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Westerwelle, G. (2012b) Address by Dr Guido Westerwelle, Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs, at the Opening of the 11th Ambassadors Conference, 27 August 2012 (Berlin: Auswärtiges Amt).

Westerwelle, G. and Sikorski, R. (2012) A New Vision of Europe (Berlin: Auswartiges Amt).

301© The Author(s) 2019N. Wright, The EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy in Germany and the UK, New Perspectives in German Political Studies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93470-9

Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAcquis Communautaire, 6Afghanistan, 56, 60, 79, 98, 122, 123,

125, 134, 205Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 204Amsterdam, Treaty of, 25, 47, 93, 225Area of Freedom Security and Justice

(AFSJ), 156Article 50, 100Ashton, Catherine, 95, 96, 174, 227,

228, 242–244Athena Funding Mechanism, 181Austria, 20, 91, 176Auswärtiges Amt (AA)

and Department 2, Foreign, Security and Development Policy, 150

and Department 5, European Policy, 151

and Directorate-General for Crisis Prevention, Stabilisation and

Post-Conflict Reconstruction, 150

and European Correspondent, 151, 152, 156

and European Directorate-General, 150

and German Permanent Representation to the EU, 256

and leadership of foreign policy- making, 145

and policy coordination, 149–150and policy-making, 150, 152, 159,

235and Political Director, 131, 152and Political Directorate-General, 2,

150and PSC Ambassador, 152and Review 2014—A fresh look at

German Foreign Policy, 132and Richtlinienkompetenz, 146and role of Chancellor, 145

302 INDEX

and role of foreign minister, 145and Sudan Task Force, 155and Task Force Syria, 155

BBalance of Competences Review, 241Barroso, Jose Manuel, 244Battlegroups, 50, 53, 98, 168, 172Beckett, Margaret, 96Belarus, 92Belgium, 176, 245n1Berlin Republic, 124Blair, Tony, 38, 41–43, 47–54, 56, 68,

74, 95–96, 127and the Doctrine of the

International Community, 51and the Third Way, 49, 52

Bonn Republic, 117, 119, 124, 165Brexit, viii, 2, 37, 38, 79, 81, 90, 95,

99–103, 170, 183–186, 245, 255, 256, 261

Britainand 2010 National Security Strategy

(NSS), 59, 69and Bosnia, 45, 46and CFSP, 3, 16, 17, 22, 28, 37–39,

41–61, 67–81, 87–104, 172, 203, 206, 208, 210–214, 226, 230, 232, 233, 238–244, 255, 259, 261, 265

and coalition government (2010–2015), 56–60, 240

and Conservative foreign policy, 42and CSDP, 43, 53, 56, 59, 60, 88,

92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 233, 239, 256–258, 260

and EEAS, 226, 229–234, 237–244and EPC, 12, 43, 44, 196and ERM, 45and EU operational headquarters, 58

and foreign policy co-operation, 43, 44, 54, 56, 60

and Germany, 2, 3, 14, 15, 17, 22, 28, 29, 45, 80, 90, 92, 99, 101, 145, 156, 171–174, 184, 195, 200, 207, 211, 212, 214, 226, 229, 238, 240, 245, 253, 255, 257–263, 265

and Iran, 200, 202–206, 209–214, 261

and Lancaster House Treaties, 60, 101

and Maastricht Treaty, 38, 41, 43and the Middle East, 70and NATO, 43, 57, 96, 122, 182,

197and New Labour foreign policy, 48and 9/11, 47, 50and Operation Atalanta, 60, 98and policy coordination, 254, 255,

257and St Malo Agreement, 49, 53, 88,

95, 122and Strategic Defence and Security

Review, 59and Ukraine crisis, 57and UN Security Council, 42, 88,

196, 197, 213, 241and the US, 48–49, 95, 179, 203,

204and Whitehall, 43, 52and Yugoslavia, 45, 47, 50

Brown, Gordon, 38, 41, 47, 51, 54–56

Brusselisation, 8, 23, 27, 263–265Bryant, Chris, 231, 233Bundestag, 123, 128, 130, 135,

137n8, 137n16, 156, 180, 206, 207, 209, 236–238, 246n35

Bundeswehr, 123, 125, 129, 132, 134

Auswärtiges Amt (cont.)

