Chapter 14: Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

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Chapter 14:Blood Vessels andBlood Circulation


Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body

Overview



Key Terms

aorta endothelium vasomotor

arteriole pulse vein

artery sinusoid vena cava

baroreceptor sphygmomanometer vasodilation

capillary valve venule

compliance vasoconstriction

elasticity venous sinus



The Vascular System

• A closed system of vessels that transports blood to and from the lungs and body tissues



Figure 14-1 The cardiovascular system.

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? Which carry blood toward the heart?



Overview of Blood Vessels

Learning Outcomes

1.Differentiate among the five types of blood vessels with regard to structure and function.

2.Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits relative to location and function.




Blood Vessel Types

•Arteries

•Arterioles

•Capillaries

•Venules

•Veins



Figure 14-2 Sections of small blood vessels.

Which vessels have valves that control blood flow?




Blood Circuits

•The pulmonary circuit

– Pulmonary artery and its branches

– Capillaries in lungs

– Pulmonary veins

•The systemic circuit

– Aorta

– Systemic capillaries

– Systemic veins



Figure 14-1 The cardiovascular system.

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? Which carry blood toward the heart?




Vessel Structure

• Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veins

• Inner (endothelium)

• Middle (smooth [voluntary] muscle)

– Controlled by autonomic nervous system

– Thinner in veins

• Outer (supporting connective tissue)



Figure 14-3 Cross section of an artery and vein.

Which type of vessel shown has a thicker wall?




✓Checkpoints

14-1 What are the five types of blood vessels?

14-2 What are the two blood circuits and what areasdoes each serve?

14-3 What type of tissue makes up the middle tunic ofarteries and veins, and how is this tissue controlled?

14-4 How many cell layers make up the wall of acapillary?



Systemic Arteries

Learning Outcomes

3.Name the four sections of the aorta and list the main branches of each section.

4.Trace the pathway of blood through the main arteries of the upper and lower limbs.

5.Define anastomosis, cite its function, and give several examples.



Systemic Arteries

The Aorta

•Largest artery

•Receives blood from left ventricle

•Branches to all organs

Parts of the Aorta

•Ascending aorta

•Aortic arch

•Thoracic aorta

•Abdominal aorta



Systemic Arteries

Branches of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Arch

•Ascending aorta

– Left and right coronary arteries

•Aortic arch

– Brachiocephalic artery

• Right subclavian artery

• Right common carotid artery

– Left common carotid artery

– Left subclavian artery



Systemic Arteries

Branches of the Thoracic Aorta

•Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi

•Intercostal arteries



Systemic Arteries

Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

•Celiac trunk

– Left gastric artery

– Splenic artery

– Hepatic artery

•Superior mesenteric artery

•Inferior mesenteric artery



Systemic Arteries

Branches of the Abdominal Aorta (continued)

•Paired lateral branches

– Phrenic arteries

– Suprarenal arteries

– Renal arteries

– Ovarian and testicular arteries

– Lumbar arteries



Figure 14-4 The aorta and its branches.

How many brachiocephalic arteries are there?



Systemic Arteries

Arteries to the Pelvis and Leg

•Internal iliac arteries

•External iliac arteries

– Femoral artery

• Popliteal artery

Tibial arteries

Dorsalis pedis



Systemic Arteries

Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head

•External carotid artery

•Internal carotid artery

•Subclavian artery

– Vertebral artery

– Axillary artery

• Brachial artery

Radial artery

Ulnar artery



Figure 14-5 Principal systemic arteries.

What large vessels branch from the terminal aorta?



Systemic Arteries

Anastomoses

•A communication between two vessels

•Examples

– Circle of Willis

– Superficial palmar arch

– Mesenteric arches

– Arterial arches



Figure 14-6 Arteries that supply the brain.



Systemic Arteries

✓Checkpoints

14-5 What are the subdivisions of the aorta, the largestartery?

14-6 What are the three branches of the aortic arch?

14-7 What areas are supplied by the brachiocephalicartery?

14-8 What is an anastomosis?



Systemic Veins

Learning Outcomes

6.Compare superficial and deep veins and give examples of each type.

7.Name the main vessels that drain into the superior and inferior venae cavae.

8.Define venous sinus and give several examples of venous sinuses.

