Caribbean Advanced Proficiency ExaminationSchool Based Assessment

Caribbean StudiesUnemployment

Name: Camilla Holgate

Centre Number:

Registration Number:

School: Oberlin High School

Topic: Unemployment

Territory: Jamaica

Year of exam: 2015-2016

Title:

The causes and effects of unemployment and how unemployment negatively affects

patterns of development

Acknowledgement

This research was carried out independently by the researcher; financial aid was generated by the

researcher as well. Special thanks go out to the people of the Marverley Community who

allowed the researcher to scope their environment and were enthusiastic to aid in this research by

filling out the questionnaires. Thank you to everyone who aided in the patient, diligent

completion of this research.

Table of Contents

Title Page I

Acknowledgement II

Table of Contents III

Introduction and Purpose of Research 5

Literature Review 9

Data Collection Sources 13

Analysis of Data 14

Discussion of Findings 21

Conclusion 23

Limitations 26

Recommendations 27

Appendices 29

Bibliography 32

Introduction and Purpose of Research

This Caribbean Studies School Based Assessment is based on a thorough investigation of the

causes and effects of unemployment as well as strategies that may be employed to eradicate or

reduce the issue in the Maverley Community, Jamaica.

Unemployment is a realistic, undesirable issue that is prevalent within the Maverley

Community. It challenges the many efforts of progression that have been attempted by some

members of the community, and is also an issue in other communities in Jamaica and the

Diaspora. This grave enigma exists commonly in inner city communities and has been viewed

from different point of views and perspectives

Finally, one may say that unemployment affects communities, societies and social institutions

such as the family, education systems, government systems and health institutions.

Unemployment affects a portion of the selected population and should be strategically

approached in any attempt to minimize or resolve the growing issue.

Statement of Problem

What are the causes and effects of unemployment and how it affects the patterns of development in the Marverley Community, Jamaica?

Purpose of the Research

In this research, the researcher seeks to highlight how unemployment affects the

Maverley Community as well as to identify the causes and effects of this issue. This research is

being conducted in the scope of a confidential examination of the community. Unemployment is

a prevalent, objectionable issue that affects potentially progressive people, families, communities

and societies. As a result, the researcher will identify numerous strategies that may be employed

to eradicate unemployment in the community.

Research Questions

1. What are the main causes of unemployment in Marverley?

2. What are the major effects of unemployment in Marverley?

3. How does unemployment affect the development of the community?

4. What are strategies that may be used to eradicate unemployment in the Marverley

Community?

Educational Value of Research

This research may be very useful to the residents of the Marverley Community, as they will be

educated about strategies that may be used to alleviate unemployment. Students conducting

research on unemployment would find this information to be of use. Also, the Ministry of

Labour could use this information to assist them in decreasing unemployment. Furthermore, the

Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) could use the findings of the research to assist in

educating the public of the issue as well as promote development.

Definition of Key Terms

Unemployment- Unemployment is when a person who is actively searching for work is unable

to find work.

Development- Development is an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.

Developed- Developed describes an economy which is advanced economically and socially.

Inner city- an older part of a city, densely populated and usually deteriorating,

inhabited mainly by poor, often minority groups.

Literature ReviewIn an article by Barrett, L (2013) in The Daily Gleaner, members of the Jamaica Employer’s

Federation (JEF) and the Private Sector Organization of Jamaica (PSOJ) forecast that nearly half

of the more than 40,000 young people who graduate from high schools and universities may not

find employment. These predictions come after the economy declines consecutively for a sixth

quarter. The Conflict Theory maybe applicable to this situation. Unemployment is affected by

the poor political and economic climate. President of (JEF) David Wan posited “Most employers

are either not hiring or not replacing people who are leaving”. Hence, his reason for not

expecting any massive increase in employment by the Private Sector this year. Wan, however,

made note that initiatives are being undertaken, have an immediate impact. He highlighted one

such initiative, the proposed amendment to the Apprenticeship Act that seeks to expand the

amount of occupations that can go on the apprenticeship programme. He believes that the

initiative would help but more needs to be done. Executive director of the PSOJ, Dennis Chung

postulates that the country’s performance in the next IMF test is a factor that can change the

employment outlook. In this article, we see the Functionalist theory being put into play as it not

only speaks of the Governments role in society but the role of the Private Sector.