303 INDEX

Bush, George W., 126, 137n10, 204, 216n6

Bush Administration, The, 47, 51, 199, 201

CCabinet Office (CO), 69, 70, 99Cameron, David, 38, 41, 56, 57, 60,

61n5, 137n15Chagos Islands, 102China, viii, 72, 73, 94, 95, 103, 147,

151, 195, 201, 202, 215, 240, 241

Chirac, Jacques, 50, 59, 127, 147, 246n35

Clarke, Charles, 48Clinton Administration, The, 46Combined Joint Expeditionary Force,

60, 105n13Committee of Permanent

Representative (COREPER), 7, 8, 21, 22, 27, 30n5, 153, 157, 161n58

Committee on Internal Security (COSI), 156

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

and Capabilities-Expectations Gap, 15, 19, 20, 25, 225

and constructive abstention, 19and coordination reflex, 10, 263and crisis management, 27, 122and development and institutions,

23–28and Europeanisation, 8–10, 18,

262, 263and institutionalisation, 3, 10–14and Nicolaides group, 80and working groups, 10, 16, 38,

100, 154, 159, 174, 259Common Security and Defence Policy

(CSDP)

and complementarity with NATO, 95–98

as ESDP, 53, 122, 171and EU operational headquarters,

58, 79, 185and launch of, 59, 171

Community pillar, 9, 15Constitutional Treaty, see Draft

Constitutional TreatyConstructivism

and constructivist ‘turn,’ 5, 253and end of the Cold War, 4and European integration, 3–5, 253and ideas, 4, 7, 8and IR theory, 4and norms, 4, 6–8and rules, 6–8

Convention on the Future of Europe, 226

Cook, Robin, 52, 68, 96, 97Côte d’Ivoire, 182Council of the European Union, 14Croatia, 117Cuba, 181Cunliffe, John, 70Cyprus, 18, 104n2, 131, 201

DDarroch, Kim, 233de Villepin, Dominique, 136n6, 200Delors, Jacques, 45Denmark, 88, 95, 98, 161n54, 176Department for Exiting the European

Union (DExEU), 69, 71, 99, 100Department for International

Development (DfID), 29, 52, 69, 71, 73–75, 239, 255

Department for International Trade (DIT), 99

Draft Constitutional Treaty, 226, 230, 261

Dumas, Roland, 169

304 INDEX

EEastern Partnership, 170, 258, 260E3/E3+3, 198, 201, 203, 210, 211EUFOR Tchad/RCA, 93EULEX Kosovo, 74EU Military Committee, 79, 179EUMM Georgia, 74EUNAVFOR Atalanta, 103EUPol Afghanistan, 74European Central Bank (ECB), 118European Commission, ix, 5, 9, 26,

28, 29, 105n25, 161n58, 199, 216n5, 216n20, 245n1

European Correspondent, 17–18, 71–73, 75–78, 151, 152, 156, 257

European Council, 27, 29, 68, 94, 129, 131, 147, 159, 168, 169, 180, 197, 199, 208, 227, 236

European Defence Agency (EDA), 56, 103, 172, 173

European Defence Fund, 150, 185European External Action Service

(EEAS), ix, 26–29, 58, 72, 77, 78, 128, 152, 154, 168, 174–176, 179, 182, 185, 198, 215, 218n46, 225–245, 260–264

Europeanizationand convergence, 50, 122, 257and uploading, 9, 17–19, 254, 259,

262European Neighbourhood Programme

(ENP), 170European Political Cooperation

(EPC), 7, 8, 11–13, 23, 24, 26, 42, 44, 46, 71, 72, 196, 259

European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), see Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)

European Security Strategy (ESS), 18, 53, 182, 197

European Union Military Staff (EUMS), 179

Eurozone crisis, 124, 126–129, 147, 150

EU Strategy Against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 197, 211