9.Describe the structure and function of the hepatic portal system.



Systemic Veins

• Superficial veins

– Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins

– Saphenous veins

• Deep veins

– Femoral and iliac vessels

– Brachial, axillary, subclavian vessels

– Jugular veins

– Brachiocephalic vein



Systemic Veins

The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries

•Superior vena cava

– Head, neck, upper extremities

•Azygos vein

– Chest wall

•Inferior vena cava

– Right, left veins from paired parts, organs

– Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract



Figure 14-7 Principal systemic veins.

How many brachiocephalic veins are there?



Systemic veins

Venous Sinuses

•Coronary sinus

•Cranial venous sinuses

– Cavernous sinuses

• Petrosal sinuses

– Superior sagittal sinus

• Confluence of sinuses

– Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)



Systemic Veins

The Hepatic Portal System

•Carries blood from abdominal organs to liver

– Superior mesenteric vein

– Splenic vein

– Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veins

– Sinusoids



Figure 14-8 Hepatic portal system.

What vessel do the hepatic veins drain into?



Systemic Veins

✓Checkpoints

14-9 What is the difference between superficial and deep veins?

14-10 What two large veins drain the systemic bloodvessels and empty into the right atrium?

14-11 What is a venous sinus?

14-12 The hepatic portal system takes blood from theabdominal organs to which organ?



Circulation Physiology

Learning Outcomes

10.Explain the forces that affect exchange across the capillary wall.

11.Describe the factors that regulate blood flow.

12.Define pulse and list factors that affect pulse rate.




• Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other substances generated by cells

• Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange medium




Capillary Exchange

•How substances move between cells and capillary blood

– Diffusion

• Main process

– Blood pressure

• Moves material into tissue fluid

– Osmotic pressure

• Moves material into capillaries



Figure 14-9 The role of capillaries.




The Dynamics of Blood Flow

•Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activities

– Vasodilation

– Vasoconstriction

•Precapillary sphincter




Return of Blood to the Heart

•Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heart

– Contraction of skeletal muscles

– Valves

– Breathing



Figure 14-10 Blood return.

Which of the two valves shown is closer to the heart?




✓Checkpoints

14-13 What force helps to push materials out of acapillary? What force helps to draw materials into a capillary?

14-14 Name the two types of vasomotor changes.

14-15 Where are vasomotor activities regulated?




The Pulse

•Ventricular contraction

•Wave of increased pressure

•Begins at heart and travels to arteries




The Pulse (continued)

•Influenced by various factors

– Body size

– Gender

– Age

– Muscular activity

– Emotion

– Body temperature

– Thyroid secretion




Learning Outcomes

13.List the factors that affect blood pressure.

14.Explain how blood pressure is commonly measured.




Blood Pressure

•Force exerted by blood against vessel walls

•Determined by

– Cardiac output

– Blood vessel resistance to blood flow



Figure 14-11 Blood pressure.

In which vessels does the pulse pressure drop to zero?



Cardiac Output

• Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in

one minute

• Heart rate

– Beats per minute

• Stroke volume

– Controlled by force of contractions




Resistance to Blood Flow

•Peripheral resistance is affected by

– Vasomotor changes

– Baroreceptors in large arteries

– Elasticity of blood vessels

– Viscosity

– Total blood volume




Blood Pressure Measurement

•Pressure is measured in the brachial arm artery using a sphygmomanometer.

– Systolic pressure

• Occurs during heart contraction

• Normal systolic: 120 mmHg

– Diastolic pressure

• Occurs during heart relaxation

• Normal diastolic: 80 mmHg



Figure 14-12 Measurement of blood pressure.




✓Checkpoints

14-16 What is the definition of pulse?

14-17 What is the definition of blood pressure?

14-18 What is the most significant factor in determination of peripheral resistance?

14-19 What two components of blood pressure aremeasured?



Case Study

Learning Outcome

15. Referring to the case study, trace the pathway of an embolus from the femoral vein to the pulmonary artery.



Case Study

Pathway of an Embolus From the Femoral Vein to the Pulmonary Artery

Femoral vein External iliac vein Common iliac vein Inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary arteries



Word Anatomy

Learning Outcome

16. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the blood vessels and circulation.



Word Anatomy

Chapter 14: Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation

Documents

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