Basistechnieken Maritiem Vervoer

8/3/2019 Basistechnieken Maritiem Vervoer

1/19

IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn:: ttyyppeess ooffsshhiippss

CCoonnttaaiinneerr sshhiippss

90 % non-bulk cargo by container

Optimizes space

Capacity TEU

Above certain size: no own loading gear

BBuullkkccaarrrriieerrss

Bulk carrier, bulk freighter, bulker

Unpackaged bulk cargo

40 % worlds fleet

Single hold mammoth ships

Specialised designs

OOiill ttaannkkeerrss

Hydrocarbon liquids (crude oil -> refined products) DWT

VLCC (200 000 320 000)

ULCC (320 000 550 000)

8 12 tanks

Pump room

CChheemmiiccaall ttaannkkeerrss

Chemical in bulk Ocean going: 5 000 40 000 DWT

Smaller because specialised nature of cargoes

Separate cargo tanks (coated / stainless steel)

Every tank own pump and manifold

LLNNGG ttaannkkeerrss

Cooled to -163

Part converts to gas => diverted to engines & used as fuel


2/19

LLPPGG ttaannkkeerrss

Temperature lowering

Pressurizing

RRooRRoo

Wheeled cargo

Ramps

GGeenneerraall ccaarrggoo

Any sort ship that carries cargo

General freight (raw materials -> finished products)

CCooaassttaall vveesssseellss

Same continent (-> not crossing ocean)

Some small enough ( => travel inland)

Wet and dry bulk, containers, passengers

CCrruuiissee sshhiippss

Passenger ship for pleasure voyages

MMeerrcchhaanntt fflleeeett oofftthhee wwoorrlldd

SSttrruuccttuurree oofftthhee wwoorrlldd fflleeeett

Expansion of the fleet

In spite of economic crisis => still expansion of fleet in 2009 (vessel orders placed before

crisis)

Age distribution of the fleet

Average per ship higher than average age per dwt (ship size grown => younger ships

contribute more dwt)


3/19

DDeelliivveerryy ooffnneeww--bbuuiillddiinnggss

Still new ships built

No new orders

DDeemmoolliittiioonn ooffsshhiippss

Increased dramatically in 2008 2009 (older tonnage at low price)

World fleet gets older & new-buildings built to last longer => average age broken ships

increases

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ttrraaddee

CChhaarrtteerriinngg,, aa ggeenneerraall iinnttrroodduuccttiioonn

Definition

Chartering is an agreement, whereby one party, the owner, puts a ship or a part of it at the

disposal of another party, the charterer, for the carriage of goods between named ports. The

charterer can sublet the ship or a part of it to a third party and becomes the Disponent

owner. The chartering agreement is contained in a document, called Charter Party.

History

Contracts of affreightment from moment merchant didnt accompany his goods

End Middle Ages:

o Development shipping industry

o Each harbour: own customs and uses

Through years: charter party more complex and more clauses => long negotiations

End 19th

century: texts more uniform

BIMCO & Chamber of Shipping (UK): typical charter parties issued

Pre-printed documents in English, fill in blank spaces Bill of Lading represents the goods, sometimes serves as contract of affreightment

TTyyppeess ooffCChhaarrtteerr PPaarrttiieess

Different ways

Own goods / third party

Belgium: for the whole vessel or a part of the vessel, for the complete voyage or for a

limited duration, by weight, number or measure, against a fixed price or by quantity of

cargo


4/19

Voyage charter

Stated quantity, type of cargo, named vessel, named ports, agreed price ( = freight)

Most widespread form

Ship chartered entirely: agreement noted by charter party

Costs for ship owner (cargo handling costs stipulated by contract)

Time charter

Named vessel, specific period of time (no restrictions)

Time during differs

o Period time charter (as many trips during period)

o Trip time charter

Ship owner responsible for nautical and technical operation, fixed costs

Charterer responsible for commercial operation, variable costs

Time charterer hires ship equipped and manned

Bareboat charter

Charterer must equip and man the ship

Charterer has complete control of ship

Ship owner: capital, insurance, classification

Specific type of time charter

Lump sum charter

Lent against fixed sum Loaded quantities not taken into account, only space made available

