Blood & Circulation

Unit 10

Introduction

Blood is the primary transportation fluid of the body. Two of its most important functions are transportation and protection.

Blood Composition

Blood is a fluid tissue that has many chemicals dissolved in it and millions upon millions of cells floating in it.

Blood Composition

Blood – Mostly made of water. The body’s cells depend on food, oxygen & salt delivered through the circulatory system for survival.

Blood Composition

Blood – The average adultshas approximately 6 litersof blood in their body.

(7%-9% of total body wt.)

Blood Composition

Blood is made of two components:1.Plasma – liquid part2.Formed Elements – cells

& cell fragments

Blood Composition

Plasma - Plasma ProteinsAlbumins – thickens blood

Globulins – protects us from infections

Fibrinogen – needed for blood to clot

Blood Composition

Plasma - SerumContains antibodies which

can be used to treat patients with specific antigens.

Blood Composition

Plasma - SerumAntibody – substance that

destroys or deactivates a foreign matter (antigen) that attacks the body

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – 3 Kinds

Red Blood Cells – RBC(erythrocytes)White Blood Cells – WBC(leukocytes)Platelets - Thrombocytes

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – Red Blood Cells – RBCFunctions:1.Transports CO2 from cells

to lungs.2.Transports O2 from lungs

to cells.

Blood Composition

Oxygen – carried in red blood cells as oxyhemoglobin.

Wastes - dissolved in the blood and carried to excretory organs.

Blood Composition

Every second there are approximately 2 million RBC’s produced by the body.

How happy are they Jimmy?

Happier than an oxygenated red blood cell!

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – White Blood Cells – WBCFunction:1.Defend body from

microorganisms that invade tissues or bloodstream

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – White Blood Cells – WBC2.Phagocytosis – process bywhich phagocytes ingestand digest foreign matterattacking cells/tissues

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – White Blood Cells – WBC3.Provide immunity fromcertain infections/diseases

(antibodies)

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – White Blood Cells – WBCTypes:1.Granular – granules in

their cytoplasm2.Nongrannular – no

granules in cytoplasm

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – Platelets – ThrombocytesFunction:1.Essential for blood

clotting

Platelet

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – Platelets – ThrombocytesVitamin K stimulates livercells to produce prothrombin(blood protein) which causesfaster clotting.

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – Platelets – ThrombocytesVitamin K Food Sources:fruits, vegetables

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – Platelets – ThrombocytesClot FormationPlatelets turn sticky to startforming clot, fibrinogen (plasmaprotein) is combined withthrombin (protein) forming fibrin

Blood Composition

Formed Elements – Platelets – ThrombocytesFibrinA fibrous gel made of whatappears to be a tangle of finethreads. RBC’s are in thetangle.

Fibrin

Blood Composition

Normal Values (per cubic mm)

RBC’s - 4.2-5.8 Million

WBC’s – 5-9 Thousand

Platelets – 250-400 Thousand

Blood Types

ABO System Four different blood types:

Type A Type BType ABType O

Blood Types

ABO System Blood types are determined bythe antigen present in the RBC’sof the person’s blood at birth.The person can only accept blood with compatible antigen.

Blood Types Blood Type Antigen

Type A “A” Antigen

Type B “B” Antigen

Type AB“A” & “B” Antigens

Type O No Antigens

Blood Types

ABO System

Type O Universal Donor

Type AB Universal Recipient

Blood Types

Rh SystemRh Positive – RBC’s containadditional antigen called Rh

(First discovered in Rhesus monkeys)

Rh Negative – Rh Antigen does not exist

Blood Types Blood Type Antigen

A+“A” Antigen

Rh Antigen

A- “A” Antigen

B+“B” Antigen

Rh Antigen

B- “B” Antigen

Blood Types Blood Type Antigen

AB+“AB” Antigen

Rh Antigen

AB- “AB” Antigen

O+No Antigens

Rh Antigen

O- No Antigens

Blood Types

ABO System

Type O- Universal Donor

Type AB+ Universal Recipient

Blood DisordersErythroblastosis Fetalis

Baby from Rh Positive fatherand Rh Negative mother inherits the Rh Positiveantigen from father. Mother’sbody creates antibodies against baby’s Rh+ blood.

Blood DisordersErythroblastosis Fetalis

The FIRST baby born is not affected. This condition is adanger to future pregnanciesif the mother is not treated upon delivering the first baby.

Blood DisordersErythroblastosis Fetalis

Treatment – RhoGam Blood protein given by way of injection to mother upon delivery of first baby.

Blood DisordersErythroblastosis Fetalis

Treatment – RhoGam Stops the mother’s body fromforming anti-Rh antibodies preventing harm to next Rhpositive baby.

Blood DisordersAnemia

The inability of blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells due to decreased RBC’s.Causes: Trauma, Ulcers, Radiation, Infection

Blood DisordersPolycythemia

The thickening of blood caused by an overproduction of RBC’s in bone marrow.Can actually be too thick to flow properly.

Blood DisordersSickle Cell Anemia

Severe, sometimes fatal hereditary disease. When O2

is low in these patients, crystals form causing RBC’s to become deformed.

Blood DisordersSickle Cell Anemia

A drug called hydroxyurea has been shown to help reduce symptoms and even prevent sickle cell crisis.

Blood DisordersLeukopenia

Abnormally low WBC count.(under 5000/cubic mm)

AIDS is one example of a cause of leukopenia

Blood Composition

Normal Values (per cubic mm)

RBC’s - 4.2-5.8 Million

WBC’s – 5-9 Thousand

Platelets – 250-400 Thousand

Blood DisordersLeukocytosis

Abnormally high WBC count.(over 10,000/cubic mm)

More common than leukopenia and usually associated with infections.

Blood DisordersLeukemia

Malignant high WBC count.(can be > 30,000/cubic mm)

“Blood Cancer”The WBC’s do not function properly. Body not able to effectively defend self.

Blood DisordersThrombus

Stationary blood clot.

Blood DisordersEmbolus

Clot which moves throughout bloodstream.

Blood DisordersHemophelia

Inherited disorder. Failure of the body to form clotting

factors VIII, IX or XI

Blood DisordersHemophelia

Treatment: Extraction of these factors from donated

blood. (purified to decrease chances of transmitting viral diseases – HIV)

End Of Lecture