253© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 P. Tang Abomo, R2P and the US Intervention in Libya, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78831-9

BiBliography

ABC. 2011a. This week with Christiane Amanpour, March 6. https://archive.org/details/WJLA_20110306_150000_This_Week_With_Christiane_ Amanpour#start/1080/end/1140

———. 2011b. March 27. https://archive.org/details/WJLA_20110327_ 140000_This_Week_With_Christiane_Amanpour.

ABC News. 1981. Interview with Qaddafi, December 6.———. 2011. February 28. http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/christiane-

amanpours-exclusivegadhafi-interview-libya-strongman-politics-13024275.Abiew, K.F. 1999. The evolution of the doctrine and practice of humanitarian

intervention. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.Abramowitz, M. 2007. U.S. promises on Darfur don’t match actions. http://

www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/ar ticle/2007/10/28/AR2007102801704.html.

Adler, E. 1997. Seizing the middle ground: Constructivism in world politics. European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 319–363.

Adler, E., and M. Barnett. 1998. Security communities in theoretical perspec-tive. In Security communities, ed. E. Adler and M. Barnett, 3–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

African Union. 2011. Communiqué PSC/PR/COMM CCLXI. http://www.au.int/ar/sites/default/files/PSC%20Communique%20on%20the%20situa-tion%20in%20Libya.pdf.

Ala’Aldeen. 1989. Death clouds: Saddam Hussein’s chemical war against the Kurds. http://www.dlawer.net/?q=node/79.

254 BIBLIogRAPHy

Albright, M., and R. Williamson. 2013. The United States and R2P, from words to action. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW-UnitedStates-And-R2P-Words-To-Action.pdf.

Alderman, H., and A. Suhrke (eds.). 1999. The path of a genocide. New Brunswick: Transaction.

Al-Jazeera. 2011. Gaddafi loses more Libyan cities, February 24. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011223125256699145.html.

Allan, J.A. 1983. Libya accommodates to lower oil revenues: Economic and political adjustments. International Journal of Middle East Studies 15 (2) (August): 377–385.

Allen, T., and D. Styan. 2000. A right to interfere? Bernard Kouchner and the new humanitarianism. Journal of International Development 12 (6): 825–842.

Allison, g. 1969. Conceptual models and the cuban missile crisis. The American Political Science Review 63 (3) (September): 708–709.

Amnesty International. 1989. Preliminary findings on killings of unarmed civil-ians, arbitrary arrests and summary executions since 3 June 1989, New york, August 30.

———. 2011. Libyan leader must end spiraling killings, February 20. http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/libyan-leader-must-end-spiraling- killings-2011-02-20.

Annan, K. 1999. Two concepts of sovereignty. The Economist, September 18.———. 2000. “We the peoples”: The role of the United Nations in the 21st century.

Millennium Report of the Secretary-general of the United Nations. www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/full.htm.

Ansell, Meredith o., and Massaud al-Arif Ibrahim (eds.). 1972. The Libyan revolution: A sourcebook of legal and historical documents, vol. 1, 86–95. September 1, 1969–August 30, 1970. Stoughton, WI: oleander Press.

Arsu, S., and S. Erlanger. 2011. Libya rebels get formal backing, and $30 billion. The New York Times, July 15.

Associated Press. 1996. Libya demands surrender of U.S. officials behind 1986 Air Raids, April 15.

———. 2011. Libyan city celebrates freedom from gadhafi, February 24. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=12983621.

———. 2012. Libya: Western militias unite, posing challenge to transitional gov-ernment. The New York Times, February 14.

Ayoob, M. 2002. Humanitarian intervention and state sovereignty. International Journal of Human Rights 6 (1): 81–102, 85.

———. 2004. Third world perspectives on humanitarian intervention and inter-national administration. Global Governance 10 (1): 99–118.

Ban Ki-Moon, B. 2011. Remarks at breakfast roundtable with foreign ministers on “The responsibility to protect: Responding to imminent threats of mass atrocities”. UN News Center, September 23. www.un.org/apps/news/info-cus/sgspeeches/search_full.asp?statID=1325.

BIBLIogRAPHy 255

———. 2012. Responsibility to protect’ came of age in 2011, Secretary-general tells conference, stressing need to prevent conflict before it breaks out. UN Doc. Sg/SM/14068, Janvier 18.

Bannon, A. 2006. The responsibility to protect: The U.N. world summit and the question of unilateralism. Yale Law Journal 115: 1157–1164, 1160.

Barkin, S. 2003. Realists constructivism. International Studies Review 5 (3): 325–342.

Barltrop, R. 2011. Darfur and the international community: The challenges of conflict resolution in Sudan. New york: I.B. Taurus.

Barnett, Michael. 2006. Social Constructivism. In The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith. oxford: oxford University Press.

Barnett, T. 2011. Why America should go slow on declaring victory in Libya—or making promises. Time, october 21.

Barry, B. 1998. International society from a cosmopolitan perspective. In International society: Diverse ethical perspective, ed. David Maple and Terry Nardin. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

———. 2004. Libya PM denies lockerbie guilt, February 24.———. 2007. Monks lead largest Burma protest, September 24.———. 2011. Libya protests: gaddafi embattled by opposition gains, February

24. http://wwwbbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12564104.———. 2012. Q&A: Libya’s general National Congress Election, July 7.Bearak, B. 2011. Zuma’s office says Qaddafi intent on staying in Libya. The New

York Times, May 31.Beitz, C. 1983. Cosmopolitan ideals and National Sentiment. Journal of

Philosophy 80 (10) (october): 591–600, 600.______. 1999. Political theory and international relations. Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press.———. 2000. Rawls’ law of peoples. Ethics 110 (4): 669–696.Bellamy, A. 2005. Responsibility to protect or Trojan Horse? The crisis in Darfur

and humanitarian intervention after Iraq. Ethics and International Affairs 19 (2): 33.

———. 2006. Whither the responsibility to protect? Humanitarian intervention and the 2005 world summit. Ethics and International Affairs 20 (2): 151.

Benn, S.I., and R.I. Peters. 1965. The principles of political thought: Social princi-ples and the democratic state. New york: Free Press.

Berger, J. 2011. U.S. senators call for no-flight zone over Libya. The New York Times, March 6.

Bettati, Mario., and Bernard Kouchner (eds.). 1987. Le Droit d’Ingerence: peut-on les laisser mourir? Paris: Denoel.

Biddle, S. 2003. Afghanistan and the future of warfare. Foreign Affairs, May 2003.Bilefsky, D. 2011. Security council uncertain about intervening in Libya. The

New York Times, March 16.

256 BIBLIogRAPHy

Bilefsky, D., and M. Landler. 2011. As U.N. backs military action in Libya, U.S. role is unclear. The New York Times, March 17.

Binder, D. 1992. Bush warns Serbs not to widen war. The New York Times, December 28.

Blake, M. 2011. Coercion and egalitarian justice. The Monist 94 (4): 555–570.Blanchard, C. 2013. CRS report for congress: Libya: Background and U.S. rela-

tions: January 25, 2006—RL33142. Washington, DC: Bibliogov.Blatter, A., and P. Williams. 2011. The responsibility not to veto. Global

Responsibility to Protect 3: 316–317.Blum, H. 2003. Pirated tars, Piratical texts Barbary captivity and American

sea narratives. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1 (2): 133–158.

Blum, y.Z. 1986. The gulf of Sidra incident. American Journal of International Law 80: 668–677.

Bolton, J. 2005. Letter to colleagues attaching proposed changes to the text regard-ing the responsibility to protect, August 30. www.reformtheun.org/index.php/countries/44?theme=alt1.

Bose, S. 2005. The Bosnian State a decade after Dayton. International Peacekeeping 12 (3) (Autumn): 322–335.

Bose, S., and R. Thaku. 2016. The UN Secretary-general and the forgotten third R2P responsibility. Global Responsibility to Protect 8 (4): 343.

Boteach, S. 2012. Rice’s failure in Rwanda precludes her from becoming secretary of state. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-shmuley-boteach/rices-fail-ure-in-rwanda-p_b_2217779.html.

Brock, g. 2011. Cosmopolitanism versus non-cosmopolitanism: The state of play. The Monist 94 (4): 455–465.

Broder, J.M. 2011. U.S. and Allies consider Libya no-fly zone. The New York Times, February 28.

Bronner, E., and D. Sanger. 2011. Arab League endorses no-flight zone over Libya. The New York Times, March 12.

Brown, C. 2000. John Rawls, “The law of peoples,” and international political theory. Ethics & International Affairs 14 (125): 132.

Buchanan, A. 2000. Rawls’s law of peoples: Rules for a vanished Westphalian World. Ethics 110 (4): 697–721.

———. 2001. Readmit inspectors, president tells Iraq. The New York Times, November 26.

———. 2004. Justice, legitimacy and self-determination. New york: oxford University Press.

Bumiller, E. 2011. NATo steps back from military intervention in Libya. The New York Times, March 10.

Bumiller, E., and J. Dao. 2002. Cheney says peril of a nuclear Iraq justifies attack. The New York Times, August 26.

BIBLIogRAPHy 257

Bumiller, E., and K. Fahim. 2011. U.S.-led assault nears goal in Libya. The New York Times, March 21.

Bumiller, E., and D. Kirkpatrick. 2011a. obama threatens military action against Qaddafi. The New York Times, March 19.

———. 2011b. NATo to assume new role in Libya. The New York Times, March 25.

Burns, J.F. 2011. Qaddafi and Zuma meet but reach no agreement. The New York Times, May 31.

Bush, g.W. 2000. The second Gore-Bush presidential debate, october 11. http://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/essays/biography/5.

Calabresi, M. 2011a. obama threatens gaddafi with ‘accountability’. Time, February 23.

———. 2011b. obama refines talk of Libya intervention. Time, March 03.———. 2011c. Why are we going to war with Libya?—Updated. Time, March 18.———. 2011d. Why the U.S. went to war: Inside the White House debate on

Libya. Time, March 20.———. 2011e. Hillary Clinton’s priorities in Libya. Time, october 18.Caldwell, D. 2011. Vortex of conflict: U.S. policy toward Afghanistan, Pakistan

and Iraq. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Caney, S. 2002. Cosmopolitanism and the law of peoples. The Journal of Political

Philosophy 10 (1): 95–123.———. 2005. global interdependence and distributive justice. Review of

International Studies 31: 389–399.Caplan, g. 2006. From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned? In Genocide in

Darfur: Investigating the atrocities in the Sudan, ed. Totten and E. Markusen. New york: Routledge.

Carras, H.A. 2007. Humanitarian intervention in Kosovo: The importance of legal and moral issues. Fort Leavenworth, KS: School of Advanced Military Studies, U.S. Army.

CBS. 2011a. Face the nation, March 6. http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/FTN_030611.pdf.

———. 2011b. Face the nation, March 26. http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/FTN_032711.pdf.

Chandler, D. 2004. The responsibility to protect? Imposing the “liberal peace”. International Peacekeeping 11 (1): 59–81, 75.

Cheadle, D., and J. Prendergast. 2007. Not on our watch: The mission to end Genocide in Darfur and beyond. New york: Hachette Book.

Checkel, J. 1997. International norms and domestic politics: Bridging the ration-alist—Constructivist divide. European Journal of International Relations 3 (4): 473–495.

———. 2008. Process tracing. In Qualitative methods in international relations: A pluralist guide, ed. Klotz and Prakash, 115–127. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

258 BIBLIogRAPHy

Cheney, R. 2001. Meet the Press, September 16.Chomsky, N. 1986. Pirates and emperors: International terrorism in the real

world. New york: Claremont Research and Publications.Chretien, J.P. 2003. The great lakes of Africa: Two thousand years of history. New

york: Zone Books.Clarke, W. 1992. Somalia: Background information for operation restore hope

1992–1993. Carlisle, PA: Department of National Security and Strategy.Clinton, H. 2008. Presidential candidate questionnaire, ‘response from: Hillary

Clinton,’ citizens for global solutions. http://globalsolutions.org/08orbust/pcq/clinton.

———. 2014. Hard Choices. New york: Simon & Schuster.Clinton, W. 1998. Executive Order 13088, Tuesday, June 9.——— .1999. Address on Yugoslavia strike, March 24. http://edition.cnn.com/

ALLPoLITICS/stories/1999/03/25/clinton.transcript/.CNN. 2012. Mladic shows no remorse as war crimes trial opens, May 17. http://

www.cnn.com/2012/05/16/world/europe/netherlandsmladictrial/index.html?hpt=ht3.