Contract of affreightment

Fixed price per ton transported cargo without named ship

Ship owner operates entire fleet: transfer goods with most profitable operation

Charterer: no worries about transport of goods

Ship owner: use of ships with maximum flexibility

Booking note

Simpler document

Used in liner trade

Shipment of important goods reserved long ago

Forward voyage charter

Type of booking note, used in tramping

Ship owner fix cargo in the future

Breakdown of costs


5/19

Fixed: capital, interests, deprecations, manning costs, stores, repairs and maintenance,

insurance and administration costs

Variable: fuel, ports dues, tugs, pilot costs canal dues, agency fees, cargo handling,

cost for stowing of cargo, claims

TThhee bbiillll ooffllaaddiinngg

Definition

Written statement from the master

Three functions:

o Receipt for goods

o Contract of carriage

o Document of title

"Bill of lading" means a document which evidences a contract of carriage by sea andthe taking over or loading of the goods by the carrier, and by which the carrier

undertakes to deliver the goods against surrender of the document. A provision in the

document that the goods are to be delivered to the order of a named person, or to

order, or to bearer, constitutes such an undertaking.

o Named person: only person in consignee has right to receive the goods

o To order: Bill of Lading can be transmitted to third person by endorsement of

original B/L, name and address new holder specified

o To bearer: everyone holding original B/L right to receive the goods, case of

loss => certain danger

B/L versus C/P

More important than C/P

C/P represents hire of tonnage space

B/L represents goods

Tramping: generally both

Liner shipping: only B/L

C/P = gestation agreement

B/L = actual agreement

PPeerrssoonnss aanndd bbuussiinneessss rreellaatteedd ttoo sshhiippppiinngg

SShhiipp oowwnneerr

Equips ship, necessary provisions, crew

Operates and runs her

Sometimes some task to charterer

If owner is group persons / enterprises => shipping company


6/19

Disponent owner

Owner not operate ship himself => entrust to third person / company

Operator

SShhiippppiinngg aaggeenntt

Permanent representative of the owner

Looks after owners interests, in his name and at his expense

Acts in his name with regard to rights and duties of owner to third parties

Duties very variable & depending on sort of service

Duties & remuneration entered in contract (liner trade)

Tramping: almost never written contract, tacit competency, owner remains legally

liable

Several categories

Port agent

See pag. 35 36

Agency fee

Trustful and energetic agent

Charterer can demand to appoint agent

Owners pay agency fee

Agent protects interests of owner, independent of who appointed him

Liner agent

When company has no own organisation, appoint liner agent

Agency contract / agreement

Duties classified in 2 categories

o Cargo broker

o Dispatcher

See pag. 37 40

Own agencies

Large companies in countries where they have lot of interest => own office

Head usually delegate from company

Same policy in agency as in company

Seldom any conflicts

Adapt to local practices

Same duties as liner agent

o Cargo broker

o Dispatcher

o Information task (owners informed about cargo, harbour & local info)

o Control task (quality & prices of port, volumes & freights of cargo)


7/19

FFoorrwwaarrddeerr

Arranges transport of goods in own name but for account of his principal

Carries out activities related with transport

o

Receptiono Delivery to third carrier

o Storage

o Insurance

o Clearance through customs

o Export / arrange to export

Agent with services to move goods to their destination

Intermediary between shipper and ship

Easy flow at lowest cost

Duties in sea transportation

See pag. 41

Tasks in harbour

See pag. 42

Categories of forwarders

Forwarder = specialist in execution of transport agreements / contracts

Neutral intermediary between seller and buyer

Different kinds depending on sort of service

TTrraannssppoorrtt bbrrookkeerr

Every person who puts two or more persons in contact with each other for contract oftransport

