The Byzantine EmpireThe New Rome

Fall of Western Roman Empire – Why?

Critical Intro:What was so great about

Constantinople’slocation?

Byzantine EmpireAdvantages of Constantinople’s Location

Constantine moves capital of Rome to

Constantinople

Constantinople = seat of Byzantine Empire until

Ottoman conquest in 1453

Easily fortified site on

peninsula

Natural harbor

encouraged sea trade

Protection of the eastern frontierDistance from Germanic

invasions in the western empire Crossroads of Trade

Land and Sea

Constantinople = preserved classical

Greco-Roman culture

Constantinople

Constantinople

                                        

                                                    

Fortifications of Constantinople

Fortifications protecting Constantinople

Sea Walls protecting Constantinople

Emperor Justinian - 3 Achievements of Byzantium’s Greatest EmperorA. Justinian’s Code

1. Justinian created a law code from all previous law codes2. Code greatly influenced European and western legal codes

B. Reconquered most of the former Roman territories1. emptied treasuries reconquering lands2. reconquered lands could not be defended long

C. Beautify and Fortify Constantinople1. Many cultural and defensive building projects; libraries, hospitals,

and churches2. Built Hagia Sophia!

a. Christian churchb. most spectacular example of Byzantine architecture

The Christian Church Divides Between East and West - “Great Schism” - 1054A. Reasons for split or “schism” between east and west

1. authority of Pope not accepted by Byzantine emperor and bishops2. practices such as celibacy not practiced in east3. Eastern Emperor Leo banned icons, pope supported icons

B. Eastern Church = Greek Orthodox Church1. Head of church = emperor; ruled over Patriarch2. centered in Constantinople3. language of church = Greek4. priests could marry

C. Western Church = Roman Catholic Church1. Head of church = Pope2. centered in Rome3. language of church = Latin4. priests could not marry

Byzantine Influence on Russia and Eastern EuropeA. trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea = cultural diffusionB. Russia and much of eastern Europe adopts Orthodox ChristianityC. Saint Cyril adapts Greek alphabet to Slavic languages = Cyrillic AlphabetD. Cyrillic Alphabet allowed for translation of the Bible.

Emperor JustinianGreatest Byzantine Emperor

Justinian’s Conquests of former Roman lands

Original design of Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia interior

Justinian and the Byzantine EmpireFrom Telescoping the Times: Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500-1500

4. Complete the chart identifying the differences between the Catholic Church of Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Byzantine Empire.

Characteristic Catholic Church in Rome Eastern Orthodox Church of Byzantine Empire

Language of Region

Center of Church (city)

Leader of Church

Language of Services

Marriage

Divorce

The Great Schism: Split Between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches

5. Create a visual representing the Great Schism of 1054:

Modern Connection6. Why are the majority of Russians today Eastern Orthodox Christians?

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Kievan Rus:Where Russia

was born

Kiev

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Vikings

Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and

Russia

Trade routes between Black Sea

and Baltic Sea increased cultural

diffusion

Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern

Europe

Adoption of Greek alphabet to the

Slavic languages by St. Cyril = Cyrillic

Alphabet

Byzantine architecture and

religious art copied by Russian culture

Saint Cyril and Methodius

•Spreading Byzantine Orthodox Christianity to the Slavic regions north of the Byzantine Empire.

•Also created an alphabet for the Slavic language =

•Cyrillic Alphabet

Cyrillic Alphabet developed by St. Cyril

Main

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Hagia Sophia - Constantinople Orthodox Church - Kiev Russia

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Byzantine Impact on Russian Architecture

Kievan Russia

Mongol Khanate of the Golden HordeControl of Russia

Ivan IIIIvan the Great“Father of Russia”

•Consolidated lands through war, marriage, and purchase•Refused to pay tribute to Mongols.•Secured Russian independence form Mongols•Russian Empire begins!

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Ivan the Great and his expansion of Russian lands

Mongol Empire spreads west to take control of Kiev

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Genghis Khan establishes Mongol

Empire

Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire

I. The Mongol Empire of Genghis KhanA. Who were the Mongols?

1. Nomadic world – excellent horsemen & archersa. Lived on herds – meat, milk, traded hides for grain/vegetablesb. Children ride and use bow from early age

2. Originated in Asian Steppe - Cen. Asian plains3. Political organization

a. Like Bedouins – kin/clan based – combined in confederations when needed

4. Traditional religion = Shamanism - animistic

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B. Unification and Conquests of the Mongols 1. Unified 1st by Genghis Khan = Mongol Empire a. established capital at Karakoram = power shift to E.Asia 2. Genghis Khan’s leadership

1. organization, discipline, unity2. directed fighting spirit toward conquest

3. Superior skills - Horsemanship and archery skills unmatched4. Conquer from China to E. Europe

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Creation of Mongol Empire and the division of the Mongol Khanates

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Conquests of Genghis Khan

II. Impact of the MongolsA. Mongols ended/interrupted many great postclassical empiresB. Extended world network – foundation for interaction on global scaleC. Transferred East Asian tech. & disease (plague) to Europe D. Four khanates – sons divided empire

1. Ruled for 150 years2. Last time nomadic peoples dominated sedentary peoples

E. China ruled directly by Mongols – Kublai Khan1. European Marco Polo serves Kublai Khan – Yuan Dynasty

F. Russia = tribute state as part of - Khanate of Golden Horde

Mongol clip

Mongol Crash Course

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Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia