AP US AP US November 1, 2010November 1, 2010

With assistance from Ms. Susan M. With assistance from Ms. Susan M. PojerPojer

AP US AP US November 1, 2010November 1, 2010

With assistance from Ms. Susan M. With assistance from Ms. Susan M. PojerPojer

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

“Common Man”?“Common Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR

Voting Requirements Voting Requirements

in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Requirements Voting Requirements

in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

The New Democracy was based on Universal White Manhood Suffrage

Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860

Voter Turnout: 1820 - Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601860

More people can vote AND more people are “inspired” by politics

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?3 White male suffrage increased

3 Party nominating committees.3 Voters chose their state’s slate of

Presidential electors.3 Spoils system.3 Rise of Third Parties.3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies,

floats, beer etc.)3 The Missouri Compromise reawakened

many Americans to politics and got rid of the apathy and unorganized parties of the Era of Good Feelings

What is Jacksonian Democracy?

• Jeffersonian Democracy: The people should be governed as little as possible

• Jacksonian Democracy adds to this: The governing that is done should be done directly by the people

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis

• The existence of cheap and unsettled land in the West created a frontier society in America

• This greatly shaped the American character by making it more democratic and egalitarian

• It was wrong (we now know) but it influenced people’s idea of the West at the time.

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson During the Seminole

Wars

General Jackson During the Seminole

Wars

Jackson and Jacksonian Democracy

• Remember - Jackson was the RESULT of the New Democracy, not the cause of it

The “Common Man’s”

Presidential Candidate

The “Common Man’s”

Presidential Candidate

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy AdamsJohn Quincy Adams[MA][MA]

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun[SC][SC]

William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]

Results of the 1824 Results of the 1824 ElectionElection

Results of the 1824 Results of the 1824 ElectionElection

AA““Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain” ”

??

AA““Corrupt Corrupt BargainBargain” ”

??

John Quincy Adams• Short, bald, irritable,

sarcastic, and tactless• Swam naked in the

Potomac• One of the best

Secretaries of State, one of the worst Presidents

• Thought to be in league with Clay

• Nationalistic• Anti-Spoils

The Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

• Attempt by pro-Jacksonites to split New England and Adams

• Increased protective rates from Tariff of 1816

• 45% duty on some manufactured items (hurt the South)

• High tariff on raw materials like wool (would hurt New England factories)

The Tariff Yoke on the South

• South suffered under tariff because they sold their cotton in an unprotected world but had to buy manufactured goods at tariff prices.

• High tariff prices also cut consumption FROM the United States. – If America bought fewer English textiles,

England would buy less cotton. – Hurt the South coming and going.

The Tariff and Nullification

• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote the SC Exposition to promote nullification.

• He believed that nullification would actually prevent problems like secession.

• No other state joined in. Yet• Foreshadows the turning of the

country FROM Nationalism TO States Rights

Return of the Two Party Return of the Two Party SystemSystem3 The Two-party system returned in the 1828

election: The Democratic - Republicans would become:

National Republicans (1828) with JQA Whigs (1836) Republicans (1856)

The other half of the Democratic- Republicans would be: Democratic - Republicans (1828) with

Jackson Democrats (1832) with Jackson

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for Mourning for

His WifeHis Wife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for Mourning for

His WifeHis WifeAdams Adams was also was also bad-bad-mouthed, mouthed, he was he was called a called a gambler gambler and a and a pimp by pimp by JacksoniteJacksonites…s…

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The Jacksonian Revolution of 1828

• Really – how many political revolutions are there??

• Jackson won with support from the West and South

• Political shift to the people – “If Jefferson had been the hero of the

gentleman farmer, Jackson was the hero of the dirt farmer”

The Center of Population The Center of Population in the Country Moves in the Country Moves

WESTWEST

The Center of Population The Center of Population in the Country Moves in the Country Moves

WESTWEST

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South

3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

3 State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils spoils systemsystem

3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.special privilege.

3 His heart & soul was with theHis heart & soul was with the“plain folk.”“plain folk.”

3 Belief that the common man was Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Who was Old Hickory?

• Anti-federalist and Anti-American System (but federal government was ultimately supreme over the states)

• Pro-Common Man Democracy and states rights

• Anti-secession / Pro-union• Used veto more than all previous

presidents combined

Jackson Nationalizes the Spoils System

• “Throw the rascals out and put our rascals in”• First real overhaul of federal offices

– Really only approximately 1/5 of the old civil servants were dismissed

– Still – merit and the ideal of public service were thrown out and replaced by party loyalty

– Lots of corruption: one known crook was awarded the position of the collector of customs at the port of NYC, left for England after 9 years with $1 million.

• Spoils system was here to stay for over 50 years.

Jackson Nationalizes the Spoils System

• Jackson believed in the ideal of "rotation in office" or "turn about is fair play"

• Civil service had in some ways become corrupt and ineffective

• Goal: Let as many citizens as possible hold office for at least a short time.

• Sought to remove Adams-Clay appointees with loyal Jacksonians.

The Kitchen Cabinet• Martin van Buren (SOS) was the only

legitimate cabinet member• Typical 6 person cabinet was

supplemented by an extra-official cabinet of 13 ever changing members– Dubbed the “Kitchen Cabinet” by Jackson’s

enemies– But never really officially met, influence

has been exaggerated and was not unconstitutional

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”• Regular cabinet had crisis in 1831

because of “Eaton malaria”• Calhoun quit as VP and returned to the

Senate for SC abandoning nationalism and defending southern sectionalism. – Became known as “The Great Nullifier”

• Peggy Eaton didn’t cause the Civil War…

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel

• 1829-1830: New England was freaking out about Western expansion because it was draining the eastern population and moving politics westward

• In 1829, a New England senator introduced a resolution to curb the sale of public lands– Sectionalism flared up as the South allied with

the West (Supported by Hayne from SC who took Calhoun’s stance of nullification)

– Webster supported the New England side

The Webster-Hayne Forensic Duel

• A nine-day debate between the two sides took place in January of 1830.

• Webster turned the debate against nullification as well saying that if each of the (then) 24 states were two go their own way in regard to every law, there wouldn’t be a union: – “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one

and inseparable”

The The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne DebateThe The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne Debate

Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster

[MA][MA]

Sen. Robert Sen. Robert HayneHayne

[SC][SC]

Long Term Outcomes of the Duel

• There were no official judges and each side was happy with its champion

• Webster’s arguments for the Union were “seared in the mind” of countless Northerners as his speech was published in 40,000 pamphlets – Among the readers, a 21 year old Abraham

Lincoln and other schoolboys since the speech was published in school readers as well

Jackson and Calhoun

• Jackson was mainly silent on this issue and other politicians meant to smoke him out at a Jefferson day dinner by making toasts to Jefferson and eventually nullification. Against their expectations, Jackson’s toast was: “Our Union: It must be preserved”

• and Calhoun responded: “The union, next to our liberty, most dear”

Photo of Andrew Jackson in Photo of Andrew Jackson in 18441844

(one year before his death)(one year before his death)

Photo of Andrew Jackson in Photo of Andrew Jackson in 18441844

(one year before his death)(one year before his death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845