Tramping: owner not well informed of goods available, exporters not informed about

available ships

Ship owner principal: compatible cargo for ship ( = shipbroker) Exporter principal: appropriate ship ( = chartering / freight / cargo broker)

Shipbroker

Hiring a ship (time charter / voyage charter)

Ships continuously employed for highest possible freight

Shipbroker has no responsibilities

Chartering broker

Find a suitable ship No responsibilities


8/19

Sale and purchase broker

Mediates in buying and selling of a ship

Draws op memorandum of agreement

NOTE:

Chartering broker and shipbroker often by same office

Remuneration brokerage commission

MMaaiinn ttrraaffffiicc rroouutteess,, iimmppoorrttaanntt aarreeaass aanndd ccaannaallss

OOvveerraallll sseeaabboorrnnee ttrraaddee Still growing, but at slower rate

More than 8 billion tons, dry cargo largest share (2/3)

Sharp decline demand for consumption goods

Fall in industrial production & reduced energy demand

Container trade: sharpest deceleration (11% -> 4,5% )

Shipping is vulnerable to economic downturns

Affected by

o Energy security & prices

o Bunker fuel costs

o Climate change

CCooaall sseeaabboorrnnee ttrraaddee

Fossil fuel energy source, more abundant than oil / gas

Different types => different uses

o Steam / thermal coal => power generation

o Coking / metallurgical coal => steel production

Other important users

o

Aluminium refinerieso Paper manufacturers

o Chemical and pharmaceutical industries

China largest producer

Global consumption slowed

Still fastest-growing fuel

Coal production increased, but used in country where produced

Indonesia and Australia over half worlds thermal coal shipments

Australia largest coking coal exporter

Main destinations (both types) are Japan and EU (48,1 %)


9/19

GGrraaiinn sseeaabboorrnnee ttrraaddee

Production increased

Canada and US 53,1 % world grain exports

Improved weather conditions => grain importing countries more own grain

IIrroonn oorree sseeaabboorrnnee ttrraaddee

Widely used metal

o Structural engineering

o Industrial applications

o Automotive sector

Producers: China, Australia, Brazil, India, Russian Federation, US, South Africa,

Canada, Sweden Main exporters: Australia & Brazil (2/3)

China = main destination

CCrruuddee ooiill sseeaabboorrnnee ttrraaddee

Affected by:

o Energy prices & market

o World economic situation

o Rising profile of environmental considerations Global oil demand fell

Economic downturn => less demand for energy => reduction in production

Production increased

Oil supply: Western Asia, North America, Africa

Share tanker trade = 33,7 %

2/3 crude oil

Western Asia main loading area

Major unloading areas: Europe, North America, Japan, Southern & Eastern Asia

CCoonnttaaiinneerr sseeaabboorrnnee ttrraaddee

Increased

Share to total dry cargo: 25,4 %

Investigation in:

o Larger and more sophisticated container ships & equipment

o Port and terminal operations

Economic downturn => future uncertain


10/19

IImmppoorrttaanntt aarreeaass aanndd ccaannaallss

Suez Canal

Man-made sea-level waterway in Egypt (Mediterranean Sea Red Sea) Northern terminus Port Said, southern terminus Port Tawfik (Suez)

192 km long

o 19,5 northern access

o 162,25 canal itself

o 8,5 southern access

Single lane, passing places Ballah By-Pass & Great Bitter Lake

No locks

Ships dimensions: 19 m draft / 210 000 DWT, max. air draught 68 m, max. beam

77,5 m

In convoy (2 southbound, one northbound)

Speed: 8 knots

Transit time: 11 16 hours

Panama canal

77 km (Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean)

14 702 vessels in 2008

13 000 km shorter

Artificial lakes

Three sets of locks

Reservoir (Alajuela Lake) Ships dimensions : 294 m LOA, 32 m beam, 12 m draft, 58 m air draft, DWT 65 000