Cockburn, A., and P. Cockburn. 2002. Saddam Hussein: An American obsession. London: Verso.

Cohen, I. 1987. Structuration theory and social praxis. In Social theory today, ed. A. giddens and A.J. Turner. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Collins, J. 2001. Understanding war in Afghanistan. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press.

Collins, o.R. 2006. Disaster in Darfur: Historical overview. In Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the atrocities in the Sudan, ed. Totten and E. Markusen. New york: Routledge.

Colvin, M., and S. Murad. 2002. Executed. The Sunday Times, August 25.Commission on Human Security. 2003. Human security now, p. 6. http://www.

humansecurity-chs.org/finalreport/English/chapter1.pdf.Cooke, J., and S. Morrison (eds.). 2009. U.S. Africa policy beyond the Bush years.

Washington, DC: The CSIS Press.Cooley, John. 1982. Libyan sandstorm: The complete account of Qaddafi’s revolu-

tion. New york: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Cooper, H. 2011a. U.S. Freezes a record $30 billion in Libyan assets. The New

York Times, February 28.———. 2011b. U.S. to name a liaison to the rebels in Libya. The New York

Times, March 12.———. 2011c. Defending strikes, obama says he ‘refused to wait’. The New

York Times, March 29.Cooper, H., and M. Landler. 2011a. obama condemns Libya amid stalled evacu-

ation. The New York Times, February 24.

BIBLIogRAPHy 259

———. 2011b. U.S. announces sanctions in bid to deter Libya. The New York Times, February 26.

———. 2011c. Following U.S. sanctions, U.N. security council to meet on Libya. The New York Times, February 26.

Cooper, H., and S.L. Myers. 2011. Shift by Clinton helped persuade president to take a harder line. The New York Times, March 18.

Cooper, M. 2000. Cheney strongly defends his record as Chief of Halliburton. The New York Times, August 25.

Cooper, R.W. 1947. The nuremberg trial. New york: Penguin Books.Copson, R.W. 1982. Libya: U.S. relations, issue brief no. IB81152, foreign affairs and

national defense division. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.Cortright, D. (ed.). 2008. The price of peace: Incentives and international conflict.

Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Cotler, I., and J. genser. 2011. Libya and the responsibility to protect. The

International Herald Tribune, March 1.Covin, R., and A. Bull. 2011. U.S. to impose sanctions on Libya, cuts ties.

Reuters, February 25.Cowell, A. 2011. Protests take aim at leader of Libya. The New York Times,

February 17.Cox, S., and P. gray. 2002. Air power history: Turning points from kitty hawk to

Kosovo. Portland, oR: Frank Cass.Crabb C. Jr. 1986. Policy makers and critics: Conflicting theories of American for-

eign Policy. New york: Praeger.Cribb, R. 1990. The Indonesian killings of 1965–1966: Studies from Java and

Bali. Clayton: Monash University Centre of Southeast Asian Studies.Crowley, M. 2011. Susan Rice, Samantha Power, Rwanda and Libya. Time,

March 24.Daalder, I.H., and J.g. Stavridis. 2012. NATo’s victory in Libya: The right way

to run an intervention. Foreign Affairs 91 (2) (March–April): 2–7.Dallaire, R. 2003. Shake hands with the devil: The failure of humanity in Rwanda.

Toronto: Knopf Canada.Damis, J. 1985. Morocco, Libya and the treaty of union. American-Arab Affairs

13 (Summer): 44–55.Davis, B.L. 1990. Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya.

New york: Praeger.Deeb, M.J. 1990. New thinking in Libya. Current History 89 (546) (April):

149–152, 177–178.———. 1991. Libya’s foreign policy in North Africa. Boulder, Co: Westview

Press.Defense Tech. 2011. The weapons we’re hitting gadhafi with. DefenseTech.org,

March 20.

260 BIBLIogRAPHy

Deng, F., and T. Lyons. 1996. Sovereignty as responsibility: Conflict management in Africa. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Department of Defense. 2011. Press briefing by rear admiral Gerald Hueber. March 23.

de young, K., E. Cody, and W. Branigin. 2011. obama concerned about gaddafi’s gains but says noose is tightening on Libyan leader. The Washington Post, March 11.

Doppelt, g. 1978. Walzer’s theory of morality in international relations. Philosophy & Public Affairs 8 (1): 3–26.

Dunn, J. 2009. genocide in East Timor. In Century of Genocide, ed. Samuel Totten and William Parsons, 265–295. New york: Routledge.

Dunne, T., and J. gifkins. 2011. Libya and the state of intervention. Australian Journal of International Affairs 65 (5): 515–529.

Dwyer, D., and L. Martinez. 2011. U.S. Tomahawk cruise missiles hit targets in Libya. World News, March 19.

El-Kikhia, M.o. 1997. Libya’s Qaddafi. politics of contradiction. Tampa: University Press of Florida.

Elgood, g. 2000. gaddafi distances Libya from Lockerbie trial. Reuters, May 8.El Saardany, Salah. 1994. Egypt and Libya from inside, 1969–1976: The Qaddafi

revolution and the eventual break in relations, by the former Egyptian ambassa-dor to Libya. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

ElWarfally, M.g. 1988. Imagery and ideology in U.S. policy toward Libya, 1969–1982. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Erdmann, M. 2013. NATO: What’s in it for the United States. http://www.f letcher forum.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/NATo-Clinton-e1360686214951.jpg.

Erlanger, S. 2001. 4 guilty in fatal 1986 Berlin disco bombing linked to Libya. The New York Times, November 14.

———. 2011a. g-8 ministers fail to agree on Libya no-flight zone. The New York Times, March 15.

———. 2011b. Confusion over who leads Libya strikes, and for how long. The New York Times, March 21.

———. 2011c. Libya’s supporters gather in Paris to help ease new government’s transition. The New York Times, September 2.

Erlanger, T., and E. Schmitt. 2011. NATo takes lead on Libya campaign; obama defends his policy. The New York Times, March 26.

Etzioni, A. 2006. Sovereignty as responsibility. Foreign Policy Research Institute Journal 50 (1): 71–85.

European Action Council for Peace in the Balkans and Public International Law and Policy group of the Canergie Endowment for International Peaceand European Action Council for Peace in the Balkans, Kosovo—From Crisis to Permanent Solution, November 1, 1997, p. 6. Washington, D.C. http://www.ceip.org/kosovo.htm.

BIBLIogRAPHy 261

Evans, g. 2004. When is it right to fight? Survival 46 (3): 59–82.———. 2008a. The responsibility to protect: An idea whose time has come…

and gone? International Relations 22 (3): 284.———. 2008b. The responsibility to protect: Ending mass atrocity crimes once for

all. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.———. 2011. The RtoP balance sheet after Libya, September 2. www.gevans.

org/speeches/speech448%20interview%20RtoP.html.Evans, g., and M. Sanhoun. 2002. The responsibility to protect. Foreign Affairs

81 (6): 99–110.Ewans, M. 2002. Afghanistan: A short history of its people and politics. New york:

Harper Collins.Fahim, K. 2011a. Rebels hope for Qaddafi’s fall but remain fearful. The New York

Times, February 23.———. 2011b. Qaddafi’s forces are hitting back at Libyan rebels. The New York

Times, March 1.Fahim, K., and R. gladstone. 2011. 4 senators visit Libya, offering words of

praise and caution for ex-rebels. The New York Times, September 30.Fahim, K., and D. Kirkpatrick. 2011. Qaddafi’s grip on the capital tightens as

revolt grows. The New York Times, February 23.Falla, R. 1994. Massacres in the Jungle: Ixcan, Guatemala 1975–1982. Boulder,

Co: Westview Press.Fearon, J., and A. Wendt. 2012. Rationalism v. constructivism: A sceptical view.

In Handbook of international relations, ed. W. Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth Simmons. London: Sage.

Finnemore, M. 1996a. Constructing norms of humanitarian intervention. In The culture of national security, norms and identity in world politics, ed. P. Katzenstein, 153–185. New york: Columbia University Press.

———. 1996b. National interests in international society. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University Press.

Fisher, D. 2007. Humanitarian intervention. In The Price of Peace, ed. Charles Reed and David Ryall, 109. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 2003. The purpose of intervention. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Fitchett, J. 1989. U.S. downs 2 Libyan fighters in clash over mediterranean.

International Herald Tribune, January 5.———. 1997. Mandela begins visit to gadhafi as U.S. protests. International

Herald Tribune, october 23.Fitzwater, M. 1990. Evidence that Libya’s rabta plant producing chemical weap-

ons. Press Briefing by the President’s Press Secretary, March 7.Foreign broadcast information service, middle east and Africa (FBIS-MEA). 1979.

December 3, 11.Fox News. 2011. Serbia arrests ‘butcher of Bosnia’ Ratko Mladic for alleged war

crimes, May 26. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/05/26/serbia-ar-rests-man-believed-ratko-mladic.html.

262 BIBLIogRAPHy

Fox News Sunday. 2011. March 27. https://www.facebook.com/FoxNewsSunday/videos/10150219534421124/.

Freeman, S. 2006. The law of peoples, social cooperation, human rights, and dis-tributive justice. Social Philosophy and Policy 23: 29–68.

gardels, N. 1991. Two concepts of nationalism: An interview with Isaiah Berlin. New York Review of Books, November 21.

garrity, P. 1980. The Soviet military stake in Afghanistan: 1956–1979. Journal of the Royal United Services Institute 125 (3) (September): 31–36.

gasana, J. 2002. Rwanda: Du Parti-Etat a la l’Etat-Garnison, 27–35. Paris: L’Harmattan.

gates, R. 2014. Duty: Memoirs of a secretary at war. New york: Alfred Knopf.george, L., and A. Bennett. 2005. Case studies and theory development in social

sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.gingrich, N., and g. Mitchell. 2005. American interests and UN reform: Report of

the task force on the United Nations. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/usip_un_report.pdf.

gladstone, R. 2011. U.N. votes to end foreign intervention in Libya. The New York Times, october 28.

goldberg, J. 2016. The obama doctrine. The Atlantic, April.goldstein, J.S. 2005. International relations. New york: Pearson Longman.good, R. 1960. The national interest and political realism: Niebuhr’s ‘debate’

with Morgenthau and Kennan. Journal of Politics 22 (November): 597–619.goodin, R. 1985. Protecting the vulnerable: A re-analysis of our social responsibili-

ties. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.———. 1998. What is so special about our fellow countrymen? Ethics 98 (4):

663–686.gordon, M. 1993. U.S. warns Moscow on sale of key rocket fuel to Libya. The

New York Times, June 23.gourevitch, P. 1999. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with

our families: Stories from Rwanda. New york: Picador.government of the Republic Kosovo. 1995. Kosovo: Facts and dates, March.graham, g., and R. Corzine. 1995. U.S. seeks new UN sanctions against Libya.

Financial Times, March 29.gray, T., and B. Martin. 2008. My Lai: The struggle over outrage. Peace and

Change 33 (1): 90.guest, I. 1990. Behind the disappearance: Argentina’s dirty war against human

rights and the United Nations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.gurney, J. 1996. Libya: The political economy of oil. oxford: oxford University

Press.Habib, H.P. 1975. Politics and government of revolutionary Libya. Montreal:

Cercle du Livre de France.———. 1979. Libya: Past and present. Malta: Aedam Publishing House.

BIBLIogRAPHy 263

Hajazi, I.A. 1986. Libya, Soviets at odds after U.S. air raid. International Herald Tribune, May 7.

Halloran, R. 1980. Libya says U.S. violates its sea and air space with spy flights. The New York Times, october 22.

Hamburg, D. 2008. Preventing genocide: Practical steps toward early detection and effective action. Boulder,Co: Paradigm.

Hamilton, R. 2006. The responsibility to protect, from document to doctrine—But what of implementation? Harvard Human Rights Journal 19: 289–297.

Hartley, A. 2003. The Zanzibar chest. A memoir of love and war. London: Harper Collins.

Hassan, Farooq. 1981. Realpolitik in international law: After the Tanzanian-Ugandan conflict—Humanitarian intervention reexamined. Willamette Law Review 17 (4): 893–917.

Hauslohner, A. 2011. getting rid of Qaddafi: An opposition call to arms. Time, February 25.

Hedges, C. 1995. Libyan Chief threatens to defy flight ban and quit U.N. The New York Times, April 6.