EUTM Somalia, 103

FFederal Chancellery

(Bundeskanzleramt), 146Federal Constitutional Court

(Bundesverfassungsgericht), 119Federal Defence Ministry

(Bundesministerium der Verteidigung) (BMVg)

and Defence Policy Guidelines, 148, 149

and Defence White Paper (Weissbuch), 133

Finland, 88, 186n13, 187n34, 245n1Fischer, Joschka, 115, 120, 121, 123,

136n6, 146, 147, 178, 200, 209, 236, 237, 246n35

Foreign Affairs Council (FAC), 18, 26–29, 38, 76, 100, 152, 153, 157, 171, 213, 236, 243, 259, 265

Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO)

and Active Diplomacy for a Changing World, 90

and Africa policy, 242and Brexit, 90, 99–103and budget, 71, 74and CFSP, 67, 69, 71, 72, 75, 77,

90, 100, 212, 255, 257and CFSP mainstreaming, 75–76,

255and CSDP, 59, 73, 96and Deputy PSC Ambassador, 80and DfID, 29, 71–75and Diplomatic Excellence

Initiative, 59

305 INDEX

and EEAS, 234, 239, 242and Europe Directorate, 239and Iran, 202–205, 212, 217n25and leadership of UK foreign policy,

23, 67–71and MoD, 29, 71, 73, 74, 255and PSC Ambassador, 79, 80and role of Foreign Secretary, 54,

68, 70, 203and role of Prime Minister, 67, 68,

70, 74, 81n2, 255and Security Policy Department, 73and Stabilisation Unit, 73, 74and Sudan Unit, 72Ukraine crisis, 57, 90, 125–127,

130, 179, 183, 210and UKREP, 29, 67, 70, 77–80,

81n10, 100and Western Balkans, 72

Franceand CFSP, 12, 45, 75, 88, 90, 93,

169, 172, 177, 214, 260and Germany, 46, 57, 80, 90, 92,

93, 99, 100, 102, 130, 156, 168–174, 177, 179, 184, 186, 195, 199, 200, 204, 211, 212, 214, 228, 245n1, 246n35, 261

and Lancaster House treaties, 60, 101

Franco-German Security Policy Council, 156, 172

French Foreign Ministry (Quai d’Orsay), 29, 88, 151

Future of Europe Group, 175

GGabriel, Sigmar, 149Gauck, Joachim, 132Gbagbo, Laurent, 182G8, 127, 147, 197, 208, 210

General Secretariat of the Council, ix, 24, 25, 29, 77, 158, 168, 201, 213, 218n46, 228, 239, 243

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 146, 159–160n1, 169, 178

German Permanent Representation to the EU, 29, 256

German Polish Treaty (1991), 169Germany

and Brexit, 183–186and China, 195and EEAS, 175–176, 179, 226,

229, 235, 237, 238, 240, 242–244

and European vocation, 2, 24, 117, 128

as exemplar, 111, 173–177, 238and France, 45, 46, 53, 57, 80, 90,

92, 93, 99, 100, 102, 130, 168–174, 177, 179, 184, 186, 195, 199, 200, 204, 211, 212, 214, 228, 245n1, 246n35, 261

and Grand Coalition, 124, 146, 149and Iran, 171, 195–202, 206,

209–214, 261and Kosovo, 112, 115, 120–122,

136and leadership of foreign policy,

115, 120, 121, 124, 126, 132, 145–159, 165, 166, 174, 180, 181, 183, 235, 237, 262

and Libya, 129, 130and Maastricht, 24, 152, 235as mediator, 166, 177–179, 186as a military power, 60, 132–135and multilateralism, 2, 112, 117,

118, 123, 132, 135, 149, 166, 177, 260

and NATO, 60, 117, 129, 130, 133, 134, 148, 208, 258

and PESCO, 102, 134, 168, 185

306 INDEX

and Poland, 125, 130, 169, 170, 179, 184, 186, 228

and policy coordination, 16, 149–150, 254, 256

and Red-Green coalition, 115, 122and Russia, 46, 130, 195, 259and shared leadership, 166, 167,