80 000

Total tonnage rises

Major improvements:

o Widening and straightening Gaillard Cut

o Deepening channel Gatun Lake

o Deepening entrances

Handling more vessels than envisioned


11/19

SShhiippppiinngg ccoommppaanniieess

GGeenneerraall

Traders commercial and business transactions separated from operation of ship

Independent shipping companies offer services solely as carriers

Now centre of shipping enterprise

Structure depends mainly on structure of goods being carried

o General cargoes (liners)

o Bulk cargoes (trampers)

Dry bulks (tramp companies)

Liquid bulks (tanker companies)

Further specialisation possible (passengers exclusively, only coastal navigation ) Special types of ship consistent with type of cargo

o Liner

Traditional general cargo ships (freighters)

Container ships

Ro-Ro ships

Polyvalent ships

Refrigerated ships

o Tramping

Bulk carriers

Tankers

VLCCs ULCCs

OBO

PROBO

LNG

LPG

Lighter ships

Ships for carriage of special cargoes and/or heavy lifts

o Sometimes difficult to categorize

Structure tramping and liner company is different

TThhee lliinneerr ccoommppaannyy

Characteristics of the liner trade

Regular lines => well established, guaranteed and pre-published schedules

Regularity, punctuality, speed, reliability, stable prices

Purpose: carry small lots of goods from numerous shippers to large number of

receivers

Bill of lading => shipping operator acts as carrier Main elements: ships, goods, freights and tariffs


12/19

The ships

Costly, relatively large size, in best condition

Carry wide range and types of goods

Design and speed => relatively expensive

Most companies several ships on same lineo Cargo offer > carrying capacity: additional ships added (from tramping)

o Cargo offer < carrying capacity: sail partially empty / compete with tramping

The goods

All sorts packaged general cargoes of great value belonging to large number of ownersfor whom quick and prompt dispatch is of utmost importance

Bulk cargoes only when quantity is too small for tramping

Not only ongoing cargoes

In home port and other important ports of call: own quays and loading and dischargingequipment

All port of calls: backed by international and many branched organization withagencies, representations and canvassing services

Some use feeder services (= local branches of another regular line service (coastal

trade, inland shipping, air carriers ) responsible for supply and conveyance of goods

Some liner ships adapted to carry unit loads => shorten time at sea and in harbour =>

carry as much cargo as possible per year and per ship

Also passengers

The freight and tariffs

Established by shipping conferences on contractual base for certain period or for

specific quantity or type of goods

Maximum stability and fixed base for freight calculations

Considerably higher than in tramping


13/19

The organization of a liner company

Depends on number of ships

Three large divisions:

o Operating division

o Technical divisiono Administrative and financial division

General management

o Overall policy

o Contracts, capital and shares, appointment of executive personnel

Operating division

o Heart maritime company

o Primary activity, composed of several departments

Technical division

o Secondary activity

o 2 large subdivisions

Marine or nautical department (nautical equipment, ships supplies)

Engineering department (technical operation, maintenance)

Administrative and financial division

o Personnel department (recruiting, wages, training )

o Accounting department

o Statistics and control department (operating costs, fuel and oil consumption )

o Legal department

See figure p. 79

TThhee ttrraammppiinngg ccoommppaannyy

Characteristics of a tramping company

Very irregular, very unstable, very little organised

Ships contractually put at disposal of charterers

Usually each voyage apart from the other

Vessel is independent operating and competing unit, operation highly individual

Sailing schedule very irregular

Ship operator sees that ship is rarely idle and in port of discharge

Ballast voyages must be avoided (= main problem) Main elements:

o Ships

o Cargo

o Freight

The ships

Vary in size, sometimes lesser quality than liner ships

Doesnt need highly sophisticated equipment

Relatively slow and cheap

Present-day tramp fleet counts numerous modern bulk carriers suitable for different

sorts of cargoes


14/19

The cargo

Unpackaged bulk goods / massive amount of general cargo / seasonal products

Belongs to one shipper

No special care to manipulation and stowage, speed of delivery not that important