In the text by Stone, J. and Mc Craw, J. (2007) the issue of unemployment is addressed, as

well as the causes which haunt society. The article does not take a neutral stance on

unemployment; however, it is an effort to expose the most outrageous feature of Capitalism- its

need to use unemployment to ensure the subservience of its workers. This proves the Conflict

Theory and shows how power influences social life. Under the Capitalist system, the fear of

unemployment is necessary to keep workers in place and make them satisfy their employers.

Stone and Mc Craw (2007) explains that this fear is needed because much of the work is boring

and the salary is less than living wage; this provides workers with limited or no control over the

work process, this decreases creativity. Stone and Mc Craw (2007) went further to say there is

almost total ignorance about the causes of unemployment and more so the consequences. They

also highlighted in the book that though it is said that there are enough jobs but the unemployed

are too lazy and would rather be on welfare, this may only be a small fraction of the unemployed,

however, does not reflect the truth of the majority. The authors referred to instances where

advertisements calling for applicants for relatively well [paid jobs; the number of applicants is

said to outweigh the number of jobs that were advertised. One instance was mentioned; the

Associated Press News Agency reported that “50,000 people lined up for 350 jobs”. Stone and

Mc Craw highlighted that unemployment is not simply earning a living but productive

employment contributes immensely to the psychological state of humans. They also posit that

people want to feel useful; prolonged joblessness threatens self-esteem. They conclude in a

somewhat pessimistic view; “The ugly truth is that the system under which we live will not or

cannot provide jobs for those who need them”. They believe that the business class lacks interest

in full employment, as they benefit from mass unemployment. These benefits, according to Stone

and Mc Craw include: a large pool of unemployed workers drives down wages employers have

to pay.

In continuing, according to Kalil, A. (2005), job loss has a devastating impact on families

and children, especially when the search for another job becomes prolonged and fruitless.

Unemployment, few public programs and coping mechanisms are available. A plethora of

workers are adversely affected by the economic shifts. Importantly, workers at all levels have

been affected and those in many white- collar industries experienced higher than average

increases in unemployment rates. Contributing to the rise in unemployment rates was an increase

displaced workers. The Bureau of Labour Statistics defines displaced workers as ‘persons 20

years and older who lost or left their jobs because their plant or company closed, or their position

or shift was abolished. How will unemployment affect children and families? The effects of

unemployment and job displacement on the well-being of children and families have rarely been

more relevant than in the current economic climate. Research suggests that job loss can have

wide ranging negative impacts. It has the potential of negatively impacting the families and their

economic security. This is reflected in families, reducing their food expenditures, moving,

relying on public assistance. Job loss also negatively affects adult’s physical and mental health

and marital relationships and increases the likelihood of divorce. In some cases, the children’s

well-being diminishes and may also lead to poor parent child relationship. It is important to note

that job loss has both immediate and long term economic effects. Farber (1998) estimates that

displaced workers have a 35 percent point probability of being unemployed following a

displacement, and are 5 percent points more likely to work part- time than they were prior to the

displacement, and earn 13 percent less upon re-employment.

Implications of these economic setbacks for the family and development of children

include: unstable or insufficient work limits families economic resources, in particular, the

income necessary to purchase resources and goods e.g. schools, housing, food, safe and enriched

learning environment which facilitates successful development. A decline in the work hours and

income of the family is associated with children’s lower academic achievement, perhaps due to

stigma (Morris, Duncan & Rodriquez 2004). It may also be posited that unemployment is

psychologically stressful, for parents, which may decrease their warmth and result in disengaged

behaviors. Another effect of unemployment is children’s observation of their parent’s

experience, which may shape their own views of their future economic opportunities. This

pessimistic perception of their parent’s labour market experience could diminish motivation and

lead deviant behavior.

In a Magazine Article by Crumby, A., (2002), unemployment among youth is said to be

caused by copious reasons. Firstly, the recent global economic downturn characterized by

‘recession, debt service obligations, and declines in development assistance’, are said to have

contributed in a significant decreased number of job openings. Another cause of unemployment,

according to Crumby, is a general lack of preparation among the youth, as they often do not have

skills needed to compete against older, more experienced workers. This is said to be more so true

in low-income communities, where there are fewer resources.