171, 184–186, 212and Stability Pact for South-East

Europe, 121and Syria, 129, 137n15and Trump Administration, 102,

134and Ukraine crisis, 57, 90, 130,

179, 183, 210as unilateral actor, 180–183and United Kingdom, 24, 46, 57,

79, 80, 90, 92, 98, 101, 102, 135, 137n15, 168, 171–174, 179, 183, 184, 186, 195, 196, 212, 214, 226, 238

and United Nations, 119, 129, 176, 177, 208, 212, 259

and United Nations Security Council, 130

and Weimar Triangle, 169–171, 184and Westphalian vs post-Westphalian

analyses, 117Gorazde, 120Greece, 94, 131, 201

HHague, William, 42, 56–58, 70, 89,

96, 97, 205, 230, 239, 241Hain, Peter, 231, 232Hammond, Phillip, 96, 97, 206Heath, Edward, 50Heusgen, Christoph, 131, 137n11High Representative for the CFSP

(and later of the Union for

Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Commission Vice President) (HR/VP)

and the EEAS, 26, 235as permanent chair of the FAC, 26

Hoon, Geoff, 231, 234Hungary, 131, 137n14, 179Hurd, Douglas, 23, 43–46

IIndia, viii, 103, 241Intergovernmentalism, 4, 5, 11, 12,

18, 61, 229, 235, 238International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA), 196, 198, 200, 201, 203–206, 209–211, 259

International Court of Justice (ICJ), 102

International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), 125, 134, 137n8

Iran, Islamic Republic of, 1, 29, 46, 55, 90, 92, 124, 151, 152, 157, 171, 178, 195–215, 234, 258–261

E3+3, 25, 171, 195, 198, 203, 210, 212

Iraq, 47, 50, 51, 53, 56, 60, 79, 98, 123, 124, 177, 199, 200, 204

Ireland, 20, 137n14Ischinger, Wolfgang, 123, 129, 130,

136, 149Italy, 46, 80, 172, 176, 185, 186,

186n13, 187n34, 201, 212

JJoint Comprehensive Plan of Action

(JCPOA), 171, 195, 202, 210Jujat, General Harald, 134Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), 9,

30n1, 30n5

Germany (cont.)

307 INDEX

KKamp, Karl-Heinz, 135Khatami, Mohammed, 203, 217n25Kohl, Helmut, 116–120, 146,

159–160n1, 167Kosovo, 52, 55, 112, 115, 120–122,

136, 136n4

LLibya, 57, 89, 105n11, 113, 125,

129–132, 135, 137n16, 177, 209

Lidington, David, 234, 239, 241Lisbon, Treaty of, 26, 54, 94, 124,

126–128, 168, 172, 175, 226, 227, 261

Lucas, Hans-Dieter, 131, 162n64Luxembourg, 25, 171, 176, 245n1

MMaastricht, Treaty of, see Treaty on

European Union (TEU)Macron, Emmanuel, 184Major, John, 38, 41, 44–46, 53Mali, 92, 125, 134, 172Mauritius, 102Medvedev, Dimitri, 151Merkel, Angela, 116, 124–135,

137n7, 137n10, 137n14, 146–148, 150, 165, 169, 184, 240

Miliband, David, 54, 55, 68, 74, 77, 88, 91, 92, 96, 98, 205, 214, 230, 239

Ministry of Defence (MoD), 29, 56, 69, 71, 73, 74, 79, 90, 97, 202, 255

Minsk Protocol, 131Mogherini, Federica, 202, 244Munich Security Conference, 132

NNational Security Council, 59, 69, 74Neofunctionalism, 4, 5Netherlands, the, 88, 176, 186n13,

187n34, 217n28, 245n1New supranationalism, 3Nice, Treaty of, 27, 97Non-papers, 156, 157, 174, 228, 243Non-Proliferation and Disarmament

Initiative, 208Nordic Battlegroup, 98Normandy Format, 57, 130North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(NATO), 25, 42–45, 50, 52, 53, 57–61, 73, 76, 78, 79, 88, 89, 95–98, 101, 102, 111–113, 121, 122, 125, 129, 130, 134, 135, 147–149, 153, 167, 178, 182, 196, 197, 208, 258–260

