Biologi . Plant Body

NILLA DWI KARTIKA , S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT’S BODY


OBJECTIVE

• To identify the structure and the functions of the plant body


Plant Tissue (Jaringan Pada tumbuhan)

• Meristem tissue : jaringan muda yang senantiasa membelah.

• Epidermis is the outher part of plant organ• Cortex is a filter space between the

epidermis and the vascular tissue ex: Parenchyma,collenchyma and

schlerenchyma• Vascular tissue fills the inside part of the

plant organ


Meristems Tissue (Jaringan meristem)

Figure. 35.15

Apical meristem Leaf primordia

Developingvascularstrand

Axillary budmeristems

0.25 mm


Parenchyma cells60 m

PARENCHYMA CELLS

80 m Cortical parenchyma cells

COLLENCHYMA CELLS

Collenchyma cells

SCLERENCHYMA CELLS

Cell wall

Sclereid cells in pear

25 m

Fiber cells

5 m


Vascular Tissue (Xylem and Phloem)

WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM

Vessel Tracheids 100 m

Tracheids and vessels

Vesselelement

Vessel elements withpartially perforated end walls

Pits

Tracheids

SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM

Companion cell

Sieve-tubemember

Sieve-tube members:longitudinal view

Sieveplate

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Companioncell

30 m

15 m


The Organs of Plant are: 1.Root2.Stem3.Leaf4.Flower5.Fruit

THE MAIN

ORGANS


ROOT / AKAR• The structure of plant that located in the

ground• Root have three main functions:

- Absorb water and minerals from the soil- Anchor a plant in the ground- Store food

(a) Prop roots (akar penyangga) (b) Storage roots(c) “Strangling” aerial

roots

(d) Buttress roots (akar tunjang) (e) Pneumatophores

Modified Roots


Types of Root

• Fibrous Root System• Taproot System


Fibrous Root System

• Consist of many similarly sized roots that form a dense

• Grass, Corn, and Onions have fibrous root system


Taproot System• A taproot system has one long,

thick main root.• Many smaller roots

branch off the main root• A plant with a taproot system

is hard to pull out of the ground• Mango, Orange, and Apple

have taproot system


The Structure of a Root• Tip of the root is rounded

and is covered by a sructurecalled the ROOT CAP

• The Root cap protects the root from injury from rocks as the root grows through the soil

• Root hairs grow out of the root’s surface


Inner Structure of Root• Surface cells (Epidermis)• Cortex• Endodermis• Stele (Center of the root) Vascular SystemVascular System consist of Xylem and PhloemXylem: Transports water and minerals upward to the plant’s stem and leaves.Phloem: Transport food manufactured in the leaves to the root.The root tissues may then use the food for growth or store it for future use by plant


Akar dikotil

CortexVascularcylinder

EndodermisPericycle

Core ofparenchymacells

Xylem

50 m

EndodermisPericycle

XylemPhloem

Key

100 m

VascularGroundDermal

PhloemTransverse section of a root with parenchymain the center. The stele of many monocot roots is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchymasurrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.

(b)Transverse section of a typical root. In theroots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, aswell as some monocots, the stele is a vascularcylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylemwith phloem between the lobes.

(a)100 m

Epidermis

Akar monokotil

Activity 1

Root hair model


STEM / batangThe stem of a plant has three main functions:• The stem carries substances between the

plant’s root and leaves• The stem also provides support for the plant• Store food

Rhizomes. The edible base of this ginger plant is an example of a rhizome, a horizontal stem that grows just below the surface or emerges and grows along thesurface.

(d)

Tubers. Tubers, such as these red potatoes, are enlarged ends of rhizomes specializedfor storing food. The “eyes” arranged in a spiral pattern around a potato are clusters of axillary buds that markthe nodes.

(c)Bulbs. Bulbs are vertical,underground shoots consistingmostly of the enlarged bases of leaves that store food. You can see the many layers of modified leaves attached to the short stem by slicing an onion bulb lengthwise.

(b)

Stolons. Shown here on a strawberry plant, stolons are horizontal stems that grow along the surface. These “runners”enable a plant to reproduce asexually, as plantlets form at nodes along each runner.

(a)

Storage leaves

Stem

Root Node

Rhizome

Root

BRAMBANG

KENTANG

STROBERI

JAHE

Modified Stems


Types of Stem• Herbaceous

Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often soft. Sunflower and pepper plant a have herbaceous stems.