Crumby posits that people who are suffering from unemployment are likely to have lower

sense of self-worth because they are not actively contributing to society. They may also be

looked down on because of their unemployed status. Thus, one may say that Symbolic

Interactionism is the most suitable perspective as it focuses on the micro- interactions and not on

a broadened level. Also, symbolic Interactionism uses concepts such as labeling and stigma.

High rates of unemployment and idleness among youth in general are correlated with increased

violent crime. A study by the World Bank published in 2007, found that in Jamaica, in 1998,

80% percent of all prosecuted crimes were committed by young people aged 17-29.

Familial units suffer because they lack the added income that could be contributed to the

household. If a young person works, then a family could more easily meet its basic needs without

strain. There are four notable advances that have been made, past and present, which have been

implemented to resolve youth unemployment issues. The 1994 Jamaican Youth Policy focused

on motivation, as it specifically states that its goal is to improve work ethics and training and

promote entrepreneurial skills. The National Centre of Youth Development, created in 2000,

organizes youth entrepreneurship training program that emphasizes entrepreneurial skills and

development as a means of alleviating unemployment. In addition, the Jamaican Emergency

Employment Programme, founded in 2011, is a job placement organization aimed at the general

population. To date, it has created 1500 jobs for youths and adults.

According to an article by Erica Virtue, in the Gleaner, crime rates are much higher when there

is less employment opportunities and economic development. The article goes on to mention

‘lottery scamming’ which has become more frequent in the years 2014-2016 and all fingers are

being pointed at high unemployment rates and unproductivity. With the crime now becoming

widespread, with communities previously unaffected now witnessing heinous crimes, including

mass murders and reprisal killings, the viciousness of which residents say they have only read

about. Another offspring of unemployment is business relocation as mentioned in an article by

Dr André Haughton, lecturer in the Department of Economics on the Mona campus of the

University of the West Indies. Dr. Haughton posits that Brain Drain as well as business

relocation from inner communities. The creation of garrison communities, and sometimes

garrisons within garrisons, has multiple impacts. One of the best known is the impact on a young

person seeking employment but living at the 'wrong address'. Repeated failure produces an

intelligent recruit for gang membership. Another is the abandonment of these communities by

providers of basic services. For example, services like garbage collection. Also the closure of

places of entertainment and business is a result of unemployment. (A substantial body of

research is paying attention to the 'geography' of crime and violence). These and other factors

have combined to create a stigmatized enclave, barren of a sense of community and disregarded

by all but a few. Along with high, increasing unemployment, labor productivity is also a cause

for concern in Jamaica. Results from research conducted by the Jamaica Productivity Centre,

using data from 1972 to 2015 indicate that labor productivity in the country fell at an average

rate of 1.5 per cent per annum.

Data Collection Sources

Primary and Secondary data collection sources were used during the course of this

research. Primary sources of data are those which are collected by the researcher themselves.

This kind of data is new, original research information. A Questionnaire was used as Primary

source of data for this research. The Questionnaire was chosen as the results can be relatively

easily analyzed with the aid of computers. Also, Questionnaires are cheap and not time

consuming. Open and close ended questions were used. Open ended questions allow respondents

to express a view or an answer, while Close ended questions are subjected to specific responses.

Secondary sources, research information that is already produced by other people and usually

analyzed and interpreted, were an aid in this research as well including: Newspaper articles and

books.

The method of Stratified Sampling was employed. This method is a probability sampling

technique wherein the researcher divides the entire population being studied into different

subgroups or strata, then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different

strata. This created a balance and even chances within the population. It also gave representation

to each strata representing the general population.

Analysis of Data

50%

25%

15%

10%

Age groups of Unemployed

18-2829-3940-5960 and older

Fig. 1 above shows the various ages of unemployed persons in the community of Marverley who are legally/physically able to work.

65%

35%

Graph Showing Number of Unemployed Persons Seeking Job

Seeking jobNot seeking a job

Fig. 2 above shows the percentage of persons in the community who are actually searching for a job.

40%

35%

25%

Pie Chart showing the Causes of Unem-ployment

Lack of EducationEconomic CrisisLack of Skills

Fig. 3 is displays the causes of unemployment in the Marverley Community.