North Korea, 198, 209Norway, 103NPT, see Treaty on the Non-

Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

OObama, Barack, 151Operation Artemis, 172Operation Atalanta, see EUNAVFOR

AtalantaOrganisation for Security and

Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 73, 130, 259

Ouattara, Alassane, 182, 183

PPakistan, 92, 205, 258Patel, Priti, 74Permanent Structured Cooperation

(PESCO), 26, 98, 102, 103, 134, 168, 169, 172, 173, 175, 185

308 INDEX

Poland, 18, 92, 93, 125, 130, 169–172, 176, 179, 184, 186, 187n34, 217n28, 245n1

Policy coordination, 15–17, 149–150, 228, 254–257, 264

Political and Security Committee (PSC), 8, 25, 27, 28, 38, 72, 76, 79, 80, 92–94, 99, 100, 103, 106n47, 152–157, 161n58, 162n64, 173, 181, 213, 214, 230, 236, 242, 257, 263–265

Political Committee, 27, 72Political Director, 27, 71–73, 76, 77,

81n2, 96, 131, 152, 153, 156, 212

Portugal, 176Putin, Vladimir, 131, 151

RRELEX working group, 157, 213Ricketts, Peter, 59, 81n2, 96, 97, 232Rifkind, Sir Malcolm, 100Rouhani, Hassan, 206Russia

2008 war with Georgia, 55EU Common Strategy, 93and JCPOA, 195and Ukraine, 1, 112, 130, 131, 135,

179, 258

SSarkozy, Nicolas, 59Schmid, Helga, 215Schmidt, Helmut, 146, 159n1, 160n2,

167Schröder, Gerhard, 49, 50, 115, 116,

120–124, 126, 135, 146, 147, 165, 177

Serbia, 103Sikorski, Radek, 169, 186n15

Single European Act (SEA), 16Single Market, 5Skubiszewski, Krzysztof, 169Slovenia, 117Socialisation

in the Council, 15, 20–22and Europeanisation, 15

Solana, Javier, 25, 137n11, 201, 202, 213, 242, 243

Spain, 94, 102, 172, 176, 179, 186n13, 201

Srebrenica, 120Stability Pact for South-East Europe,

121Steinbrück, Peer, 126Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 125, 126,

132, 146, 147, 149, 150St Malo Agreement, 49, 53, 88, 95,

122Straw, Jack, 74, 96, 97, 200, 203–205,

231, 232, 245n8Sudan, 72, 125, 155, 177, 243Supranationalism, see New

supranationalismSweden, 80, 88, 95, 98, 186n11,

187n34, 201, 228, 245n1Syria, viii, 57, 112, 113, 125, 129,

137n15

TThatcher, Margaret, 38, 44Treaty on European Union (TEU),

16, 19, 24, 26, 38, 228Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of

Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 196–198, 200, 202, 205–207, 215, 258

Trump Administration, 102, 134Trump, Donald, 136, 184, 195Turkey, 18, 104n2, 217n28Tusk, Donald, 169

309 INDEX

UUkraine, viii, 1, 57, 124, 129–133,

135, 151United Kingdom, see BritainUnited Kingdom Permanent

Representation to the EU (UKREP), 29, 67, 70–73, 75, 77–81, 81n10, 87, 99, 100, 157, 239, 255, 260

United Nations (UN), 52, 101, 102, 111, 119, 120, 129, 134, 135, 138n25, 148, 149, 156, 176, 177, 183, 197, 198, 201–204, 206–208, 210, 211, 215, 259

United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 88, 130, 137n16, 149, 176, 212, 214

United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540, 197

United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1737, 209

United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1803, 209

United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1929, 202

United States of America (USA), viii, 25, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52–54, 57,

72, 94, 95, 103, 106n47, 121–123, 126, 129, 136, 137n13, 147, 179, 184, 195, 199–204, 211, 215, 216n6, 240

Vvon der Leyen, Ursula, 132, 133,

149

WWar on terror, 112, 122, 123Weimar Triangle, 169–171, 184Westerwelle, Guido, 111, 129, 130,

137n15, 137–138n16, 169, 175, 186n15, 207

YYugoslavia, 25, 45, 112, 119

ZZimbabwe, 92Zivilmacht, 112, 117, 119, 122, 125,

130, 135