Biodiversity conservation: genetic diversity and deadwood
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Transcript of Biodiversity conservation: genetic diversity and deadwood
Biodiversity Conservation – week 3
Marco Pautasso (marpauta at gmail.com)
London Metropolitan Univ. - 2010
Biodiversity Conservationmain topics – week 3
Conservation of genetic diversity
Biodiversity and deadwood
Fagus sylvatica - European beech: bark vs. seedling
Sources: Kew Gardens (2009) and Wikimedia Commons
Fagus sylvatica - European beech: seedling
Source: WikimediaCommons, Germany - May 2005
Source: WikimediaCommons, Poland - April 2004
Source: WikimediaCommons, Denmark – May 2005
Fagus sylvatica: early spring
Source: WikimediaCommons, Scotland – November 2006
Fagus sylvatica in autumn
Svenning & Skov (2004) Ecology Letters and Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Fagus sylvatica: geographical distribution
Source: Euforgen
Source: WikimediaCommons, Finland
Betula pendula – silver birch
Source: WikimediaCommons
Betula pendula
Source: Euforgen
Source: WikimediaCommons
Quercus robur: pedunculate oak
Source: WikimediaCommons
Quercus robur, pedunculate oak: leaf and acorns
Source: WikimediaCommons
Quercus robur
Source: Euforgen
Source: WikimediaCommons
Aesculus hippocastanum: horse chestnut
Sources: Forest Research (UK) and Wikimedia Commons
Cameraria ohridella: the horse chestnut leaf miner
Source: Wikimedia Commons (France, August 2007) and DAISIE (EU)
Cameraria ohridella: the horse chestnut leaf miner
Source: WikimediaCommons
Aesculus hippocastanum: horse chestnut
Carl Larsson, Under the Chestnut Tree (1912)
Source: WikimediaCommons
Camille Pissarro, Les chataigniers à Osny (1873)
Source: WikimediaCommons
Castanea sativa: sweet chestnut
Source: WikimediaCommons
Castanea sativa: sweet chestnut
Source: Euforgen
Source: Euforgen
Source: WikimediaCommons
Carpinus betulus: hornbeam
Source: WikimediaCommons, Köln, Germany
Carpinus betulus: hornbeam
Source: Svenning & Skov (2004) Ecology Letters & Norfolk Wildlife Trust
Carpinus betulus: hornbeam
Source: Wikimedia commons
Acer pseudoplatanus: sycamore
Source: WikimediaCommons
Rhytisma acerinum on Acer pseudoplatanus
Source: Euforgen
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Platanus x hispanica – London plane
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Platanus x hispanica – London plane
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Platanus vs. Acer
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Ulmus spp. (elms)
Source: Euforgen
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Fraxinus excelsior - common ash
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Fraxinus excelsior - common ash
Source: Euforgen
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Tilia cordata – small-leaved lime
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Tilia cordata – small-leaved lime
Source: Euforgen
Source: Kew Gardens, Autumn 2009
Ficus carica – fig tree
Source: Kew Gardens, May 2009
Ficus carica – fig tree
A selection of 12 UK tree species•European beech – Fagus sylvatica
•Silver birch – Betula pendula•Pedunculate oak – Quercus robur
•Horse chestnut – Aesculus hippocastanum•Sweet chestnut – Castanea sativa
•Hornbeam – Carpinus betulus•Sycamore – Acer pseudoplatanus
•London plane – Platanus x hispanica•Elms - Ulmus spp.
•Common ash – Fraxinus excelsior•Small-leaved lime – Tilia cordata
•Fig tree – Ficus carica
Source: Wikimedia Commons
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Source: Wikimedia Commons
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
Source: WikimediaCommons/Kew Gardens
(i) (j)
(k)
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine
Source: Euforgen
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Pinus sylvestris – Scots pineScotland (Cairngorms)
Spain (Sierra de Guadarrama) Georgia (Caucasus)
Finland
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Pinus sylvestris – Scots pine
Source: Euforgen
Source: Kew Gardens
Pinus pinea – stone pine
Source: Vendramin et al. (2008) Evolution
Pinus pinea – genetic diversity
Source: Gao et al. (2007) Molecular Ecology
Taxus wallichiana – genetic diversity
Source: Fussi et al. (2010) Tree Genetics and Genomes
Populus tremula and P. alba – genetic diversity
Summary•Genetic diversity is an important
component of biodiversity
•It provides adaptation potential to new environmental conditions
•Conservation has often been neglected geographical patterns in genetic diversity
•However, there is a remarkable increase in research on conservation genetics
Are the main threats to biodiversity also affecting genetic diversity?
Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss
Water, air and soil pollution
Species introductions
Climate change
GENETIC DIVERSITY
?
Source: WSL, CH
The importance of deadwood
Source: Wikimedia Commons & WSL, CH
Snags vs. logs
Source: Kew Gardens, Spring 2009
Ancient trees → deadwood → biodiversity
Source: Wikimedia Commons & WSL, CH
Snags vs. logs
Source: Wikimedia Commons & WSL, CH
Snags vs. logs
Summary•Deadwood is fundamental for biodiversity,
but has been often reduced by mankind
•It provides habitat for many fungal, lichen and bryophyte, arthropod, mammal and bird species
•Variable types of deadwood are needed for different saproxylic (deadwood-dependent) species
•Both downed and standing deadwood are important
Source: WSL, CH
Wood decay = biodiversity
tons/ha
Verkerket al. 2009
%
%
[CO2]
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
CO2 emissions (2000) per continent
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
CO2 emissions (2000) per country
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
CO2 emissions (cumulative: 1880-2004) per country
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
CO2 emissions since 2000: scenarios vs. data
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
Human population densities
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
Human population densities: USA vs. Europe
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
Human population density vs. energy consumption
from MacKay (2009) Sustainable Energy
Human population density vs. energy consumption
ReferencesBarbosa AM, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) Positive regional species–people correlations: a sampling artefact or a key issue for sustainable development? Animal Conservation 13: 446-447Cantarello E, Steck CE, Fontana P, Fontaneto D, Marini L & Pautasso M (2010) A multi-scale study of Orthoptera species richness and human population size controlling for sampling effort. Naturwissenschaften 97: 265-271Golding J, Güsewell S, Kreft H, Kuzevanov VY, Lehvävirta S, Parmentier I & Pautasso M (2010) Species-richness patterns of the living collections of the world's botanic gardens: a matter of socio-economics? Annals of Botany 105: 689-696Pautasso M (2009) Geographical genetics and the conservation of forest trees. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Systematics & Evolution 11: 157-189Pautasso M & Chiarucci A (2008) A test of the scale-dependence of the species abundance-people correlation for veteran trees in Italy. Annals of Botany 101: 709-715 Pautasso M & Dinetti M (2009) Avian species richness, human population and protected areas across Italy’s regions. Environmental Conservation 36: 22-31Pautasso M & Fontaneto D (2008) A test of the species-people correlation for stream macro-invertebrates in European countries. Ecological Applications 18: 1842-1849Pautasso M & Parmentier I (2007) Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns observed in natural ecosystems? Botanica Helvetica 117: 15-28Pautasso M & Powell G (2009) Aphid biodiversity is correlated with human population in European countries. Oecologia 160: 839-846Pautasso M & Weisberg PJ (2008) Density-area relationships: the importance of the zeros. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 203-210Pautasso M & Zotti M (2009) Macrofungal taxa and human population in Italy's regions. Biodiversity & Conservation 18: 473-485Pautasso M et al (2010) Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews 85: 729-755Pautasso M et al (2011) Global macroecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology & Biogeography 20: 426-436Pecher C, Fritz S, Marini L, Fontaneto D & Pautasso M (2010) Scale-dependence of the correlation between human population and the species richness of stream macroinvertebrates. Basic Applied Ecology 11: 272-280Schlick-Steiner B, Steiner F & Pautasso M (2008) Ants and people: a test of two mechanisms behind the large-scale human-biodiversity correlation for Formicidae in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 35: 2195-2206Steck CE & Pautasso M (2008) Human population, grasshopper and plant species richness in European countries. Acta Oecologica 34: 303-310