Hehir, A. 2010a. The responsibility to protect: ‘Sound and fury signifying noth-ing? International Relations 24 (2): 218–239.

———. 2010b. Humanitarian intervention: An introduction, 15–16. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heikal, M.H. 1975. The road to Ramadan. London: Collins.Henriques, 2000. Cheney has mixed record in business executive role. The New

York Times, August 24.Hermida, A. 1993. Qaddafi stands firm. Middle East International 448 (April 16).Hill, g. 2003. The battle for Zimbabwe: The final countdown. Cape Town: Zebra

Press.Hiltermann, J.R. 2007. A poisonous affair: America, Iraq, and the gassing of

Halabja. New york: Cambridge University Press.Hobbes, T. 1982. The Leviathan. New york: Penguin Classics.Hoffman, S. 1981. Duties beyond borders: On the limits and possibilities of ethical

international politics. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Hosmer, S. 2000. The conflict over Kosovo: Why Milosevic decided to settle when he

did. Santa Monica: RAND.House, K.E. 1986. The mideast that wants Qaddafi toppled. Wall Street Journal,

April 17.Human Rights Watch. 2001. Under orders: War crimes in Kosovo, 119–125,

134–140.———. 2011a. Libya: Security forces Killed 84 over three days; end

attacks on peaceful protesters, February 18. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/18/libya-security-forces-kill-84-0ver-three-days.

264 BIBLIogRAPHy

———. 2011b. Libya: Government should demand end to unlawful killings; death toll up to at least 233 over four days, February 20. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/20/libya-governments-should-demand-end- unlawful-killings.

———. 2011c. Libya: Commanders should face justice for killings. February 22. http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2011/02/22/libya-commanders-should- face-justice-killings.

Hurd, I. 1999. Legitimacy and authority in international politics. International Organization 53 (2): 379–408.

———. 2010. Constructivism. In The oxford handbook of international relations, ed. C. Reus-Smidt and D. Snidal. oxford: oxford University Press.

Hussain, Z.Z. 2011. The reality of U.S.-UN relations, e-international relations students. http://www.e-ir.info/2011/03/19/the-reality-of-us-un-relations/.

Ibrahim, y.M. 1988. Libya and Chad to end war and restore ties. International Herald Tribune, october 4.

ICISS. 2001. The responsibility to protect. ottawa: International Development Research Center.

Ignatius, D. 1984. U.S. Seeks to mobilize opponents of Khadafy in Libya and outside. Wall Street Journal, July 14.

Ikenberry, J. 2002a. Tracking the origins of a state terror network: operation condor. Latin American Perspectives 29 (1): 36–60.

——— (ed.). 2002b. American foreign policy: Theoretical essays. New york: Longman.

———. 2004. The liberal Leviathan. Prospect, october 23, 46–51.Independent International Commission on Kosovo. 2000. The Kosovo report.

Conflict, international response, lessons learned. oxford: oxford University Press.International Criminal Court. 2009. Warrant of arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmad

Al Bashir, Doc. No.: ICC-02/05-01/09, March 4. https://www.icc-cpi.int/iccdocs/doc/doc639078.pdf.

International Criminal Court, office of the Prosecutor. 2011. First report of the prosecutor of the international criminal court to the UN Security Council pursuant to UNSCR 1970, May 4.

International Crisis group. 2003. Iraq: Building a new security structure. Middle East Report 20, December 23.

———. 2007. Sri Lanka: Sinhala nationalism and the elusive Southern consen-sus. Asia Report 141, November 7.

———. 2008. Iraq’s civil war, the Sadrists and the surge. Middle East Report 72, February 7.

Jacobs, A. 2011. China urges quick end to airstrikes in Libya. The New York Times, March 23.

Jahan, Rounaq (ed.). 1980. Bangladesh politics: Problems and issues, 34–64. Dhaka: University Press.

BIBLIogRAPHy 265

Jehl, D. 1993. U.S. Says that Libya is building a 2nd Plant to make poison gas. The New York Times, February 18.

———. 1997. Defying UN, Arabs give gadhafi landing rights. International Herald Tribune, September 22.

Johnson, D., and R. Johnson. 2000. Secular political discourse in a democracy: The contribution of psychology. www.co-operation.org/pages/contro-pol.html.

Jones, B. 2001. Peacemaking in Rwanda: The dynamics of failure. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner.

Judah, Tim. 2002. Kosovo: War and revenge. yale: yale University Press.Kajeguhakwa, V. 2001. Rwanda: De la Terre de Paix a la Terre de Sang et Après?,

155–164. Paris: Editions Reme Perrin.Kant, I. 1957. Perpetual peace. New york: Liberal Arts Press.Karon, T. 2011a. Unable to defeat gaddafi, Libyan rebels turn to the west.

Time, March 14.———. 2011b. By leaving regime change to the Libyans obama aligns U.S. and

Arab goals. Time, March 29.———. 2011c. gaddafi’s death starts a perilous race for power in Libya. Time,

october 20.Keating, T. 2002. Canada and world order: The multilateralist tradition in

Canadian foreign policy. oxford: oxford University Press.———. 2013. The UN Security Council on Libya: Legitimation or dissimu-

lation? In Libya: The responsibility to protect and the future of humanitarian intervention, ed. A. Hehir and R. Murray. New york: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kelly, M. 2008. Ghosts of Halabja: Saddam Hussein & the Kurdish genocide. Santa Barbara: Praeger.

Kempe, F. 1986. U.S. foreign policy comes under fire after Libya raid. Wall Street Journal, April 21.

Kinzer, S. 2012. Libya and the limits of intervention. Current History 111 (748) (November): 305.

Kirpatrick, D. 2011a. Qaddafi vows to fight to the ‘last man’. The New York Times, March 2.

———. 2011b. Qaddafi brutalizes foes, armed and defenseless. The New York Times, March 5.

———. 2012. Before election, old rivalries endanger Libya’s dream of a fresh start. The New York Times, July 7.

Kirkpatrick, D., and M. El-Naggar. 2011a. Son of Qaddafi says Libya faces civil war peril. The New York Times, February 21.

———. 2011b. Qaddafi’s grip falters as his forces take on protesters. The New York Times, February 22.

Kirkpatrick, D., and K. Fahim. 2011a. Qaddafi forces violently quell capital pro-test. The New York Times, February 26.

266 BIBLIogRAPHy

———. 2011b. Qaddafi warns of assault on Benghazi as U.N. vote nears. The New York Times, March 17.

———. 2011c. Rivalries impede governing in Libya. The New York Times, September 26.

Kirkpatrick, D., and S.L. Myers. 2011. After uprising, rebels face a struggle for unity. The New York Times, August 23.

Kirkpatrick, D., and Shanker. 2011. Libyan rebels advance in the west: U.S. will deploy armed drones. The New York Times, April 21.

Klare, M. 2000. An anachronistic policy: The strategic obsolescence of the ‘rogue doctrine’. Harvard International Review 22 (2) (Summer): 46.

Klotz, Audie. 1995. Norms in international relations: The struggle against apart-heid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Knight, A. 2001. Soft power, Moral Suasion, and establishing the international criminal court. In Ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy, ed. Rosalind Irwin. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

Koh, H. 2011. Statement regarding use of force in Libya, remarks delivered to American society of international law meeting, March 26. http://www.state.gov/s/l/releases/remarks/159201.htm.

Krasner, S. 1999. Sovereignty: Organized hypocrisy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kratochwil, F. 1993. The embarrassment of changes: Neo-realism as the science of realpolitik without politics. Review of International Studies 19 (1): 63–80.

Kraus, C. 1991. How U.S. failed to get gadhafi out. International Herald Tribune, March 13.

Krauss, C., and R. Nordland. 2011. Countries agree to try to transfer some of Qaddafi’s assets to Libyan rebels. The New York Times, April 13.

Kuper, A. 2000. Rawsian global justice: Beyond the law of peoples to a cosmo-politan law of Persons. Political Theory 28 (5): 640–674.

Lake, A. 1994. Confronting backlash states. Foreign Affairs 73 (2) (March–April): 44–45.

Lambeth, B. 2001. NATO’s air war for Kosovo: A strategic and operational assess-ment. Santa Monica: RAND.

Landler, M. 2011a. U.S. Condemns Libyan tumult but makes no threat. The New York Times, February 23.

———. 2011b. obama tells Qaddafi to quit and authorizes refugee airlifts. The New York Times, March 4.

———. 2011c. To intervene. or not… . The New York Times, March 6.———. 2011d. obama bolsters relief effort at Libyan border. The New York

Times, March 7.Landler, M., and D. Bilesky. 2011. Specter of rebel rout helps shift U.S. policy

on Libya. The New York Times, March 17.

BIBLIogRAPHy 267

Landler, M., and S. Erlanger. 2011. obama seeks to unify allies as more airstrikes rock Tripoli. The New York Times, March 23.

Landler, M., and T. Shanker. 2011. Warships move in as U.S. readies a range of options for Qaddafi’s ouster. The New York Times, March 1.

Larison, D. 2013. The conservative foreign policy alternative to obama. The American Conservative, July 14.

Lawrence, C. 2011. U.S. fires on Libyan air defense targets. CNN, March 19.Leezenberg, Michel. 2009. The anfall operations in Iraqi Kurdistan. In Century

of genocide: Critical essays and eyewitness accounts, ed. Totten and Parsons, 461–462. New york: Routledge.

Legro, J. 1996. Culture and preferences in the international cooperation two-step. American Political Science Review 90: 118–137.

———. 2005. Rethinking the world: Great power strategies and international order. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University Press.

Legum, C. (ed.). 1969–1982. African contemporary record: Annual survey and documents, vol. 14. New york: Africa Publishing and Holmes and Meier.

Lemarchand, Renee. 2000. Le genocide de 1972 au Burundi: Les silences de l’histoire. Cahiers d’Etudes Africainces XLII-3 (167): 551–567.

Le Monde. 1990. La Lybie serait impliquee dans l’attentat du DC-10 d’UTA, Aout 27.

Lipton, E. 2011. Clinton and gates defend mission in Libya. The New York Times, March 27.

Luban, D. 1980. Just war and human rigths. Philosophy & Public Affairs 9 (2): 160–181.

Lupovici, Amir. 2009. Constructivist methods: A plea and manifesto for plural-ism. Review of International Studies 35 (1): 195–218.

Luxner, L. 2011. Qaddafi’s man no more: Disgusted, envoy breaks free of for-mer boss. The Washington Diplomat, March 29.

Lynch, C. 1999. Khadafy commands loyalty in Africa despite 18 years of US sanctions. Boston Globe, May 8.

MacFarlane, N., and y. Foon Khong. 2006. Human security and the U.N.: A critical history. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Macfarlane, N., C. Thielking, and T. Weiss. 2004. The responsibility to protect: Is anyone interested in humanitarian intervention? Third World Quarterly 25 (5): 977–992.

MacFarquhar, N. 2011. U.N. takes steps to assist Libya’s transitional leaders. The New York Times, September 17.

Machiavelli, N. 1985. The prince. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Madison, James. 1938. Federalist 10. In The federalist papers, ed. Edward Mead

Earle. New york: The Modern Library.Mallet, V. 1986. gaddafi rounds on summit delegates in Harare. Financial

Times, September 5.

268 BIBLIogRAPHy

Malone, D., and yeun Foong Khong (eds.). 2006. Unilateralism and US foreign policy. Boulder, Co: Lynn Reinner.

March, J.g., and J.-P. olsen. 1998. The institutional dynamics of international political order. International Organization 52 (4): 943–969.

Markham, J. 1986. gorbachev says Libya may hurt U.S.-Soviet ties. The New York Times, April 19.

Marquis, C. 2000. U.S. declares ‘Rogue nations’ are now ‘states of concern’. The New York Times, June 20.

Mataconis, D. 2011. U.S. pushing U.N. Security Council to authorize direct intervention in Libya. Outside the Beltway, March 17.

Mazzetti, M., and D. Sanger. 2011. U.S. intelligence chief says Qaddafi has edge in conflict. The New York Times, March 10.

McRae, R., and D. Hubert (eds.). 2011. Human security and the new diplomacy: Protecting people, promoting peace. Montreal and Kingston: Mcgill-Queen’s University Press.

McSherry, J.P. 2002. Tracking the origins of a state terror network: operation condor. Latin American Perspectives 29 (1): 36–60.