Poverty

Crime a

nd Violence

Dysfunctional f

amily

Low self-e

steem

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

Effects of Unemployment

Effects of unemployment

Figure 4 above highlights the effects of unemployment in the community of Marverley.

Strategies to Eradicate Unemployment

Strategies to Eradicate Unemployment PercentagesFunding Education

45%

Skills Training 35%Entrepreneurship

20%

Table 1: The table above displays appropriate Strategies suggested to eradicate unemployment.

43%

26%

31%

How Unemployement Affects Members of the Community

Increased Crime and Violence Lack of productivity Business Relocation

Fig. 5 highlights the ways in which unemployment affects members of the community.

Analysis of DataFig. 1 illustrates the different age groups of the unemployed persons in the Marverley

Community. The age groups include: 18-28, which was the highest number of unemployed

persons (50%). Ages 29-39 made up 25% of the unemployed populous. It maybe posited that

unemployment less prevalent among older residents of Marverley Community as the age groups

40-59 and 60& older account for 15% and 10% of unemployment respectively.

Fig. 2, illustrates the number of unemployed persons who are seeking jobs. It was discovered

that 65% of the unemployed persons are seeking jobs. On the other hand, 35% of persons, even

though they are unemployed, are not seeking employment. Resultant, one may say that a large

number of persons realize the importance of having a job and are seeking to change their

unemployed status.

Fig. 3, illustrates the various Causes of unemployment. It maybe posited, based on information

garnered, that Lack of education is the leading cause of unemployment. It accounts for40% of

employment is Lack of Skills; it results in 25% of unemployment in the community.

Fig. 4 illustrates the Effects of Unemployment. Poverty is seen to have the greatest effect in

the community at a rate of 40%. Crime and Violence is also a symptom of the enigma,

‘unemployment’ and accounts for 30% of unemployment. Many families are affected by

unemployment and become Dysfunctional, which is the third highest effect of unemployment,

which stands at a rate of 25%. Low Self esteem affects some of the unemployed individuals in

the community. However, it is the least effect of unemployment at 15%. It is imperative to note

that Poverty, Crime and Violence, Dysfunctional families and Low self-esteem affect three

Social Institutions in the community, the Family, Church and School.

The table illustrates copious strategies that maybe implemented to eradicate the issue of

unemployment. The strategy that was most favored or seen as ideal is the Funding of education,

45% of the unemployed populous desired such support. Entrepreneurship was seen as the lowest

required strategy to combat unemployment and was desired by 20% of the unemployed

populous. Skills’ training was desired by 35% of the population.

Figure 5, displays ways in which unemployment affects the productivity/development of the

community. Majority of the respondents believed that lack of employment increases crime and

violence present in the community, 43%. While 31% believes that lack of employment has

influenced the relocating of prominent businesses. The remaining 26% finds a lack f productivity

to be a resultant of unemployment.

Discussion of FindingsThis research has brought forward some interesting findings. To begin with, the study of the

different age groups that are affected by unemployment proves that the younger people aged (18-

28) are most faced with unemployment and account for 50% of the jobless population. In a

Newspaper Article entitled ‘ Experts predict almost 20,000 youths leaving school won’t find

employment’ in the Daily Gleaner, members of the Jamaica Employers Federation (JEF) and the

Private Sector Of Jamaica (PSOJ), forecast that nearly half of the more than 40,000 young

people who graduate from high schools and universities may not find employment. This high

level of unemployment among the older generation is not as prevalent as with the younger

generation. This is proven as persons aged 40-59 and 60& older account for only 15% and 10%

of unemployment in the community respectively. Angela Crumby, in a Magazine Article entitled

‘Causes and Consequences of youth unemployment’, states that lack of preparation among the

youth, is a major factor as well as they often do not have the skills needed to compete against

older, more experienced workers. Hence, the findings of this research are similar to the work

done by these authors in the Literature Review.

