jamaicans and
Caribbean people alike, forging a sense of national and regional identity.
Figure 15.6 Usain Bolt
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Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
273
Figure 15.7 A spectator raises the Jamaican � ag at the annual Penn Relays in Pennsylvania, USA
Euphoria and social identity together are features of all sporting events, especially on the
international stage. The Penn Relays held in Philadelphia, USA is an annual track and � eld event at
which many Caribbean secondary schools compete. The event draws Caribbean supporters from
all over the Caribbean and the USA. The colours of Caribbean � ags can be seen waving throughout
the stadium but the most common is the Jamaican � ag. Jamaican schools are strongly represented
in numbers and outstanding performance. As discussed in previous chapters, many of the features
that de� ne individual Caribbean countries are embraced throughout the region as Caribbean. Like
reggae music, Jamaican sports icons – namely track and � eld stars – are universally recognised.
Jamaican track and � eld world-record holder, Usain Bolt, has gained international fame, giving further
recognition to the region and Jamaica. He has received numerous world awards acknowledging him
as an internationally acclaimed athlete including the IAAF World and Track and Field Athlete of the year,
Laureus World Sportsman of the Year and BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year, along with
various international media interviews. In the month of the 2008 Olympic Games, the Empire State
Building in New York City was lit on one occasion with the colours of the Jamaican � ag, acknowledging
the achievements of Usain Bolt and the Jamaican athletics team. Photos of Usain Bolt have been on
billboards in Times Square (New York City), London, Beijing and several other cities around the world.
The winning streak of the Jamaican teams at Beijing had international experts curious about the culture
and features of Jamaica that contributed to the exceptional performances of its athletes.
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For a brief two
weeks the people of
the region put aside
their insularity and
cheered for each
other’s athletes.
Many Caribbean
people and
journalists refl ected
on the potential of
a ‘One Caribbean’
Olympic team.
Did you know?
274
� e Olympics as a Feature of Regional andInternational RecognitionThe Olympics is one of the premier events of the global sporting industry, featuring the largest array
of competitive events. The International Olympic Committee along with its af� liates (NOCs) and
International Sports Federations facilitates the development of international standards in sports
such as:
• value and ethics
• sports education
• fair play
• regular celebration and competition.
The main function of the Olympic governing body is to use sport as a means of uniting the world
in peaceful competition. At the end of each � nal performance of an event the � ag of the winning
country is raised and the national anthem of that country is played throughout the arena in a
ceremonial presentation of medals. This feature of the Olympic Games heralds a heightened spirit of
national pride and international recognition for the country or countries being honoured. Caribbean
countries, usually small island states, have less chance of standing on the ceremonial podium
given their small population and economies. There are some sporting events that are not entered
by Caribbean islands as the cost of training competitors and developing a programme is not an
economic option. Caribbean countries may have fewer competitors to take part, given the small
populations. It is therefore an expression of huge pride for the region when a Caribbean country
wins medals. Given the medal count per ratio of population, it is clear that the region as a whole
does very well.
The Caribbean has been entering the Olympics since 1900, when only Cuba entered from the
region. In 1924 Haiti entered, followed by Jamaica in 1948. Jamaica was the � rst English-speaking
Caribbean country to enter and win a medal in the Olympics. Since 1900, the Caribbean region has
won nearly 330 medals. Table 15.3 shows the history of the medal tally over the years.
The London 2012 Olympics brought much media attention to the region. Caribbean identity
and pride was at its highest, with several record achievements. It was symbolically a time for
celebrating this achievement, especially as the Olympic was hosted in the land of former Caribbean
colonial powers. For the English-speaking Caribbean and CARICOM countries in particular, the
achievements were outstanding. It was the � rst time that so many Caribbean � ags were � own,
and anthems played, at a single event. This had social and psychological resonance for a region
that has struggled economically to survive imperialism and contemporary globalisation. In the end
the Caribbean athletes left London with a total of 36 medals, 18 of those being from CARICOM
member countries.