Mearsheimer, J. 1995. The false promise of international institutions. International Security, 19 (3) (Winter 1994–1995): 5–49.

Mekay, E. 2011. Too late, Qaddafi seeks the aid of Muslim clerics. The International Herald Tribune, March 3.

Melman, y. 1986. The master terrorist: The true story of Abu Nidal. New york: Adams Books.

Melvern, L. 2000. A people betrayed: The role of the west in Rwanda’s genocide. London: Zed Books.

———. 2004. Conspiracy to murder: The Rwandan genocide. New york: VersoMenon, R. 2012. Beijing and Moscow balk at “interference”. Current History

111 (748) (November): 314.Middle East Economic Digest. 1980. U.S. embassy closes, 24 (7) (February 15): 37–38.———. 1980. 24, 51/52 (December 19–25).Miller, D. 2004. Holding nations responsible. Ethics 114 (2): 240–268.———. 2005. Defending political autonomy: A discussion of Charles Beitz.

Review of International Studies 31 (2): 381–388.———. 2007. National responsibility and global justice. oxford: oxford

University Press.Miller, J. 1999. U.S. firm on Libya sanctions. International Herald Tribune,

June 13.Miller, R. 2011. Rawls and global justice: A dispute over a legacy. The Monist 94

(4): 466–488.Ministry of Information and Culture Libyan Arab Republic. 1973. The third

international theory: The divine concept of Islam and the popular revolution in Libya. Tripoli: general Administration for Information.

BIBLIogRAPHy 269

Moellendorf, D. 2002. Cosmopolitan justice. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.———. 2011. Cosmopolitanism and compatriot duties. The Monist 94 (4):

535–554.Moran, R. 2011. Libya and the Soros doctrine. FrontPage Magazine, March

28. http://www.frontpagemag.com/2011/rick-moran/libya-and-the-soros- doctrine/.

Morris, E. 1999. Dutch: A memoir of Ronald Reagan. New york: Random House.Myers, S.L. 2011a. Clinton to meet with Libyan rebels. The New York Times,

March 10.———. 2011b. Clinton meets with Libyan Rebel leader as U.S. grapples with

role in crisis. The New York Times, March 15.———. 2011c. In Tripoli, Clinton pledges U.S. help to a ‘free Libya’. The New

York Times, october 19.Myers, S., and D. Bilefsky. 2011. U.N. releases $1.5 billion in frozen Qaddafi

assets to aid rebuilding of Libya. The New York Times, August 26.Nagel, T. 2005. The problem of global justice. Philosophy & Public Affairs 33

(2): 113–147.Nanda, V.P. 2012. The future under international law of the responsibility to

protect after Libya and Syria. Michigan State International Law Review 21: 1.NATo Charter. 1949. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_

texts_17120.htm.NATo office of Information and Press. 2001. Final report: The Kosovo crisis in

an international law perspective: Self-determination, territorial integrity and the NATO intervention, June 16.

NBC. 2011. Meet the press, March 6. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41906285/ns/meet_the_press-transcripts/t/meet-press-transcript-march/#.Vb-cqzlkLds.

NBC News. 2011. Sit-down with NBC news, March 29. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/42275424/ns/meet_the_press-transcr ipts/t/meet-press-transcript-march/.

Neuffer, E. 1998. NATo weighs raids to slow serbs in Kosovo; Aides gather in Brussels today to consider options. Boston Globe, June 11.

Neumann, R.E. 2000. Libya: U.S. policy perspective. Middle East Policy 7, February 2.

Neumann, I.B. 2008. Discourse Analysis. In Qualitative Methods in International Relations: A Pluralist Guide, ed. Klotz and Prakash, 61–77. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Newland, et al. 2003. No refuge: The challenge of internal displacement, 37. New york and geneva: United Nations, office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance.

Newsom, D. 1980. Department of state bulletin, october.Newsweek. 1986. Why Europe is angry, April 28.

270 BIBLIogRAPHy

Nieburg, P., and S. Morrison. 2009. The big U.S. leap on HIV/AIDS in Africa: What is the next act. In U.S. Africa policy beyond the Bush years, ed. J. Cooke and S. Morrison, 34–61. Washington, DC: CSIS Press.

Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, state and utopia. oxford: Blackwell.obama, B. 2002. Remarks of Illinois state Sen. Barack Obama against go into

war with Iraq. http://blackwomenforobama.wordpress.com/2007/05/26/remarks-of-illinois-state-sen-barack-obama-against-going-to-war-with-iraq/.

———. 2009. The instruments of war do have a role to play in preserving the peace. http://www.democracynow.org/2009/12/10/president_obama_wins_ nobel_peace_prize.

———. 2016. Barack obama says Libya was “worst mistake” of his presidency. Guardian, April 12.

o’Fahey, R.S. 2008. The Darfur Sultanate: A history. London: Hurst and Company.

o’Harrow, R. Jr., J. grimaldi, and B. Dennis. 2011. Sanctions in 72 hours: How the U.S. pulled off a major freeze of Libyan assets. The Washington Post, March 23.

o’Neill, W. 2002. Kosovo: An unfinished peace. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

onuf, N. 1989. World of our making. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.

o’Sullivan, M. 2000. Sanctioning ‘Rogue states’. Harvard International Review 22 (2) (Summer).

———. 2003. Shrewd sanctions: Statecraft and state sponsors of terrorism. Washington: Brooking Institution Press.

osgood, R. 1987. The revitalization of containment. In The Reagan foreign pol-icy, ed. Hyland William. New york: Meridian.

ottaway, D.B. 1985. U.S., Egypt believe Libya masterminded Egypt air hijack-ing. International Herald Tribune, November 28.

———. 1988. U.S. sees gaddafi hand in terrorist acts. International Herald Tribune, June 3.

———. 1989. U.S. continues to attack Libya over terror. International Herald Tribune, January 20.

Pace, W., and N. Deller. 2005. Preventing future genocides: An international responsibility to protect. World Order 36 (4): 16.

Pajak, R.F. 1980. Arms and oil: The Soviet-Libyan arms supply relationship. Middle East Review 13 (2): 51–56.

Pargeter, A. 2012. Libya: The rise and fall of Qaddafi. New Haven: yale University Press.

Parker, R. 1985. Appointment in oudja. Foreign Affairs 63 (5): 1095–1110.Parmelee, J. 1989. A visit to Libyan plant proves inconclusive. International

Herald Tribune, January 9.

BIBLIogRAPHy 271

Parrish, K. 2012. Clinton, Panetta: NATO partners committed to Afghanistan. http://www.defense.gov/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=67986.

Patti, T., and M. Moore. 2011. Cosmopolitanism and making room (or not) for special duties. The Monist 94 (4): 615–627, 615.

PBS Frontline. 2008. Bush’s war, part 1 of 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3Cz9pVSoPE.

Phillips, S. 1986. The European response. In Mad dogs: The U.S. raids on Libya, ed. Mary Kaldor and Paul Anderson. London: Pluto Press.

Pinker, S. 2011. The better angels of our nature: The decline of violence in history and its causes. London: Allen Lane.

Plato. 1980. The Republic. New york: g.P. Putnam’s sons.Pogge, T. 1989. Realizing rawls. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University Press.———. 1994. Cosmopolitanism and sovereignty. In Political restructuring in

Europe: Ethical perspectives, ed. C. Brown, 89–122. London: Routledge.Pondi, J.E. 2012. Vie et Mort de Mouamar Al Kadhafi. Quelles leçons pour l’Afri-

que ? yaoundé: Editions Afric’Eveil.Powell, C. 2004a. The Crisis in Darfur: Written remarks before the senate foreign

relations committee, September 9. www.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/36032.htm).

———. 2004b. The Crisis in Darfur. Testimony before the senate foreign relations committee, September 9. Washington, DC.

Power, S. 2001. Bystanders to genocide. The Atlantic Monthly, September.———. 2002. “A problem from hell”: America and the age of genocide. London:

Flamingo.Prendergast, J., and P. Roessler. 2004. Can a Leopard change its spots? Sudan’s

evolving relationship with terrorism. Terrorism in the horn of Africa. Special Report. January. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Price, R., and C. Reus-Smit. 1998. Dangerous liaisons? Critical international the-ory and constructivism. European Journal of International Relations 4 (3): 259–294.

Price, R., and N. Tannenwald. 1996. Norms and deterrence: The nuclear and chemical weapons. In The culture of national security, norms and identity in world politics, ed. P. Katzenstein, 115–152. New york: Columbia University Press.

Prunier, g. 2007. Darfur the ambiguous genocide. New york: Cornell University Press.

Puffendorf, S. 1934. De jure Naturae et Gentium, Libri Octo. gloucestershire: Clarendon Press.

Qaddafi. 1981. Letter to Ronald Reagan. FBIS-MEA, January 27.Qaddafi, Saif al Islam. 2011a. This was an unimaginable exaggera-

tion, speech on Libyan state television. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp6DFM9_NuU&feature=related_(minute6:09).

272 BIBLIogRAPHy

———. 2011b. we will fight until the last men, speech on Libyan state television. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp6DFM9_NuU&feature=related_ (minute36:40).

Quinn, A. 2011. Clinton says gaddafi must go. Reuters, February 28.Quinn, A., and M. Spetalnick. 2011. U.S. seeks immediate steps on Libya crisis.

Reuters 24, February 2.Ramuhala, M.g. 2012. Continuity or change in U.S. foreign policy in Africa.

In National security under the Obama administration, ed. Bahram M. Rajaee, 143–158. New york: Palgrave MacMillan.

Raufer, X. 1987. La Nebuleuse: Le Terrorisme du Moyen-Orient. Paris: Fayard.Rawls, J. 1999. The law of peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Reisman, M. 2000. Unilateral action and the transformation of the world consti-

tutive process: The special problem of humanitarian intervention. European Journal of International Law 3 (1): 3–18.

Reuters. 1980. Four Libya diplomats are expelled by U.S. for harassing exiles. May 11.

Reyntjens, F. 1994. L’Afrique des Grands Lacs en Crise: Rwanda, Burundi: 1988–1994, 32–36, 27. Paris: Karthala.

Rice, S. 2009. UN security council and the responsibility to protect. Vienna: International Peace Institute Vienna. http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/press_releases/20090615_126.html.

Ricks, T.E. 2001. U.S., British jets attack three Iraqi air defense sites. The Washington Post, August 11.

Rizq, J., and R. Allen. 1979. Libya Presses for Decision on Boeings. Middle East Economic Digest 23 (50) (December).

Roberts, A. 2004. The United Nations and humanitarian intervention. In Humanitarian intervention and international relations, ed. Jennifer Welsh. oxford: oxford University Press. 2006.

Roberts, S.V. 1986. Senate unit votes strict sanctions on South Africa. The New York Times, August 2.

Rocheleau, J. 2007. State consent vs Human Rights as foundations for interna-tional law: A critique of Allen Buchanan’s cosmopolitanism. Social Philosophy Today 23: 117–132.

Rogin, J. 2011. A tale of two Libyan embassies in Washington, DC. The Cable, March 10.

Rojas, M.E. 2003. ‘Insults unpunished’ Barbary captives, American slaves, and the negotiation of liberty. Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 1 (2): 159–186.

Romero, S. 2011. Qaddafi said to accept Venezuela offer for help. The New York Times, March 3.

Rouleau, E. 1973. Interview with Qaddafi. Le Monde, october 23.

BIBLIogRAPHy 273

Rowland, J. 1993. Impasse over Lockerbie. Middle East International 447, April 2.

Rubin, J. 2013. What is the conservative alternative to obama’s for-eign policy? The Washington Post, July 14. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2013/07/14/what-is-theconservative- alternative-to-obamas-foreign-policy/.

Ruggie, J. 1998a. Constructing the world polity: Essays on international institu-tionalization. New york: Columbia University Press

———. 1998b. What makes the World Hang together? Neo-utilitarianism and the social constructivist challenge. International Organization 52 (4): 855–885.

Rwanda Focus. 2015. Burundi: Inside the horror world of Nkurunziza’s Burundi, November 9. http://allafrica.com/stories/201511092453.html.

Sander, D.E. 2011a. With Qaddafi cornered, arms deal looms large. The New York Times, March 2.

———. 2011b. White House announces steps against Qaddafi. The New York Times, March 11.

Sanger, D., and T. Shanker. 2011a. gates warns of risks of a no-flight zone. The New York Times, March 3.

———. 2011b. Discord grows on the politics of intervention. The New York Times, March 8.

