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BIOMES
a. Large geographic regions of the earth’s surface defined by a specific
climate and dominant plant and animal species.
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*Can contain many different ecosystems
*6 Major Terrestrial Biomes:
Coniferous ForestDeciduous Forest
DesertGrassland
Tropical Rain ForestTundra
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TUNDRALocation =
South of Arctic Circle; North of Coniferous Forest
; Only in Northern Hemisphere.Polar Zone
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TUNDRA
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TUNDRATemperature:
Very low temperatures; Range = -34o – 55o F;
(video -113 – 41 F) Long winter, very short summer
= growing season.
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TUNDRAPrecipitation:
Low; 2nd only to desert in least amount of precipitation.
Approx. 10” annually.Snow that does fall doesn’t
melt quickly.
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TUNDRAAnimals:
Caribou, Musk Oxen, ptarmigan, arctic fox,
lemmings, mosquitoes, biting flies.
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Ptarmigan in summer plumage
Ptarmigan in winter
plumage
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Arctic Fox in summer coat
Arctic Fox in winter coat
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Extra Fat/Fur
for winter;
Seasonal Coloration
;
Migration
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TUNDRAAutotrophs:
Lichen, arctic willow, reindeer moss, candy tuff
grass.
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Low growing to avoid wind; rapid reproductive cycle.
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SPRING
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SUMMER
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WINTER
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Coniferous Forest
Location:
Just south of the tundra; above deciduous forest in
northern hemisphere. Temperate Zone
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Coniferous Forest
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Coniferous ForestTemperature:
Low to moderate temperatures; -20o-mid 80’so
F; Long winter followed short spring, summer, and fall seasons. Only 50-100 frost-free days per year.
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Coniferous Forest
Precipitation:
Low to moderate; Ranks 4th in amount; 10-30”
annually.(video = 20-50” annually)
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Coniferous Forest
Animals:
Moose, elk, grizzly bear, wolverines, badgers, lynx,
mink, fishers, crossbill, loons
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Extra fat/fur in winter; hibernation; migration
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Coniferous Forest
Plants:
Many Fir trees, Pine trees, Spruce trees, and Larches; scattered Aspen, Maples, Birch; blueberry bushes.
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Coniferous ForestPlant Adaptations:
Needles = reduced surface area to reduce water loss; antifreeze-like chemical inside prevents water from freezing; needles retained all year to photosynthesize all year.
Shape of tree & flexible branches allows snow to slide off.
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Coniferous Forest
Other:
Thick layer of decaying needles on forest floor
creates acidic soil.Least diverse forest.
Largest terrestrial biome.
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Deciduous ForestLocation:
Mid-latitudes of northern and southern hemisphere; Just south of coniferous
forest in northern hemisphere. Temperate
Zone
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Deciduous Forest
Deciduous Forest
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Deciduous Forest
Temperatures:
Low to moderate temperatures; -5o to 85o
F; 4 seasons of equal length.
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Deciduous Forest
Precipitation:
Moderate to high; Ranks 5th in amount; Range = 30”- 60” (video = 30”-
80”) annually.
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Deciduous Forest
Animals:
White Tail Deer, Gray squirrel, Black bear,
Cottontail rabbit, Opossum, Box turtle,
Rattlesnake, Chickadee, Cardinals, Eastern
Bluebird.
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Deciduous Forest
Animal Adaptations:
HibernationExtra fat/fur in winterMigration (70% of birds do
this!)
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Deciduous Forest
Plants:
Oak trees, Maple trees, Hickory trees, Walnut
trees, Poplar trees, Ash trees, Mountain laurel, Eastern Hemlock, White
Pines.
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Deciduous ForestPlant Adaptations:
Broad Flat leaves = increased surface area for maximum photosynthesis during growing season.
Autumn Leave Abscission = preparation for winter.
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Deciduous Forest
Other:
Rich layer of soil (humus) on forest floor from
annual decay of leaves. Autumn leave Abscission
= Colorful autumn.
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GRASSLANDSLocation:
Middle latitudes in the interior of continents (except Antarctica)
Temperate and Tropic Zones
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GRASSLANDS
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GRASSLANDSTemperature:
Low – high; -40o – 100+oF.