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Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
275
Caribbean medal achievement at the Olympics
Caribbean country Maiden entrance Times entered Medal achievement tally
Bahamas 1952 15 11
Barbados 1968 11 1
Bermuda 1936 17 1
Cuba 1900 19 208
Dominican Republic 1964 13 6
Grenada 1984 8 1
Guyana 1948 16 1
Haiti 1924 14 2
Jamaica 1948 16 67
Netherland Antilles 1952 13 1
Puerto Rico 1948 17 8
Suriname 1960 12 2
Trinidad and Tobago 1948 16 18
US Virgin Islands 1968 11 1
Total 328
Table 15.3
Figure 15.8 Caribbean medal haul at the 2012 London Olympics
Note: The table does not include 1960 when islands of the Eastern Caribbean entered as British
West Indies and earned 2 medals.
Gold
Silver
Bronze
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0Cuba Jamaica Trinidad
and Tobago
Dominican Republic
Bahamas Grenada Puerto Rico
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Outstanding 2012 Olympic achievements and records set by Caribbean athletes 2012
• World record of 36.84 seconds set by the Jamaica men’s 4 x 100 metre relay race
• Olympic record of 9.63 seconds set by Jamaica’s Usain Bolt in the 100 metre � nal (which
broke his previous Olympic record). Usain Bolt also holds the world record in the men’s 100
metres
• National records were set at the Olympics by the following athletes:
– Kirani James (Grenada): men’s 400 metres
– Keshorn Walcott (Trinidad and Tobago): men’s javelin throw
– Jamaica’s women’s relay team: 4 x 100 metres
– Bahamas’ men’s relay team: 4 x 400 metres
– Trinidad and Tobago’s men’s relay team: 4 x 400 metres
• Jamaica’s Usain Bolt became the � rst athlete ever to win the 100 metre and 200 metre races
at consecutive Olympic Games. Together with his country’s relay team he also repeated his
gold medal performance of the previous Olympic Games in the 4 x 100 metres race
• Grenada obtained its � rst Olympic medal ever when Kirani James won gold in the men’s 400
metre race
• Trinidad’s Keshorn Walcott was the � rst athlete in the western hemisphere in 60 years to win a
gold in the men’s javelin throw
• Youngest Caribbean medalists:
– Robeisy Ramirez Carrazana 18 (Cuba)
– Luguelin Santos 18 (Dominican Republic)
– Kirani James 19 (Grenada)
– Keshorn Walcott 19 (Trinidad and Tobago)
– Deon Lendore 19 (Trinidad and Tobago)
• Oldest Olympian to win the 400 metres was Felix Sanchez of Dominican Republic
Activity 4 Using Figure 15.8, create a table to show the medal haul by Caribbean countries in 2012.
1 Show the total number of each medal by each country listed.
2 Calculate and list the totals by country and by region for each category.
3 What is the total number of medals earned by the Caribbean? Show this number in your table.
Figure 15.9 Kirani James
Figure 15.10 Keshorn Walcott
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Chapter 15 Contribution of sports to Caribbean society
277
The overarching function of sport has been as a source of nationalism and identity. Out of this,
its role as a means of building morale and discipline as the basis for successful sporting activities
is founded. Participating in sport, for all the reasons that have been discussed throughout this
chapter – health, recreation, competition and income – requires discipline. Sport is said to regulate
behaviour in hyperactive kids and to energise lethargic ones. It is through competitive sports that
school children learn about loyalty to institution and community, which is later translated into loyalty
to country and region. In a time of political low points and civil unrest, sports can unify a nation and
raise morale.
� e impact of Jamaica on the 2012 Olympiad in LondonIf proof of sports as a symbol of pride – identity and international recognition – needed evidence, then the presence of Jamaica, and many other Caribbean nations, at the 30th Olympiad in London, England in 2012 speaks volumes. For Jamaica, and the rest of the Caribbean, the location for this Olympiad was symbolic on many levels. As discussed in Chapter 6, England was once the seat of the colonial empire that governed Jamaicans and many other Caribbean nations.
Winning in England is not new for Caribbean sports teams. One of Jamaica’s strengths is its outstanding athletes, many of whom have beaten the old master at sporting events. However, the year 2012 celebrated both of Jamaica’s and Trinidad’s 50th anniversary of independence from Great Britain. A successful performance at the Olympic Games from the Jamaican team, and from superstar Usain Bolt, was a golden gift for Jamaica.
Because he held two world records and the title ‘Fastest man on Earth’, Usain Bolt drew unprecedented media attention and there was Bolt/Jamaica mania in London.