Save Darfur Coalition. 2005. http://savedarfur.org/.Scheffler, S. 1999. Conceptions of cosmopolitanism. Utilitas 11: 255–276.Scherer, M. 2011. White House announces punishment for Libya, Muammar

gaddafi. Time, February 25.Schmitt, E. 2011a. U.S. ‘gravely concerned’ over violence in Libya. The New

York Times, February 21.———. 2011b. U.S. gives its air power expansive role in Libya. The New York

Times, March 29.———. 2011c. U.S. Africa command seen taking key role. The New York Times,

March 21.Schmitt, E., and K. Fahim. 2011. U.S. sending more contractors to secure

Libya’s weapons stockpile. The New York Times, october 15.Schneider, H. 1999. Libya seeking investors, moves from fringe toward main-

stream. The Washington Post, July 20.Schrader, P. 1992. The Horn of Africa: U.S. foreign policy in an altered Cold

War environment. Middle East Journal 46 (4): 585–586.———. 1994. United States foreign policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, crisis

and change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.———. 2009. obama and Africa. In Global Dialogue 14 (1) (July): 9–10.Sciolino, E., and E. Schmitt. 1992. Libya expands chemical arms, U.S. agents

say. The New York Times, January 22.

274 BIBLIogRAPHy

Scowcroft, B. 2002. Don’t Attack Saddam. The Wall Street Journal, August 15Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as freedom. New york: Knopf.Secor, L. 2002. Turning a bling eye. The New York Times, April 14. http://www.

nytimes.com/2002/04/14/books/turning-a-blind-eye.html.Sennen, A.A. 1990. Chronologie d’une Deroute. Jeune Afrique 1563

(December 12–18): 18–20.Shadid, A. 2011a. Clashes in Libya worsen as army crushes dissent. The New York

Times, February 19.———. 2011b. Qaddafi forces routing rebels. The New York Times, March 16.Shanker, T. 2011. U.S. weighs options, by air and sea. The New York Times,

March 6.Shanker, T., and L. Stack. 2011. In groundbreaking visit, Panetta assesses chal-

lenges facing Libya. The New York Times, December 18.Shawcross, W. 2000. Deliver us from Evil: Warlords and peacekeepers in a world of

endless conflict. London: Bloomsbury.Shenon, P. 1993. Work by Thais in Libya prompts a warning by U.S. The New

York Times, october 26.Sherbil, g. 2011. Interview with Abdelrahman Shalgam. Al-Hayat, Part 3, July 18.Shue, H. 1996. Basic Rights: Subsistence, affluence, and U.S. foreign policy.

Princeton: Princeton University Press.Simons, M. 2011. Qaddafi and his forces warned on war crimes. The New York

Times, March 18.Slavin, B. 2000. U.S. does away with ‘Rogue state’ tag. USA Today, June 20.Slaughter, A.-M. 2005. Security, solidarity, and sovereignty: The grand themes of

U.N. reform. The American Journal of International Law 99: 619–631.Snidal, D., and A. Thompson. 2003. International commitments and domestic

politics: Institutions and actors at two levels. In Locating the proper authori-ties: The interaction of domestic and international institutions, ed. D. Drezner. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Snow, A. 2011. U.N. suspends Libya from Human Rights council. The Huffington Post, March 2.

Soniewicka, M. 2008. The Problem of global distributive justice in Rawls’s Law of Peoples. Diametros nr 17 (wrzesien 2008): 45–59.

St John, B.R. 1986. Terrorism and Libyan foreign policy, 1981–1986. The World Today 42, July 7.

———. 1987. Qaddafi’s world design: Libyan foreign policy, 1969–1987. London: Saqi Books.

———. 1988. Libyan debacle in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1969–1987. In The Green and the Black, ed. Rene Lemarchand. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

———. 2002. Libya and the United States. Two centuries of strife. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

BIBLIogRAPHy 275

———. 2004. Libya is not Iraq: Preemptive strikes, WMD and diplomacy. Middle East Journal 58 (3) (Summer): 386–402.

Stanik, J.T. 1996. The U.S. sixth fleet and the confrontation with Qaddafi. Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center.

Steinhauer, J. 2011. Senate panel votes in favor of U.S. measures in Libya. The New York Times, June 29.

Sterling-Folker, J. 2000. Competing paradigms or birds of a feather? Constructivism and neoliberal institutionalism compared. International Studies Quarterly 44 (1): 97–119.

Stevenson, J. 1995. Losing Mogadishu. Annapolis, MA: Naval Institute Press.Stolberg, S.g. 2011. Still crusading, but now on the inside. The New York Times,

March 30.Strauss, S. 2006. The order of genocide. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University Press.Swardon, A. 1999. Tripoli hands over Pan Am 103 suspects. International

Herald Tribune, April 6.Smyser, W.R. 2003. The humanitarian conscience: Caring for others in the age of

terror. New york: Palgrave.Speakes, L., and R. Pack. 1988. Spreaking out: The Reagan presidency from inside

the White House. New york: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Strauss, S. 2005. Darfur and the genocide debate. Foreign Affairs 84 (1): 128Takeyh, R. 2001. The Rogue who came in from the cold. Foreign Affairs 8 (3)

(May–June): 62–72.Tan, Kok-Chor. 1998. Liberal toleration in Rawls’s law of peoples. Ethics 108

(2): 276–295.Taylor, B. 2006. The Darfur Atrocities Documentation Project. In Genocide in

Darfur: Investigating the atrocities in the Sudan, ed. Totten and E. Markusen. New york: Routledge.

Thakur, R. 2006. United Nations, peace and security: From collective security to the responsibility to protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tharoor, I. 2011. gaddafi warns Benghazi Rebels: We are coming, and there’ll be no mercy. Time, March 17.

The 9/11 Commission Report. 2004. Final Report of the National Commission on terrorist attacks upon the United States. New york: W. W. Norton.

The Economist. 2003. In the name of Islam, September 11. www.economist.com/node/2035107.

The Financial Times. 2006. China: Winning resources and Loyalties of Africa, February 28.

The New York Times, Editorial. 1991. Qaddafi scoffs at demands for bombing suspects, November 29.

———. 1994. April 16.———. 2011. Stopping Qaddafi, February. 25.The Wall Street Journal. 2005. The Darfur genocide, op-ed, March 24.

276 BIBLIogRAPHy

The Washington Post, Editorial . 1986. January 10.———. 1994. April 24.The White House. 1994a. Document #WL-05-01. Press briefing: Policy on mul-

tilateral peacekeeping operations, May 5. Washington, DC: Transcript by Federal News Service.

———. 1994b. Presidential decision directive 25, May 03.———. 2002a. The national security strategy of the United States. Washington,

DC: The White House.———. 2002b. President delivers state of the union address, January 29.

https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/ 20020129-11.html.

———. 2003a. Fact sheet: The President’s national security strategy to combat WMD, Libya’s announcement. Washington, DC: The White House.

———. 2003b. President Bush addresses the nation, March 19. https://georgew-bush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-17.html.

———. 2006. The national security strategy of the United States. Washington, DC: The White House.

———. 2008a. Selected speeches of President George W. Bush 2001–2008, 9/11 speech, etc. https://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/bushrecord/documents/Selected_Speeches_george_W_Bush.pdf.

———. 2008b. Executive order 13477, october 31. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-11-05/pdf/E8-26531.pdf.

———. 2011a. President Obama on the situation in Libya, February 23. https://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/2011/02/23/president-obama-situation-libya#transcript.

———. 2011b Press briefing by press secretary Jay Carney, February 25.https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-of fice/2011/02/25/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-2252011.

———. 2011c. Executive Order 13566–Libya, February 25. https://www.white-house.gov/the-press-office/2011/02/25/executive-order-13566-libya.

———. 2011d. Remarks by President Obama and President Calderón of Mexico at Joint Press conference, March 3. https://www.whitehouse. gov/the-press-office/2011/03/03/remarks-president-obama-and-president-calder-n-mexico-joint-press-confer.

———. 2011e. Remarks by President Obama and Prime Minister Gillard of Australia after bilateral meeting, March 7. https://w w w. w h i t e h o u s e . g o v / t h e - p r e s s - o f f i c e / 2 0 1 1 / 0 3 / 0 7 /remarks-president-obama-and-prime-minister-gillard-australia-after-bilat.

———. 2011f. News conference by the President, March 11. https://www.white-house.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/11/news-conference-president.

———. 2011g. Remarks by President Obama, Danish Prime Minister Rasmussen, March 14. https://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/

BIBLIogRAPHy 277

video/2011/03/14/president-obama-meets-danish-prime-minister-rasmus-sen#transcript.

———. 2011h. Remarks by the President on the Situation in Libya, March 18. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/18/remarks-president-situation-libya.

———. 2011i. Remarks by the President on Libya, March 19. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/19/remarks-president-libya.

———. 2011j. Letter from the President to the speaker of the house of rep-resentatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate, March 21. ht tps ://www.whi tehouse .gov/the-pres s -o f f i ce/2011/03/21/letter-president-regarding-commencement-operations-libya.

———. 2011k. President Obama answers questions on Libya: “A Testament to the men and women in uniform”, March 21. https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/03/21/president-obama-answers-questions-libya-testa-ment-men-and-women-uniform.

———. 2011l. Remarks by the President in address to the nation on Libya, March 28. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/03/28/remarks-president-address-nation-libya.

———. 2011m. President Obama’s letter about efforts in Libya, May 20. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/20/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-5202011; http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/africa/21libya-text.html?_r=0.

Thomas, C. 2001. global governance, development and human security: Exploring the links. Third World Quarterly 22 (2): 159–175.

Thomasson, E. 1999. Mandela greets gadafi, last official guest. Reuters, June 13.Thompson, M. 2011a. U.S. military leery of Libyan mission. Time, March 18.———. 2011b. Target Libya: operation ‘odyssey Dawn’ Begins. Time, March 19.———. 2011c. Sunday in Libya: The bombing continues. Time, March 20.Thucydides. 1972. History of the Peloponnesian war. New york: Penguin Books.Tirpak, J. 2011. odyssey Dawn units identified. Air Force Association Daily

Report, March 22.Tomlin, B., Norman Hillier, and Fen o. Hampson. 2007. Canada’s international

policies: Agendas, alternatives and Politics. Toronto: oxford University Press.Totten, Samuel. 2009. The Darfur genocide. In Century of Genocide: Critical

essays and eyewitness accounts, ed. Totten and Parsons, 555–556. New york: Routledge.

Tyler, P., and D. Sanger. 2001. A nation challenged: Diplomacy; U.S. to press Iraq to let U.N. search for banned arms. The New York Times December 1.

Tyler, P., and E. Sciolino. 2001. Bush’s advisers split on scope of retaliation. The New York Times, September 20.

UN Charter. 1945. Chapter VII, http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-vii/index.html.

278 BIBLIogRAPHy

U.N. general Assembly. 2005. World Summit outcome 2005. Resolution A/RES/60/1, october 24. www.un.org/summit2005/documents.hml.

———. 2011. Document A/RES/65/265. Suspension of the rights of membership of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Human Rights Council, March 1.

U.N. Human Rights Council. 2011a. Document A/HRC/S-15/1. Report of the human rights council on its fifteenth special session, February 25.

———. 2011b. Document A/HRC/17/44 entitled report of the international commission of inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, June 1.

UN Report. 1998. http://www.un.org/en/africarenewal/sgreport/report.htm.UN, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 1998. http://legal.

un.org/icc/statute/99_corr/cstatute.htm.U.N. Secretariat-general. 2000. We the peoples: The role of the United Nations

in the twenty-first century. http://www.un.org/milleninuim/sg/report/full.htm.

U.N. Secretary-general. 2004. High level panel on threats challenges and change, a more secure world: Our shared responsibility. www.un.org/secureworld/report.pdf.

———. 2005a. Draft outcome document, June 3. http://www.reformtheun.org/index.php/united_nations/1991_.

———. 2005b. In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, March 21. http://www.un.org/largerfreedom/.

U.N. Security Council. 1992a. Report of the Secretary-general on the situation in Somalia, U. N. Doc. S/24343, July 22.

———. 1992b. Resolution 733 (Implementing an Arms Embargo on Somalia), U.N. Doc. S/RES/733, January 23.

———. 2003. United Nations weapons inspectors report to security council on pro-gress in disarmament of Iraq, SC/7682, March 7.