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GRASSLANDSPrecipitation:
Low to moderate; Ranks 3rd in amount.
Range = 10”-20” (video = 10”-40”) annually.
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GRASSLANDSAnimals:
Bison, Prairie dogs, Jack rabbit, Antelope,
Diamondback Rattlesnake, Prairie Chickens, Wolves,
Coyote.
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GRASSLANDSAnimal Adaptations:
HibernationExtra fat/fur in the winterMigrationBurrowing = dig into ground to hide and stay cool/dry.
Herding = Safety in numbers
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GRASSLANDSPlants:
Bluegrass, Needle grass, Little bluestem grass, Indian grass, Switch
grass, Clover, Sunflowers, Coneflowers
(10,000 types of native grasses)
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GRASSLANDSPlant Adaptations:Low growth point (at base
of leaves above roots) allows plant to survive
fire, grazing, drought, and freezing and then grow
back.
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Crown = location of the apical meristem = growth point of grass.
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GRASSLANDSOther:
Extremely fertile soil due to annual decay of grasses.
Not enough precipitation to support the growth of trees.
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DESERTLocation:
Scattered; Usually between 15o – 30o Latitude
North and South of the equator. Many form on
the leeward side of mountain ranges.
Temperate and Tropic Zones
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DESERTS
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DESERTSTemperature:
Low to high; Below freezing - +100oF.
Direct Sunlight due to lack of clouds and humidity;
Greatest temperature change in 24 hr. period of time.
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DESERTSPrecipitation:
Extremely Low; Typically less than 10”
annually; Very low humidity.
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DESERTSAnimals:
Horned lizard, Gila monster, Kangaroo rat, Sidewinder rattlesnake, Black tailed
jack rabbit, Kit fox
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DESERTSAnimal Adaptations:
NocturnalEstivationLarge EarsControl of body temperature.
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DESERTSPlants
Prickly Pear Cactus, Saguaro Cactus, Yucca, Creosote bush, Ocotillo.
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DESERTSPlant Adaptations:
*Stems Store Water*Modified Leaves = Needles = reduced surface area & defense of stored water
*Extensive Root system
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DESERTSOther:
Greatest change in temperature in a 24 hour period of time.
Hot days = No clouds to filter sun; Cold nights = no cloud cover to
hold in daytime heat; sand does not insulate the ground. Soil is not very fertile.
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Tropical Rainforest
Location:
Just to the north and south of the equator; 7% of the
earth’s surface. Tropic Zone
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Tropical Rainforest
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Tropical Rainforest
Temperature:
High; 75o-95oF (video = 75-86);
Eternal Summer = consistent temperature and length of day year
round.
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Tropical Rainforest
Precipitation:
Extremely High; Ranks 6th in amount; 50”-260” (video = 80”-480”)
annually; Extremely humid.
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Tropical Rainforest
Animals
Toucan, Tree sloth, Boa; Leopard, Iguana, Gecko, Tree frogs, Poison Arrow Frogs, Spider monkey,
Parrots, Tons of Insects!
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Tropical Rainforest
Animal Adaptations: (Add these!)
Arboreal = appendages modified for tree-dwelling life ; prehensile tail used for grasping trees branches)
Camouflage = many are green to blend in with background
Vocal = communicate vocally; hard to see each other through dense foliage.
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Tropical Rainforest
Plants
Kapok tree, Orchids, Rubber tree, Manioc, Hanging lianas, Moss,
Lichen, Bromeliads, Ferns.
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Tropical RainforestPlant Adaptations:
Fast growing = compete to reach the sun
Epiphytic= air plants grow on tree branches to get sun
Leaf petioles articulate = to follow sun
Leaves = drip tips to shed excess water
Extensive roots = to anchor in water logged soil
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Tropical Rainforest
Other:
Stratified Layers = Emergent Layer;
Canopy; Under story; Forest Floor
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Most of the animals live here
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Tropical Rainforest
Greatest Diversity of Organisms !
Biome with the least diversity?Tundra