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BIOGEOGRAPHY

OF INDONESIA

Ani Mardiastuti

MESOZOIC ERA (200 million years ago)

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Distribution of Ratites

Distance does not matter

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CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND ANIMAL

DISTRIBUTION

Biogeographic Regions

Sclater—Birds, Marine Mammals

Wallace—Terrestrial Mammals

Hooker—Plants

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The World‟s Zoogeographic Regions

from Time to Time

FATHER OF BIOGEOGRAPHY

Philip Lutley Sclater

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Zoogeographic Regions

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Zoogeographic Region

1. Holarctic (Palearctic plus Nearctic)

a. Palearctic

Europe, North Africa (to Sahara), Asia (except India,

Pakistan and SE Asia) and Middle East.

Number of vertebrate families = 42; Endemics

families = 0.

b. Nearctic

Canada, USA, Mexico to tropics

Number of families = 37; endemics = 2.

2. Neotropical

Tropical Mexico south to South America, Antilles

Number of families = 50; endemics = 19.

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3. Ethiopian

Madagascar, Africa south of the Sahara, southern

Arabian Peninsula

Number of families = 52; endemics = 18.

4. Oriental

Pakistan, India, Southeast Asia, Philippines,

Indonesia west of Wallace's line (Sumatra, Java,

Borneo)

Number of families = 50; endemics = 4.

5. Australian

Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania, Indonesian

Islands east of Wallace's line (Celebes, Timor, etc.)

NOTE: does not include New Zealand

Number of families = 28; endemics = 17.

6. Oceanic

Oceans of the world and truly oceanic, isolated,

small islands

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Alfred Russel Wallace

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Endemic Fauna of Sulawesi

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Zoogeographic Regions for Marine Species (based on marine mammals)

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Phytogeographic Regions of the World

Floristic Regions (Good‟s)

1. Boreal or Holarctic 2. Neotropical 3. Paleotropical 4. Cape or South African 5. Australian 6. Antarctic

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Nikolai Vavilov's centers of origin:

Southeast Asia - coconut, rice, sugarcane China - Chinese cabbages, soybean

India - cucumbers, eggplant, pigeonpea

Turkey-Iran - wheat, barley, oats, figs

Mediterranean - almonds, cabbage, olives

Mexico/Central America - maize, tomato

Andes/Brazil/Paraguay - peppers, potato, rubber

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Global Climate Pattern

Global Warming and Shift of Plant Distribution

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Biodiversity Hotspots (Conservation International)

17 Wallaces’ Biogeographic Principles

1. Distance alone does not determine degree of

biogeographic affinity.

2. Climate has strong, but not complete, effect on

taxonomic similarity.

3. Prerequisites for determining biogeographic patterns:

detailed knowledge of distributions

natural classification of organisms

theory of evolution

knowledge of extinct forms

knowledge of historical geology

4. Fossil record is positive record of past migrations.

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5. Present biota strongly influenced by last geological

and climatic events.

6. Competition, predation, etc. influence distribution,

dispersal, extinction.

7. Discontinuous ranges result (sometimes) from

extinction or habitats mosaics.

8. Species results from geographic isolation and local

adaptation.

9. Disjunctions of genera and higher taxa are older than

those between species.

10. Oceanic islands usually colonized through long-

distance dispersal.

11. Past land connections reflect current distributions of

poor dispersers.

12. Adaptive radiations can occur when predation

and competition are reduced.

13. Suturing formerly isolated biotas can lead to

extinctions through competition.

14. Current and historical processes can act at

different intensities.

15. Island biotas form according to island type (land-

bridge, oceanic).

16. Patterns are simplified in island biotas, making

them important model systems.

17. To analyze the history of a regional biota:

phylogenetic and distributional data.

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Human Influence on Original Species

Distribution

Human colonization

Harvest flora and fauna

Introduction of new species

Reintroduction

Competition with indigenous human / flora / fauna

Impact :

Failure of colonization

Coexistence

Extirpation of indigenous human/flora/fauna

Human Colonization

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Americans vs. First Nations (“Indian”)

Australians vs. Aborigins

Cases

Related to human colonization

Impact :

Decrease or extinction of some species,

esp. endemic species

Habitat degradation

Community change

Harvest of Flora and Fauna

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Cases : Extinction

Passenger Pigeon

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Birds of Hawaii

Human: the „intelligent‟ creature

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Animal Extinction Since 1600

Taxon Island Continents

Birds 97 20

Molluscs 151 40

Mammals 34 24

Reptiles 22 1

Amphibians 0 2

Insects 51 10

Total 355 97

Habitat Degradation

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Community Change

Introduction of New Species

Sentimental reason European Starling

Water hyacinth

Production Eucalyptus

Ostrich

Long-tailed Macaques

Various domesticated species

“Control” of pest Mongoose in Hawaii

Dingo in Australia

Why introduce species ?

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Domesticated Plants & Animals

Alien species around us

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Floriculture species

Horticulture

Aquaria

Agriculture

Pets

Sylviculture

Estate crops

Trends

Usually ok if

NON-INVASIVE

Global Problem :

Invasive Alien Species

Indigenous Species decrease or

extinct

Carp vs. trout in US rivers

Cause problems to human

Water hyacinth (eceng gondok),

Keong emas

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Alien sp.

Alien species sometimes lead to

transmission of new disease and new

pests

Some diseases zoonosis

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„Kutu loncat‟

New Castle Disease

Avian influenza (Flu burung)

Anthrax

Cases in Indonesia

Reintroduction

Try to “fix” ecosystem

Case:

Bali Starling in Bali

Rote Island Snake-necked Turtle