Secondly, it was discovered that more than half of the unemployed persons are actively

seeking a job, 65%, which leaves a minority of 35% not seeking employment. This is supported

in the Article by Jack Stone and Joe Mc Craw entitled ‘Unemployment’s shocking truth, its

consequences and its solutions.’ It is said that though there are enough jobs, the unemployed are

too lazy and would rather be on welfare. However, Jack and Joe posit that this may be only a

small fraction of the unemployed populous. Case studies have also shown where jobs are

advertised and the number of applicants outweighs the jobs available.

Lack of education is said to be the leading cause of unemployment. It is the highest cause of the

issue, at a rate of 40%. This proves then that a number of persons in the community are

uneducated. Lack of skills training at a rate of 25% is the least cause of the job scarcity. This

may be a result of the goals of the Jamaica Youth Policy. One of their goals is to improve on

training and work ethics of the youth. Seeing that skills’ training is the least cause of

unemployment may be resultant of the work of being done by the Jamaica Youth Policy.

One of the most dominant effects of unemployment in the Marverley Community is Poverty,

which is 40%, surpassing all other effects. This is discussed in a Journal Article by Ariel Kalil

entitled ‘Unemployment and Job Displacement: The impact on children and families’, it is said

that the family may experience limited economic resources, insufficient income necessary to

purchase resources and goods such as housing and food. The least striking effect is low self-

esteem, 15%. In the text by Stone and Mc Craw, it is said that unemployment may immensely

affect the psychological state of humans; as people want to feel a sense of being useful, which

could be attained through having a job. Prolonged joblessness has the ability to threaten self-

esteem.

The most desired strategy to combat unemployment is the funding of education, which is

leading all other strategies at 45%. The strategy that is least requested is Entrepreneurship. It is

imperative to note, however, that Entrepreneurial skills are one of the focal points of the Jamaica

Youth Policy. The findings are extremely significant to this research as the researcher gets an

opportunity to make note of trends and correlations that have been identified as well as compare

the information found. This is important as it allows the researcher to understand and relate to

the research to a greater extent.

The main way in which unemployment affects the members of Marverley Community is in the

form of increased crime and violence. This is evident among the population as 43% of

respondents believe this the main issue they face. This is discussed in an article by Erica Virtue,

in the Gleaner, which posits that crime rates are much higher when there is less employment

opportunities and economic development. 31% of respondents believe the high level of

unemployment in the Community has influenced the relocation of businesses. It is also stated in

an article by Dr. Haughton that Brain Drain, and “wrong address” implications are also effects of

unemployment in inner city communities. The least common opinion is that unemployment

results in lack of productivity among members of the community. According to the Jamaica

Productivity Centre, using data from 1972 to 2015, labor productivity in the country fell at an

average rate of 1.5 per cent per annum. 26% of the respondents believed that this issue least

affects them.

ConclusionThe researcher has definitely put forward information that supports the idea that

unemployment is a major issue in the Marverley Community. The research has provided

information such as the Causes of Unemployment, its Effects in the community, and its Effects

on the children, youth and family as well its effects on development.

To begin with, three major causes of unemployment were brought to the forefront.

These causes include: Lack of Education, Economic Crisis as well as Lack of skills. Lack of

education is seen as the most dominant cause of unemployment among the residents in the

community. Secondly, Poverty, Crime and Violence, Dysfunctional families and low-self esteem

are evidently, the effects of unemployment. Poverty has the greatest impact. It may be posited

that unemployment has a grave impact on the community, as it results in under developed and

dysfunctional social institutions such as the Family, Church and School. In addition, one may

correctly say that unemployment affects children and the family. Many youth, as it is proven in a

Journal Article by Ariel Khalil entitled ‘Unemployment and Job Displacement: The impact on

families and children’. Both parties are greatly affected by unemployment. The well being,

psychological state and economic state of these individuals are tested.

Even after finding these distressing facts about unemployment, hope may still be

regained. The hope lies within the strategies that may be implemented to eradicate that issue. The

strategies include: Funding education, Skills training, and Entrepreneurship. Funding Education

is the most desired strategy combat unemployment.

It was found that of the 3 major issues of unemployment that affect members of the

community, increased crime and violence, is seen as the most dominant issue. This is discussed

in an article by Erica Virtue, in the Gleaner, which posits that crime rates are much higher when

there is less employment opportunities and economic development. Also, stated in an article by

Dr. Haughton, Brain Drain and “wrong address” implications are also effects of unemployment

in inner city communities. According to information from the Jamaica Productivity Centre, labor

productivity, the least popular effect on the people of Marverley Community in the country falls

per annum.

