By: Susan M. Pojer and

Lynne Pierce

By: Susan M. Pojer and

Lynne Pierce

Calls for Reforms came from many areas

• Women – Minor v. Happersett (1874) citizenship doesn’t equal suffrage• Farmers and working people – bimetalism;

greenbacks Grange – education, social, political• Temperance believers• African Americans• Writers• Populists • Middle Class citizens eventually join in as the

Progressives

Women’s Suffrage

For and Against

The Silver IssueThe Silver IssueBimetalism seemed the answer to those worried about inflation- farmers, workers

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

Caused the Panic of 1893

Work changes• Mandatory

school laws to curb child labor

• shorter hours for women

• Unions gaining strength

Temperance might save the day

Francis Willard and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union

Carry Nation tried a different method

Booker T. Washington• Educated at

Hampton Institute• Founded Tuskeegee• “Atlanta

Compromise”• Education and

accommodation• Chose the course

that insured survival

W.E.B. DuBois• Disagreed with

Washington on everything but education

• Niagra Movement• Founding member of

the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People – edited “The Crisis”

National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People• Founded Feb. 12, 1909

• 60 members – only 7 black

• Prefers to work through legislation, court cases and political pressure

Ida B. Wells-Barnettanti-lynching crusader

Jim Crow Justice

Social Gospel Movement

• Opposite of Social Darwinism• People have a Christian duty to help

others• YMCA, Salvation Army

Jane Addams, 1st woman to win Nobel Peace Prize

What is the traditional role of a third party?

Here Lies ProsperityHere Lies Prosperity

Coxey’s Army, 1894

Coxey’s Army, 1894

Jacob Coxey & his “Army of Jacob Coxey & his “Army of the Commonweal of Christ.”the Commonweal of Christ.”

First March on WashingtonFirst March on Washington

William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)

The “Great Commoner”

Bryan’s“Cross of Gold”

Speech

Bryan’s“Cross of Gold”

SpeechYou shall not You shall not press down press down upon the brow upon the brow of labor this of labor this crown of crown of thorns; you thorns; you shall not shall not crucify crucify mankind upon mankind upon aa cross of goldcross of gold!!

William McKinley (1843-1901)William McKinley (1843-1901)

1896 Election Results

1896 Election Results

Gold Triumphs Over SilverGold Triumphs Over Silver

1900 1900 GoldGoldStandard ActStandard Act

confirmed theconfirmed thenation’s nation’s commitment tocommitment tothe gold the gold standardstandard

A victory for A victory for the the forces offorces ofconservatismconservatism

Why Did Populism Decline?

Why Did Populism Decline?

1.1. The economy experienced rapid The economy experienced rapid change.change.

2.2. Race divided the Populist Party, Race divided the Populist Party, especially in the South.especially in the South.

3.3. The Populists were not able to The Populists were not able to breakbreakexisting party loyalties.existing party loyalties.

4.4. Most of their agenda was co-opted Most of their agenda was co-opted bybythe Democratic Party.the Democratic Party.

Middle class reformers who were intent on improving society by eliminating government corruption, creating more economic opportunity and correcting problems in people’s daily lives

MuckrakersLincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities

Ida Tarbell - The History of Standard Oil

Reform!! At Last!!Government comes first

• City-manager system – Staunton, VA • Initiative – propose laws• Referendum – citizens

vote on laws• Recall – remove an

official from office• Direct primary – choose

a candidate to run• Secret ballot –

Australian ballot

Newport News Mayor

McKinley Price

Newport News City Manager

James Bourey

Louis Brandeisa new kind of law

• “Brandeis Brief”- social & economic causes; juvenile justice

• First minority appointed to the Supreme Court

The Age of Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt - The Square Deal

Youngest President

Cartoonists Loved Teddy

The Trust Buster

• Hepburn Act• Pure Food and Drug Act – FDA• Meat Inspection Act• Depts. of Commerce & Labor• conservation

Teddy’s Choice

Taft has a difficult road• Only President to also be

Chief Justice• True trust buster• Appeared pro-bosses, anti-

conservation, anti-tariff reform

“Uncle Joe” Cannon

Taft as a Failure

Teddy Returns

The Election of 1912A chance for the Democrats

The Stand for Suffrage

Election Results Election Results

GOP Divided by Bull MooseEquals Democratic Victory!

GOP Divided by Bull MooseEquals Democratic Victory!

Wilson Delivers• Amendments to the

Constitution – 16th – income tax 17th – direct election of

Senators 18th – Prohibition 19th – Women’s Suffrage• Clayton Antitrust Act• Underwood Tariff• Federal Reserve System –

“bankers’ banks”

Wilson continues

• Keating-Owen Child Labor Law

• Workingmen’s Compensation Act

• Federal Farm Loan Act

• Federal Trade Commission

World War I ends the movement