———. 2004a. Resolution 1556, S/RES/1556 (2004), July 30.———. 2004b. Resolution 1564, S/RES/1564 (2004), September 18.———. 2011a. Resolution 1970, S/RES/1970 (2011), February 26.———. 2011b. Resolution 1973, S/RES/1973 (2011), March 17.U.N. Security Council Meetings and Press Releases. 2011. Security Council

approves ‘no-fly zone’ over Libya, authorizing ‘all necessary measures’ to pro-tect civilians, by vote of 10 in favor with 5 abstentions. Document SC/10200, March 17. https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2011/sc10200.doc.htm.

United Press International. 1981. Chronology of 1981 U.S.-Libyan relation. http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/12/10/Chronology-of-1981-US- Libyan-relations/1530376808400/?spt=su.

UN SCoR. 1998. SC Resolution 1199. UN Doc. S/Res1199.———. 2011a. 66th session, 6528th meeting. UN Doc. S/PV. 6528, May 4.———. 2011b. 66th session, 6566th meeting. UN Doc. S/PV. 6566, June 27.

BIBLIogRAPHy 279

———. 2011c. 66th session. UN Doc. S/2011/612, october 4.———. 2011d. 66th session, 6627th meeting. UN Doc S/PV. 6627, october 4,

3–4.———. 2011e. UN Doc. A/66/551-S/2011/701, November 11.U.S. Congress. 1992. S.CON.RES.132. Adopted August 10.———. 1994. The defense appropriations act for FY1995. P.L. 103–335,

September 30.———. 1998. H.R.4655—Iraq liberation act of 1998 (1997–1998).———. 2001a. Public Law 107-40, September 18.———. 2001b. “S. Rice’s Testimony before the Subcommittee on Africa of

the International Relations Committee.” U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC, November 2001. http://www.house.gov/international_relations.

———. 2002a. Public Law 107-245, october 21.———. 2002b. Joint resolution to authorize the use of the United States armed

forces against Iraq, S.J. RES. 46, october.———. 2002c. S. HRg. 107–597, Hearing before the select committee on intelli-

gence of the United States Senate One Hundred Seventh Congress, February 6.———. 2004a. H. Con. Res. 467, Declaring genocide in Darfur. Sudan, June 24.———. 2004b. S.Con.Res.133—A concurrent resolution declaring genocide in

Darfur, Sudan, July 22.———. 2005. S. 1462—Darfur peace and accountability Act of 2005,

November 18.———. 2006. Disarming Libya: Weapons of mass destruction. Congressional

Research Service, September 22.———. 2007. Testimony of Theresa M. Whelan, Deputy Assistant Secretary of

Defense for Africa before the Africa and Global Health Subcommittee of the House of Foreign Affairs Committee, August 2.

———. 2008a. Libya: Background and U.S. relations, RL33142, CSR, November.

———. 2008b. Congressional research service 2008. Fact Sheet: History of U.S. military involvement in Africa. Washington, DC: US AFRICoM Public Affairs http://www.africom.mil/newsroom/article/6220/fact-sheet-history- of-us-military-involvement-in-a.

———. 2008c. S. 3370, The Libyan claims resolution act (P.L.110-301).———. 2011a. Popular uprising in the middle east: The implication for U.S. pol-

icy. U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, March 17.———. 2011b. Speaker Boehner letter to President Obama on military action

in Libya, March 22. http://www.speaker.gov/press-release/speaker-boeh-ner-letter-president-obamamilitary-action-libya#sthash.v13zm4w3.dpuf.

———. 2011c. Operation Odyssey Dawn (Libya): Background and issues for con-gress. Congressional Research Service, March 30.

280 BIBLIogRAPHy

———. 2011d. Libya: Defining U.S. national security interests, hearing before the house of representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs, March 31.

———. 2011e. Document H.A.S.C. No. 112-31. Operation Odyssey Dawn and U.S. military operations in Libya. Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives, March 31.

———. 2011f. Document S. HRG. 112-162, Operation Odyssey Dawn and the sit-uation in Libya. Committee on Armed Services, U.S. Senate, March 31.

———. 2011g. Perspectives on the crisis in Libya. Hearing before U.S. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations, April 6.

———. 2011h. Congressional Record—Senate, Vol. 157, Pt. 7, July 5.———. 2011i. Extensions of Remarks, Vol. 157, Pt. 8. Letters from Rep. Dennis J.

Kucinich to the United Nations on the war in Libya, July 19.———. 2011j. Africa command: U.S. strategic interests and the role of the U.S.

military in Africa. Congressional Research Service, July 22.U.S. Department of State. 1975. Bulletin, September 24.———. 1981. American foreign policy: Current documents.———. 1986. American foreign policy: Current documents.———. 2002. Slavery, Abduction, and Forced Servitude in Sudan, Report on

slavery in Sudan. http://www.state.gov/p/af/rls/rpt/10445.htm.———. 2011. Background notes: Libya, July 11.U.S. Inspector general. 2009. Report of inspection: The Bureau of African

Affairs—Report no. ISP-I-09-63. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State.Van Dijk, T.A. 1997. What is political discourse analysis? In Political Linguistics,

ed. Jan Blommaert and Chris Bulcaen. http://www.discourses.org/oldArticles/What%20is%20Political%20Discourse%20Analysis.pdf.

Van Evera, S. 1997. Guide to methods for students of political science, 64–65. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University.

Vanderbruck, T. 2011. “gaddafi’s legacy of Libyan oil deals”, in oil-price-net http://www.oil-price.net/en/articles/gaddafi-legacy-of-libya-oil-deals.php.

Vandewalle, D. 1998. Libya since independence: Oil and state-building. Ithaca, Ny: Cornell University Press.

———. 2006. A history of modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Vansina, J. 2001. Le Rwanda Ancien: le Royaume Nyiginya. Paris: Karthala.Vidakovic-Petrov, K. 1999. Breaking the Balkans: yugosloavia’ 99. In Kosovo-

Serbia: A just war?, ed. Frank Columbus. Commack, Ny: Nova Science Publishers Inc.

Vincent, R.J. 1974. Nonintervention and international order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Waddams, Frank. 1980. Libyan oil industry. London: Croom Helm.Waever, ole. 1996. The rise and fall of the inter-paradigm debate. In

International theory: Positivism and beyond, ed. Steve Smith, Ken Booth, and Marysia Zalewski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

BIBLIogRAPHy 281

Walt, V. 2011a. Democracy protests reach Libya, but gaddafi feels secure. Time, February 16.

———. 2011b. gaddafi’s son: Last gasp of Libya’s dying Regime? Time, February 21.

———. 2011c. How Libya’s second city became the first to revolt Time, February 22.

———. 2012. Why Libya is becoming more dangerous after gaddafi’s fall. Time, February 17.

Waltz, K. 1979. Theory of international politics. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.Walzer, M. 1977. Just and unjust wars. New york: Basic Books.———. 1994. Thick and thin: A moral argument at home and abroad. Notre

Dame: University of Indiana Press.———. 2006. Just and unjust wars. New york: Basic Books.Webb, K. 2002. Strategic bombardment and Kosovo: Evidence from the Boer

War. Defense & Security Analysis 24 (3) (September 2008): 303–315.Weber, M. 1968. Economy and society. New york: Bedminster.Weinraub, B. 1986. U.S. calls Libya Raid a success; ‘choice is theirs,’ Reagan

says; Moscow cancels Shultz Talks. The New York Times, April 16.Weiss, T. 2004. The sunset of the humanitarian intervention? The responsibility

to protect in a unipolar era. Security Dialogue 35 (2): 135–153.———. 2007. Humanitarian intervention, 125. London: Polity.———. 2012. on R2P, America takes the Lead. Current History 111 (748):

322–324.Welsh, J. (ed.). 2004. Conclusion: Humanitarian intervention after

11 September. In Humanitarian intervention and international relations. oxford: oxford University Press.

———. 2012. The responsibility to protect: Dilemmas of a new norm. Current History 111 (748): 291–298.

Wehrey, F. 2012. Bringing Libya under control. The New York Times, February 24.

Wendt, A. 1992a. Constructing international politics. International Security 20 (1): 71–81.

———. 1992b. Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization 46 (2): 391–426.

———. 1999. Social theory of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 2000. on the via media: A response to the critics. Review of International Studies 26 (1): 165–180.

Wheeler, N. 2000. Saving strangers: Humanitarian intervention in international society. New york and oxford: oxford University Press.

———. 2001. Legitimating humanitarian intervention: Principles and proce-dures. Melbourne Journal of International Law 2 (2): 552–54.

282 BIBLIogRAPHy

Whitney, C. 1989. gorbachev says Bush threatens arms talk pace. International Herald Tribune, April 7.

———. 1990. Communists sent tons of explosives to Libya, Havel reveals. International Herald Tribune, March 23.

Whiteley, D. 1990. Libyan plant fire a hoax. International Herald Tribune, April 10.

Whitson, S.L. 2011. In Libya, building the rule of law. The International Herald Tribune, December 30.

Wiegele, T. 1992. The clandestine building of Libya’s chemical weapons factory: A study in international collusion. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

William, I. 2002. Writing the wrongs of past interventions: A review of the international commission on state and sovereignty. International Journal of Human Rights 6 (3): 103.

Wines, M. 1990. Signs emerge of Libyan involvement in Pan Am Bombing. International Herald Tribune, october 11.

Winfield, N. 1999. U.S. refuses to lift Libya sanctions. Associated Press, July 2.Wisner, F.g. 1994. “Rwanda jamming civilian broadcasts”, Memo to Deputy

National Security Adviser Sandy Berger, May 5.Whitlock, C. 2011. Pentagon hesitant on no-fly zone over Libya. The

Washington Post, March 2.World Report. 1989. www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Burma.

htm#TopofPage.Woodward, B. 2004. Plan of attack. New york: Simon & Schuster.———. 2010. Obama’s wars. New york: Simon & Schuster.Wright, C. 1981. Libya and the west: Headlong into confrontation?

International Affairs 58 (1): 13–41.Wright, L. 2006. The looming tower: Al-Qaeda and the road to 9/11. New york:

Alfred Knopf.Wyatt, E. 2011a. Security council refers Libya to criminal court. The New York

Times, February 27.———. 2011b. White House seeks ways to finance new leaders. The New York

Times, August 23.Wyn, Q.B. 2006. Libya and nuclear proliferation: stepping back from the brink.

Adelphi Paper 380. London: Routledge.ya’ari, E. 1985. Abu Nidal’s new brand of terrorism. Wall Street Journal,

December 31.Zifcak, S. 2012. The responsibility to protect after Libya and Syria. Melbourne

Journal of International Law 13 (1): 59–93.Zway, S.A., and D. Kirkpatrick. 2012. Eastern Libya demands a measure of

autonomy in a loose national federation. The New York Times, March 7.

283© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 P. Tang Abomo, R2P and the US Intervention in Libya, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78831-9

AAbdel Fattah younes, 140, 224, 225Abdel Rahim el-Keeb, 230, 234Abdullah al-Senussi, 147Abdul Qadeer Khan, 116, 122Abdul Rashid Dostum, 77Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham,

141, 145Abu Nidal, 101, 111, 112, 120, 126,

242Afghanistan, 4, 15, 34, 43, 64, 75–80,

82, 83, 92, 121, 153, 155, 159, 163, 186, 206, 220, 241, 249

Africa, 9, 25, 28, 92, 101, 102, 119, 120, 127, 183, 219, 220, 232, 239, 245

African Union, 2, 91, 120, 143, 149, 177, 178, 210, 219, 243

AFRICoM, 59, 183, 185, 186, 191, 192

Agent-Structure, 48Ahmed Shah Massoud, 76, 79Ajdabiya, 162, 170, 174, 188, 231Albright, Madeleine, 67, 88Algeria, 43, 86, 103, 120, 121, 136,

150, 233, 245

index

Amnesty international, 9, 25, 87, 136, 226, 229

Anarchical system, 53Annan, Kofi, 1, 9, 11, 20, 28, 73, 90,

119Antiaircraft, 233, 234Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 44Arab, 216, 218, 224, 228, 242, 243Arab-Israeli conflict, 102, 109, 114,

126Arab League, 2, 118, 123, 140, 141,

143, 150, 173, 174, 178, 180, 186, 193, 210, 216, 243

Arab Spring, 47, 125, 154, 201, 205, 242

Arafat, 102, 120Arms embargo, 91, 117, 148, 163,

172, 193, 194, 209, 243, 244, 247

Arrests, 226Assets, 15, 26, 72, 112, 117, 124,

145–148, 150, 153, 161, 170, 187, 191, 215, 217–219, 223, 232, 245

Assistance, 21, 24, 26, 29, 34, 52, 57, 63, 71, 81, 92, 99, 116, 143,

284 INDEX

151, 152, 159, 160, 170, 176, 179, 181, 191, 195, 203, 206, 217, 221, 241

Attacks, 2199/11 attacks, 63, 80, 83, 84, 88, 92,

97, 121, 122, 125, 241, 242Augsburg, 52Aujali, Ali, 144, 145Australia, 19, 158

BBaathification, 220, 229Balkans, 9, 162, 201, 202, 241Ballistic Missile Proliferation, 122Bani Walid, 228, 229, 231, 232Ban Ki-moon, 32, 151, 152, 245, 246al-Bashir, 25, 86, 87, 149Al-Bayda, 134, 137Ben Ali, 133, 138Benghazi, 1, 2, 4, 46, 100, 113, 118,

126, 133, 134, 136, 138–141, 154, 162, 163, 169, 170, 172, 174, 179–183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 197, 201, 202, 210, 222, 223, 225, 229–231, 243, 244, 246, 247

Berlusconi, Silvio, 144, 151, 218Bin Laden, osama, 77–80, 83, 86, 88Biological weapons, 82, 84, 85Blair, Tony, 31, 72, 119Boehner, John A., 198, 200Bouteflika, Abdelazziz, 18, 122Boutros ghali, B., 67Brezhnev, Leonid, 75Britain, 119, 120, 145, 147, 148, 150,

161, 173, 174, 186, 192, 193, 196, 206, 216, 218

British, 43, 67, 69, 72, 100, 101, 113, 121, 123, 147, 154, 156, 174, 180, 186, 187, 222

Bush, george H.W., 72, 79, 81, 82, 85, 89–91, 113, 116, 124, 156, 158, 170, 249

CCameron, David, 144, 180, 194Camp David Accords, 24, 75, 107,

123Canada, 19, 65, 147, 185, 186Capabilities, 3, 40, 42, 43, 46, 54,

186, 188, 195, 204, 206, 216, 229, 239–241

CENTRIX, 192Chad, 101, 102, 109, 111, 114, 116,

119, 138, 170Charter, 8, 12, 16–18, 20, 21, 25, 27,

30, 32, 41, 52, 120, 155, 239, 246

Chavez, Hugo, 149Chemical weapons, 43, 84, 85, 113,

115, 116, 118, 120, 122, 233Cheney, Dick, 78, 82, 83, 121Chernobyl, 48China, 19, 33, 34, 76, 84, 149, 150,

154, 173, 178, 179, 195, 246, 247

CIA, 78–81, 83, 84, 89, 91, 104Clapper, James R., 2, 160, 162, 186,

243Clinton, Bill, 1, 3, 68, 72, 73, 88,

117, 122Clinton, Hillary, 2, 144, 170–172,

201, 233Cold war, 8, 9, 48, 74, 80, 97, 102,

114, 115, 121, 125, 126Collective identities, 53Collective security, 17, 20, 21, 33, 51Colombia, 19, 176Communications, 100, 151, 157, 187,

188, 192, 197, 234

INDEX 285

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 122

Condemnations, 140Congo, 16, 25, 27, 68, 102, 119Congress, 47, 55, 59, 78, 79, 81, 85,

89, 91, 113, 119, 124, 153, 158, 159, 198, 205, 229, 231

Constituent assembly, 55, 231Constructivism, 3, 39, 40, 42, 48, 49,

53–55, 239–241Counterfactual analysis, 55Counteroffensive, 155, 161Crimes against humanity, 8, 22,

25–27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 46, 51, 57, 148, 149, 226, 235, 247

Croatia, 19, 71Cuba, 19, 76, 115, 119

DDallaire, R., 1, 10, 65, 67, 68Darfur, 4, 9, 25, 32, 63, 64, 86–92,

123, 149, 170, 179, 241, 246Darnah, 98, 134, 137Dayton, 52, 72Defections, 141, 153Demobilization, 28Department of State, 87, 89, 105,

110, 121Detentions, 71, 229Development, 5, 21, 23, 24, 26–29,

57, 85, 104, 115, 118, 125, 155, 207, 216, 232, 248, 250

De Villepin, Dominique, 84Dinka, 86Diplomatic, 4, 12, 16, 21–23, 25, 26,

43, 52, 56, 58, 73, 75, 79, 84, 85, 88, 91, 102, 107–109, 111, 114, 117, 119–121, 123–127, 144–146, 177, 178, 193, 202, 207, 210, 215, 232, 233, 242–244

Diplomatic peacemaking, 58, 210, 244Diplomatic recognition, 26, 56, 243Diplomatic relations, 102, 107, 114,

118, 122, 124, 207, 215, 233, 242

Diplomats, 67, 68, 75, 102, 111, 117, 142, 154, 173, 179, 217, 220

Disappearances, 71Disarmament, 28, 58, 84Discourse analysis, 55Djerba Treaty, 103Donilon, Thomas E., 159, 160, 171Dream team, 2–4, 169–171, 210, 243

EECoWAS, 17, 34Egypt, 16, 24, 47, 75, 86, 99, 102,

103, 107, 110, 119, 133, 139, 141, 151, 155, 156, 159, 160, 180, 189, 190, 205, 206, 231–233, 241, 245

ElBaradei, Mohamed, 85El Salvador, 28, 194Erdogan, Tayyip, 145, 148, 194Ethnic cleansing, 14, 22, 25, 30, 31,

33, 34, 53, 70European Union, 143Executive order, 59, 72, 112, 124,

146Extradition, 117, 119, 120

FFatwa, 152Foley, Laurence, 85Foreign Relations Committee, 216France, 73, 84, 111, 145, 148, 150,

159, 161, 173, 174, 181, 192, 193, 196, 206, 216, 218, 247

Free officers Movement, 100Fur, 86

286 INDEX

Ggaddafi, Muammar, 1, 4, 135, 139,

142, 143, 145, 153, 161, 162, 194, 196, 202, 203

garang, John, 86gates, Robert M., 39, 155, 157, 159,

161, 163, 171, 184, 193, 202, 205, 206

general assembly, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 26, 32, 56, 90, 106, 125, 149, 218

general National Congress, 55, 215, 231

geneva, 105, 138, 141, 144, 148, 152geneva convention, 105genocide, 1–3, 7, 10, 22, 23, 25, 26,

29–31, 33, 39, 44, 46, 53, 63, 65–69, 89–92, 140, 149, 156, 163, 170, 171, 174, 179, 202, 203, 210, 239–241, 243, 246

germany, 18, 19, 43, 68, 73, 118, 148, 161, 173, 177, 179, 183, 185, 186, 240, 247

gorbatchev, Mikhail, 76gosh, Abdallah, 86, 89, 91graham, g., 118graham, Lindsey, 160, 191, 232Green Book, 100, 140, 152guerillas, 80, 116gulf war, 81, 82gunboat diplomacy, 25, 151

HHabyarimana, Juvenal, 1, 9, 64, 65The Hague, 119, 180Haiti, 11, 28, 31, 33, 34Ham, Carter, 44, 59, 184, 185, 188,

197, 208, 209, 216, 235, 245Heavy weapons, 161, 225Hitler, Adolf, 18, 141Holbrooke, Richard C., 73, 88, 171

Humanitarian, 217–219, 235, 241, 245

Human rights, 1, 3, 8, 9, 11–15, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 41, 45, 46, 48, 50–53, 57, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 87, 88, 91, 107, 115, 116, 127, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 146, 148–150, 158, 170, 176, 200, 201, 226, 233, 239–242, 246, 248

Human security, 13, 20, 21, 51Hussein, Saddam, 9, 27, 81–83, 85,

151, 158, 159, 206, 233

IICISS, 2, 10–18, 20, 22–29, 31, 33,

41, 56–58, 245, 246, 249Ideas, 3, 40, 42, 43, 50, 239, 240Identities, 40, 41, 44, 47, 49, 53–55India, 246, 247Inspectors, 82, 84, 85Interests, 4, 18, 19, 39–42, 44, 46, 48,

50, 53, 54, 63, 67, 92, 97, 98, 106, 112, 121, 126, 145, 157, 158, 183, 197, 200, 203, 206, 224, 229, 231, 239–242, 249

International community, 3, 4, 12, 13, 17, 20, 22, 25, 30, 32, 33, 39, 51–53, 57, 67, 72, 74, 116, 123, 133, 141, 149, 154, 160, 162, 171, 174–177, 180, 181, 183, 195, 199, 201–203, 209, 232, 235, 240, 247, 249

International Court of Justice, 27, 119International Criminal Court (ICC),

25, 27, 34, 91, 136, 148, 176, 180, 220, 226

International Criminal Tribunal, 26, 29

International prosecution, 57, 163, 243

INDEX 287

International system, 8, 40–42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 52, 240

Intervention, 2–5, 7, 10–12, 14–21, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 39, 41, 43–45, 48, 50, 51, 53–57, 59, 63, 64, 67, 69, 72, 81, 85, 92, 109, 127, 141, 143, 150, 151, 154, 159, 163, 169, 170, 172–174, 177, 190, 201, 202, 209, 210, 217, 218, 221, 235, 241, 243–247, 249, 250

Iran, 75, 82–84, 107, 115, 119, 120, 124

Iraq, 3, 4, 15, 18, 19, 27, 34, 64, 81–85, 92, 115, 150, 153, 155, 158, 159, 163, 171, 184, 203, 206, 220, 222, 233, 241, 249

Iraqi, 9, 29, 81, 82, 158, 163, 203ISIS, 29Islamism, 223Islamists, 76, 80, 153, 154, 222, 231Israel, 7, 24, 75, 83, 99, 102–104,

109, 110, 113, 116, 123, 126Italy, 73, 101, 111, 118, 145, 151,

185, 193, 194, 206, 218

JJamahiriya, 136, 137, 148Janjaweed, 9, 86, 87, 89, 90Al Jazeera, 139Jefferson, Thomas, 98, 126Jibril, Mahmoud, 160, 191, 221–223,

233Juppé, Alain, 173, 175, 197

KKagame, Paul, 66Kandahar, 76, 77Kerry, John, 3, 127, 154, 157, 158,

171, 174, 191, 243

Khamis, Brigade, 137, 161, 225, 232King Idris, 99Kirk, Mark Steven, 232Koran, 77, 152Korea, 16, 19, 83, 115Kosovo, 4, 10, 17–19, 64, 69–74, 92,

151, 156, 201, 202, 241, 246Kurdish/Kurds, 9, 27, 81, 150, 206Kusa, Musa, 142, 144, 145, 182Kuwait, 27, 82

LLa Belle Discotheque, 43, 112, 126Lamin Khalifa Fhimah, 117Libya, 1–5, 15, 17, 33, 39, 40, 42,

44, 45, 47, 48, 54, 55, 59, 64, 97–127, 135, 138–161, 163, 170–178, 180–183, 185, 186, 188–195, 197–207, 209, 210, 215–222, 224–226, 228–235, 239–250

Libyan coast, 98, 108Libyan dissidents, 111, 115Libyan National Council, 145, 150,

162Libyan opposition, 114, 159, 173,

191, 197, 216Lieberman, Joseph I., 3, 154, 158,

163, 201, 243Light weapons, 46, 234, 236Lockerbie, 113, 118–120, 122, 123,

125, 126, 221, 242Locklear, Samuel J., 185, 189, 192,

194Logic of appropriateness, 47, 241Logic of consequences, 47London, 19, 108, 113, 116, 204

MMacedonia, 25, 72

288 INDEX

Malaysia, 149Malta, 108, 140, 142Mandela, Nelson, 118, 119Marines, 25, 97, 151Massaleit, 86Mattis, Jim, 186McCain, John, 3, 155, 157, 158, 163,

201, 232, 244McConnell, Mitch, 157, 163Meanings, 3, 40–44Mediterranean, 98, 105, 114, 126,

142, 147, 154, 185, 190, 193Medvedev, Dmitri, 196Al-Megrahi, 117, 221Methodology, 55, 133Mexico, 19, 155Middle East, 29, 84, 100, 101, 125,