In conclusion, Unemployment is an enigma which negatively impacts the elevation and

development of the Marverley Community and Jamaica as a whole. This grave issue can be

controlled, to a large extent by employing the strategies put forward in the research.

LimitationsDuring the process of carrying out this research, weaknesses were found, which were

out of the control of the researcher. These minor obstacles, limitations, which cannot be

reasonably dismissed, can affect the quality the research.

The limitations of this research were as follows: Firstly, some persons in the community

were not willing to participate in the research. To a greater extent, women were more open to

answer research questions than their male counter-parts.

Secondly, the reliability of the answers that were provided could be questioned. This was due to

the fact that the level of honesty of participants could not be measured.

One influence that was out of the researchers’ control that impacted the research is the level of

Crime and Violence in the Marverley Community.

Finally, some persons who participated in the research are not literate; hence, this posed a huge problem.

RecommendationsOne may correctly say that unemployment is a major issue in the Marverley Community.

Resultant, the researcher has some recommendations that may be put in place to help alleviate

this issue.

To begin with, I recommend that a mentorship program be put in place to guide and educate

the unemployed populous by other members of the labour force with work experience and

success in business. Also, motivational speakers could host seminars to help these unemployed

persons. One success story has the potential to lead to another.

Secondly, I believe that volunteerism should be promoted among the unemployed, especially

the youth, as this may provide them with job experience, which is a valuable asset in the working

arena. This also may give them a better opportunity to gain employment.

Thirdly, the Government as well as the Private sector should invest more in areas such as

education and skills training. If an improvement is made in these two important areas, members

of the Marverley Community would be more prepared and equipped members of the labour

force. For example, more scholarships could be given to persons in educational and skills

training institutions as well as resources to develop them. Resources such as: books, computers

and machines. Finally, Entrepreneurship should be promoted and supported to a larger extent.

This will result in more financial independent individuals, people being their own boss as well as

breaking the ground for more employment.

More investment in technical schools, government focus on STEM subjects, conscription and

farming; therein are the answers to our youth unemployment problem, a portion of the problem

of unemployment in general. If we act fast we can save this generation if not, however, I fear we

will never escape this rut.

In conclusion, these recommendations, if implemented, have the potential to greatly disturb

unemployment and as such, bring rise to meaningful employment.

Appendices

Questionnaire

This Questionnaire is designed to obtain information on the causes and effects of unemployment

in the Marverley Community as well as strategies that maybe implemented to eradicate the issue.

All information is welcomed and will be treated with the highest confidentiality possible.

Answer all questions in the space provided.

1. What is your gender?Male Female

2. To which age group do you belong?18-28 29-39 40-49

50-59 60-over

3. How long have you been a resident of the Marverley Community?

1-5 years 6-10 years 11-16 years 17 or more

4. What family type were you raised in?

Single parent family Nuclear family Extended family

5. How many persons in your household is a part of the labour force?

1-3 4-6 7-9 10 or more

6. How many of these persons are unemployed?1-3 4-6 7-9 10 or more

7. What is your highest level of education?

Primary Secondary Tertiary

8. Are you seeking a job?

Yes No

9. What skills do you have?

Barbering Hair dressing Carpentry Masonry Other

10. What do you think affects unemployment? State if you think there is another.

Poverty Crime and Violence

Dysfunctional families’ Low self-esteem

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What are the ways/strategies in which you believe may be employed or used to eradicate/lower the statistics of unemployment? State if you have another.

Funding education Skills training Entrepreneurship

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Do you think unemployment is affecting the community?

Yes No

13. If you answered yes in question 7, how do you think the community is affected by

unemployment?

Increased crime and poverty

Lack of productivity

Businesses relocating/ closing down

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Crumby, A. (n.d.). Causes and Consequence of High Youth Unemployment .

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Kallil, A. (2005). Unemployment and Job Displacement; The Impact on Children and Families . Ivey Business Journal .

Stone, J., & McCraw, J. (2007). Umemployment's shocking truth, its outrageous causes and consequences and its solutions. Trafford Publishing.