Louise Bennett highlighted in her poem ‘Colonization in Reverse’ the impact of Caribbean people on England. Miss Lou had a saying: ‘Wi likkle but witallawah’, which means, ‘we are small but powerful’. For Jamaica to get coverage in almost every mainstream media, including in the United States and Canada, was tremendous. � e little island that had once been colonised by England where black citizens were mere slaves, has now marked its identity on the world’s stage in the highly prestigious Olympic Games.
Social media was bombarded with sentiments of unity and support from the entire Caribbean, the diaspora and fans of Jamaica. But it wasn’t just Usain Bolt. With world-class competitors, outstanding Olympic outfi ts designed by Cedella Marley in collaboration with Puma, and the already potent Jamaican culture in the ‘Olympic Village’, Jamaicans now enjoy recognition from the world. � e Guardian newspaper wrote of the ‘Jamaica House’ (the cultural museum of Jamaica at the Olympic Village), ‘� e small island with the big Olympic reputation’. Another online article stated, ‘If you don’t want to be a Jamaican now, you will by the time the Olympics is over’. � is quotation went ‘viral’ on social media. Jamaican and Caribbean people will remember the 2012 Olympics in London like none other before it.
C a s e S t u d y
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Activity 5
Summary The talent, skills and potential earning capacity of the Caribbean in the area of sports cannot
be over-emphasised. Capital investment, while much higher than it was three decades ago,
still needs to be increased if the Caribbean is to bene� t globally from sports while protecting its
sports men and women. With few resources, the Caribbean has produced powerful sports men
and women so the raw talent that exists must be harvested early and every effort made to keep
sport in the Caribbean for sustainable development. The potential in the natural environment,
the attraction of sport for tourists and the development of sports facilities should continue to
develop to boost sports tourism.
End-of-chapter questions1 Name TWO sports in which Caribbean people have gained international recognition.
2 Using examples, explain how sports tourism has contributed to Caribbean development.
3 Describe the contribution made by sports to regional integration and economic development.
1 Using the case study above as your guide to further reading, discuss the following:First world countries have had a perception that they alone have infl uenced the culture of the Caribbean. Can this view be challenged today?
2 Choose two sports personalities from the Caribbean who have been honoured nationally or internationally and write a short paragraph on each of your chosen characters’ lives.
Include:
• place of birth and early childhood
• date of fi rst national or international appearance
• performance statistics
• contribution to regional and national life
• awards and honours.
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CAPE®Caribbean Studies
www.pearsoncaribbean.com
Jeanette Ottley is an experienced teacher, examiner and author at both CSEC and CAPE levels. She piloted Caribbean Studies in Barbados in 1998 and supervised the subject at Queens College, Barbados until her retirement. She has travelled extensively throughout the Caribbean.
Marolyn Gentles is a geography education author who was involved with the development and implementation of national EE programmes in Jamaica with the National Environmental Education Committee, and the Blue and John Crow Mountain National Park. She is presently researching Caribbean diaspora at Baruch, City University of New York..
Veta Dawson is head of the Humanities Department at the Immaculate Conception High School in Kingston, Jamaica where she has seen many students pass with exceptional results.
Julian Cresser, lecturer at the Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, acted as an advisor on the project.
CA
PE®Caribbean Studies
CAPE is a registered trademark of the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC). CAPE® Caribbean Studies is an independent publication and has not been authorised, sponsored, or otherwise approved by CXC.
WITH COMPANION WEBSITE
Jeanette Ottley M
arolyn Gentles Veta D
awsonCAPE®Caribbean Studies
Jeanette Ottley ● Marolyn Gentles ● Veta Dawson
CAPE® Caribbean Studies is a unique book and website package that will help students understand the historical, geographical and social infl uences that have shaped the regions they live in today, confi dent in the knowledge that all the demands of the new 2012 syllabus are covered:
● � e content of each unit concisely covers the syllabus and highlights key concepts so that students understand exactly what is required of them for the CAPE exam.
● A dedicated research and data collection section takes students step-by-step through the process of completing their Independent Research Projects, providing an essential check point for both school and private candidates.
● Exclusive online content is delivered in an engaging and interactive way to enable accessible revision of topics and to bring variety to learning with videos and quizzes.
CAPE CARIB_CVR_FIN_COL_BLU&GRN.indd 1 15/10/2012 10:55