• Woody woody stems are hard and rigid. Mango and roses have woody stems. A woody stem contains several layer of tissue.

Perbedaan batang berkayu dan herba

• Herba : lunak, berwarna hijau, tidak berkayu, batang kecil, umur pendek, epidermis tipis dan terdapat stomata

• Batang berkayu : keras, tebal, umur panjang, terdapat lentisel.

• Lentisel adalah tonjolan-tonjolan yg terbuka dan berhubungan dengan rongga antar sel, fungsi sebagai tempat pertukaran gas.


Annual Rings• These circles are called annual rings because they

represent a tree’s yearly growth.• Annual rings are made of xylem• Xylem cells that form in the spring are large and have

thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a wide and light brown ring.

• Xylem cells that form in the summer grow slowly and therefore are small and have thick walls. They produce a thin and dark ring.


The difference of stem structures between monocotyledon and dicotyledon

NO DICOTYLEDON MONOCOTYLEDON

1 Has branches Has no branches and straight

2 Has cambium so that it can enlarge Has no cambium

3Transport tissue are organized in circular fashion

Transport tissues are spread around irregularly

STRUKTUR BATANG DIKOTIL

XylemPhloem

Sclerenchyma(fiber cells)

Ground tissueconnecting pith to cortex

Pith

EpidermisVascularbundle

CortexKeyDermal GroundVascular

1 mm

## A eudicot stem. A eudicot stem (sunflower), withvascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue towardthe inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward theoutside is called cortex. (LM of transverse section)

Groundtissue

Epidermis

Vascularbundles

## A monocot stem. A monocot stem (maize) with vascularbundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such anarrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith andcortex. (LM of transverse section)

STRUKTUR BATANG MONOKOTIL

Evaluation

1. What is meant of lentisel ? Write down its function !

2. Write down the difference between dicots stems and monocot stems ! (3)


Bagian daun :• Helaian daun dg tulang daun• Tangkai daun• Pelepah daunStruktur luar• Berdasarkan susunan daunnya

dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu :- daun tunggal- daun majemuk

LEAF (DAUN)


LEAVES• Leaves vary greatly in size and shape• Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the food-making process

of photosynthesis

The Function of Leaf

• The place of photosynthesis (tempat fotosintesis)

• The place of gaseous exchage (tempat pertukaran gas)

• Alat pengeluaran kelebihan air

• Alat perkembangbiakan vegetatif

(a) Tendrils. The tendrils by which thispea plant clings to a support are modified leaves. After it has “lassoed” a support, a tendril forms a coil that brings the plant closer to the support. Tendrils are typically modified leaves, but some tendrils are modified stems, as in grapevines.

(b) Spines. The spines of cacti, such as this prickly pear, are actually leaves, and photosynthesis is carried out mainly by the fleshy green stems.

(c) Storage leaves. Most succulents, such as this ice plant, have leaves modified for storing water.

(d) Bracts. Red parts of the poinsettia are often mistaken for petals but are actually modified leaves called bracts that surround a group of flowers. Such brightly colored leaves attract pollinators.

(e) Reproductive leaves. The leaves of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe daigremontiana, produce adventitious plantlets, which fall off the leaf and take root in the soil.

Modified leaves


The Structure of a LeafThe leaf’s top and bottom surface layers protect the

cell inside.Between the layers of cells are veins that contain

xylem and phloem.The surface layers of the leaf have small openings or

pores called stomata.Stomata open and close to control when gases enter

and leave the leaf.The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are

located near the leaf’s upper surface.The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts traps the sun’s

energy


Controlling Water Loss

• The process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves in called transpiration.

• One way that plants retain water is by closing the stomata.

• The stomata often close when leaves start to dry out.

FLOWER / BUNGA

Bagian bunga :1. Tangkai bunga2. Kelopak3. Mahkota bunga4. Kepala sari5. Tangkai sari6. Kepala Putik7. Bakal buah

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7

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2

1

NILLA DWI KARTIKA, S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO

BIJI TANAMAN DIKOTIL

Seed coat

Radicle

Epicotyl

Hypocotyl

Cotyledons

NILLA DWI KARTIKA, S.Pd. SMPN 1 WONOSOBO

BIJI TANAMAN MONOKOTIL

Scutellum(cotyledon)

Coleoptile

Coleorhiza

Pericarp fusedwith seed coat

Endosperm

Epicotyl

Hypocotyl

Radicle

Biologi . Plant Body

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