155, 157, 158, 163, 176, 182, 199–201, 206, 243

Military, 1–4, 8–10, 12, 14–16, 19, 20, 25–29, 31, 34, 39, 43–48, 54, 56, 57, 59, 63–65, 67, 68, 72, 74, 77, 79–81, 83, 85, 86, 90, 99–102, 104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 113, 116, 126, 133, 135, 137, 140, 145–148, 150, 151, 154–163, 169–177, 179–181, 183–186, 188, 190, 192–194, 197, 198, 200, 202–210, 216–219, 221, 224, 231, 232, 234, 235, 241–245, 247–250

Militias, 5, 28, 65, 86, 215, 222, 224, 225, 228, 230–233, 235, 244

Milosevic, Slobodan, 10, 70, 72–74, 159

Misrata, 134, 137, 181, 182, 187, 199, 222

Mladic, Ratko, 10, 29Mohammad Najibullah, 76, 77Mohammad Reza Shah, 75, 107Morality, 18, 52Moral status, 49, 50, 239

Moscow, 76, 109, 193Motassim, 226Mozambique, 28, 101Muammar al-Qaddafi, 2, 43, 46,

48, 100–111, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 122, 125–127, 133, 136, 140–142, 144, 146, 147, 169, 174, 176, 178, 180, 181, 183, 215–219, 221–235, 240, 242–244, 250

Mubarak, Hosni, 67, 114, 119, 133, 138

Mujahideen, 75–77Mullen, Mike Adm., 172, 188

NNamibia, 28, 101National security, 2–4, 13, 28, 51, 63,

66, 72, 83, 85, 86, 88, 92, 125, 146, 159, 172, 184, 199, 200, 228, 241

NATo, 2, 10, 17, 18, 25, 27, 39, 72–74, 110, 151, 156, 158, 161, 169, 173, 185, 189, 192–197, 208, 210, 216, 218, 219, 221, 225, 241, 243–247, 250

Neorealism, 40, 41New york, 1, 9, 97, 113, 121, 125,

140, 145, 148, 172, 242Niger, 221, 245Nigeria, 34, 177, 245no-fly zone, 5, 15, 27, 58, 81, 141,

145, 150, 151, 154–159, 161, 162, 170, 172–175, 179, 183, 189, 193, 194, 200, 202, 210, 216, 244, 247

Norm(s), 2–5, 12, 13, 16, 18–20, 30, 33, 40, 41, 44–49, 51–53, 55, 56, 133, 239, 241, 243

Northern Alliance, 79, 80Norway, 19, 193

INDEX 289

Nuclear weapons, 43, 44, 83–85, 122Nuremberg Tribunal, 8, 26

Oobama administration, 39, 127, 142,

145, 147, 150, 163, 170, 243obama, Barack, 2, 3, 47, 125,

142, 144, 146, 149, 151–156, 158–160, 169, 170, 172, 175, 180, 181, 183, 189, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 202, 203, 210, 216, 217, 241–244, 249

oil companies, 101, 104, 105, 110, 113

oil embargo, 91, 105, 117omar, Mullah, 76–78, 80operation Enduring Freedom, 80, 82Operation Odyssey Dawn, 4, 183, 187,

192, 200, 205, 245Operation Unified Protector, 192, 194organization of African Unity (oAU),

67organization of the Islamic

Conference, 143oslo Peace Process, 102ottawa Treaty, 46ottoman, 69, 229outcome document, 19, 22, 24, 25,

30, 31, 249

PPakistan, 9, 19, 76, 77, 80, 122, 220Pan Am Flight 103, 113, 116, 120,

126, 242Panel Report, 20, 21, 51Panetta, Leon, 234Paramilitary, 72, 79, 80, 83, 115, 116Paris, 8, 73, 111, 115, 118, 172, 186,

193, 220Pashtun, 76, 79, 80

Peacebuilding, 28, 29Peacekeeping, 1, 9, 58, 65, 67, 73,

210, 244Pentagon, 68, 78, 82, 144, 172, 184,

187People’s Democratic Party of

Afghanistan, 75Pillar, 32, 103, 248, 249Political Infighting, 221Political sanctions, 24, 56, 58, 163,

243Portugal, 177, 247Pot, Pol, 9, 141Powell, Colin, 83, 85, 88–90Power, Samantha, 2, 3, 157, 170, 171,

210, 243Preventive diplomacy, 24, 56, 163,

243Process, 8, 18, 19, 27, 28, 40, 41,

44, 49, 53–55, 81, 87, 110, 134, 178, 194, 221

Process tracing, 55Putin, Vladimir, 196

QQaddafi, 220Al Qaeda, 77–80, 85, 121, 207Qatar, 180, 185, 186, 192, 194, 196,

216–218, 220, 224

RRambouillet, 73Ras Lanuf, 138, 162Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 17, 161,

193, 194, 221Rational choice, 47, 54Rationalists, 53, 54Reagan, Ronald, 42, 76, 108–110,

112, 156, 207, 240Realpolitik, 18, 45

290 INDEX

Rebel forces, 161, 162, 188, 208, 228, 233

Rebellion, 1, 23, 141, 152, 154, 221, 229

Red Cross, 10, 226Refugees, 28, 29, 47, 69, 88, 150, 151,

155, 157, 189, 205, 217, 241Reintegration, 28, 29, 114Resolution 1441, 84, 85Resolution 1970, 148, 177Resolution 1973, 4, 17, 33, 48, 179,

183, 184, 195, 198, 199, 210, 244, 246, 247

Responsibility to Prevent, 2, 3, 12, 15, 22, 26, 32, 56, 133, 245

Responsibility to React, 3, 15, 26, 57, 169, 210, 245

Responsibility to Rebuild, 3, 12, 58, 163, 209, 235, 243–245, 249, 250

Responsibility While Protecting (RWP), 248, 249

R2P, 2–5, 12–15, 17–20, 22, 23, 30, 32, 33, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51–53, 55, 56, 59, 127, 169, 180, 197, 239–250

Revolution, 23, 140, 155, 162, 223, 224, 229–231

Rhodes, Ben, 3, 200, 243Rice, Susan, 2–4, 88, 149, 152, 170–

172, 174–176, 210, 243, 247Rogue Doctrine, 115, 117, 120, 121Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, 47, 55Rubio, Marco, 232Rumsfeld, Donald, 78, 83Russia, 19, 33, 48, 73, 74, 84, 118,

150, 154, 156, 172, 173, 179, 246, 247

Rwanda, 1, 3, 4, 11, 19, 23, 33, 42, 46, 53, 64–69, 92, 151, 158, 163, 171, 179, 201, 239, 241, 246

SSadat, Anwar, 102–104, 107, 109Saif al-Islam, 122, 135, 136, 139, 146,

153, 162, 226, 227Sanctions, 8, 12, 14, 15, 24, 26, 43, 57,

88, 89, 91, 110, 115, 117–120, 123, 124, 145–148, 154, 163, 177–179, 181, 209, 217, 219, 243

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 144, 174, 180Saudi Arabia, 76–78, 83, 118, 119,

123, 152, 180Secretary-general, 11, 13, 16, 21, 22,

32, 73, 177–179, 248Security community, 42Security Council, 10, 16, 17, 19–21,

27, 30, 31, 34, 48, 56, 72, 85, 88, 90, 111, 117, 124, 148, 150, 163, 173, 175, 178, 181, 197, 199, 217, 219, 221, 244, 246–248

Security issues, 46, 117, 121, 126Self-defense, 45, 83, 92, 113, 121,

188, 241Self-help, 53Self-understanding, 42, 44, 46, 240Serb, 10, 29, 70, 71, 73Serbia, 69–72Shared values, 46Sharia, 76, 77, 80, 231Shias, 81Sierra Leone, 17, 34, 119Sirt, 100, 111, 162, 226, 229, 232Social context, 48Socially constructed, 41, 53Social structures, 49South Africa, 19, 26, 29, 43, 69, 101,

119, 120, 175, 177, 217, 219, 247

South Asia, 157, 163Sovereignty, 7–9, 11–13, 17, 18, 20,

23, 30, 32, 41, 46, 50–53, 239, 241

INDEX 291

Soviets, 75, 76, 78, 106Soviet Union, 44, 48, 75, 76, 80, 100,

101, 103, 106, 109, 126Special operations Forces, 79, 80Srebrenica, 10, 11, 33, 42, 44, 46, 53,

179, 201State department, 85, 89, 106, 108,

123, 142, 144, 145, 234, 236State identity, 49Stavridis, James g., 151, 185, 195,

250Stevens, Chris, 15, 191Strategic behavior, 40, 53, 54Sudan, 9, 86–91, 104, 119, 123Sudan Liberation Army, 86Suharto, H. Muhammad, 8Suez, 100Sustainable peace, 29, 58, 236Sweden, 19, 192Switzerland, 145Syria, 33, 48, 103, 209, 246–248

TTaliban, 27, 76–80Tehran, 75Tenet, 84Terbil, Fathi, 1, 134Terrorism, 43, 63, 79, 83, 85, 88, 92,

106, 107, 109, 112, 115, 121, 123–125, 127, 181, 207, 234, 241, 242, 244, 248

Terrorist(s), 18, 29, 43, 71, 77–80, 82–85, 88, 101, 111–114, 116, 118, 120, 126, 188, 207, 233, 234, 240, 242, 245

Third Universal Theory, 100Tobruk, 134, 137, 223, 231Tomahawk, 187–189, 193Tora Bora, 80Torture, 52, 71, 135, 224, 226

Transitional National Council, 191, 215, 217, 218, 223, 225, 227, 230

Travel bans, 26, 57, 91, 163, 243Treasury department, 146, 147Tripoli, 97–99, 103, 106, 107, 109,

111, 113, 118–120, 122, 124, 126, 134, 136–138, 141–144, 154, 162, 186, 188, 189, 196, 207, 219, 222–225, 228–231

Tripolitan war, 97, 98Tunisia, 47, 103, 108, 133, 139, 151,

155, 159, 160, 175, 189, 205, 206, 231, 233, 241

UUganda, 65, 68, 102, 108, 118, 119,

171Ukraine, 24Ultimatum, 74, 85, 182, 199Understandings, 42, 45, 56UN general Assembly, 16, 56, 149United Arab Emirates, 77, 180, 186United Kingdom (UK), 19, 73, 99,

103, 117, 176, 181, 185, 247United Nations, 8, 10, 16, 18, 20, 22,

25, 30, 32, 33, 51, 64, 77, 82, 85, 90, 99, 118, 135, 140, 145, 148, 149, 153, 169, 172–174, 178, 189, 198, 217–219, 221, 229, 231, 242, 246

United States (US), 3, 10, 18, 19, 30, 39, 44, 63, 72, 74–80, 83, 85, 89–91, 98, 100, 103–105, 108, 112, 116, 119, 120, 124, 139, 142, 144–148, 150, 155, 156, 161, 174, 176, 182, 183, 189, 193, 199, 201, 202, 207, 215–218, 220, 232–235, 239–245, 249, 250

UNSCR 1973, 243, 250

292 INDEX

UN Security Council, 16, 48, 84, 85, 124, 150, 159, 181, 197–199, 208, 219, 244

Uprising, 4, 71, 98, 125, 133, 137, 140, 152, 154, 156, 157, 163, 206, 222, 233

Use of force, 17, 19, 21, 31, 39, 44, 45, 50, 54, 57, 85, 135, 138, 169, 178, 199, 244, 246, 248, 249

USS Mount Whitney, 185UTA Flight 772, 116, 120

VVatican, 118Venezuela, 19, 139, 219Viotti, Luiza Ribeiro, 149, 178, 248Vote, 33, 72, 85, 148–150, 174, 175,

177, 179, 180, 219, 231, 246, 247

WWar crimes, 22, 25–27, 29–31, 33, 46,

135, 180, 247

Warplanes, 151, 157, 172, 186, 189, 193–195, 224

Warships, 150, 151, 187Weapons of Mass Destruction

(WMD), 82, 84, 122, 125, 126Westphalia, 13, 51, 52, 241Westphalian, 13, 51, 52White House, 2, 66–68, 142–144,

147, 149, 151, 154, 157–160, 170, 172, 175, 180, 194, 195

Wilileaks, 142World summit, 3, 22, 24, 25, 30–32,

41World Trade Center, 82, 83, 97, 121

Yyugoslav forces, 10, 72, 73yugoslavia, 10, 23, 26, 29, 69, 72, 73

Zal-Zarqawi, 85Al Zawiri, 80Zawiyah, 161, 162Zuma, Jacob, 175, 219