The freight

Freight is low

Relative low value of goods

Established on international freight market (rules of offer and demand)

NOT FIXED

The organization of a tramping company

Simpler organization Depends on number of ships

o One ship => one-man business

o Reasonable number of ships => similar organization as liner company

Industrial ocean carrier

Large quantities of raw material for own need

Ships belong to larger companies (e.g. oil companies) or are chartered for long period

Government enterprises / private enterprises

Operated as individual affiliated companies

The organization of the industrial ocean carrier

Almost similar to tramping

If owned by company => operated by maritime department, oil carried y independentcompanies => maritime department limited to commercial activities

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall aanndd nnaattiioonnaall mmaarriittiimmee oorrggaanniissaattiioonnss

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall MMaarriittiimmee OOrrggaanniizzaattiioonn ((IIMMOO))


15/19

EEuurrooppeeaann MMaarriittiimmee SSaaffeettyy AAggeennccyy ((EEMMSSAA))

Created after Erika disaster

Contribute to enhancement of overall maritime safety system Goals: reduce risk of maritime accidents, marine pollution and loss of human lives

Agency provides technical and scientific advice in field of maritime safety and

prevention of pollution

Continuous process of updating and developing new legislation, monitoring itsimplementation and evaluating effectiveness of measures in place

Key areas:

o Strengthening of Port State Control regime

o Auditing Community-recognized classification societies

o Development of common methodology for investigation of maritime accidents

o Establishment vessel traffic monitoring and information system

Activitieso Safety assessments and inspections

o Ship safety

o Environment, training and statistics

o Pollution preparedness and response, vessel traffic and reporting services

o Satellite based monitoring services

CCllaassssiiffiiccaattiioonn SSoocciieettiieess aanndd IIAACCSS

The Classification Societies

Development and implementation of technical standards for protection of life,

property and environment

Technical requirements for design, construction and survey of ships and offshorestructures => classification rules

Significant research departments

Contribute to structural strength and integrity of essential parts of ships hull and

appendages and reliability and function of propulsion and steering systems, power

generation and other features and auxiliary systems

Not guarantors of safety of life or property at sea or seaworthiness of a vessel => no

control how a vessel is operated and maintained between periodic surveys

Owner of ship may apply for certificate of classification => ships has to comply with

rules

Surveys carried out by qualified surveyors using mainly visual inspection and

sampling techniques

Ship maintained in class:

o Presented for surveys in accordance with rules

o Surveys confirm condition of hull, machinery, equipment and certain

appliances remain in compliance with rules

Doesnt design, build, own, operate, manage, maintain, repair, finance, insure or

charter ships May also act as Recognized Organizations for Flag States


16/19

IACS

International Association of Classification Societies

Gathering of 10 classification societies

Unique contribution to maritime safety and regulation through technical support,

compliance verification and research and development More than 90 % worlds cargo carrying tonnage covered by classification design,

construction and through-life compliance Rules and standards set by the ten Member

Societies and one Associate IACS

The members

o ABS = American Bureau of Shipping

o BV = Bureau Veritas

o CCS = China Classification Society

o DNV = Det Norske Veritas

o GL = Germanischer Lloyd

o KR = Korean Register of Shipping

o LR = Lloyds Register

o NK = Nippon Kaiji Kyokai

o RINA = Registro Italiano Navale

o RS = Russian Maritime Register of Shipping

Ngo allowed to develop guidance and advise for IMO

IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall TTeelleeccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn UUnniitt ((IITTUU))

Leading United Nations agency for information and communication technology issuesand global focal point for governments and private sector for developing networks and

services

Coordinated shared global use of radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation

in assigning satellite orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure,

established worldwide standards and addressed global challenges such as mitigating

climate change and strengthening cyber security

RRooyyaall BBeellggiiaann SShhiipp oowwnneerrss AAssssoocciiaattiioonn ((RRBBSSAA))

Proactively looks after common interests of all ship owners and ships managers

established in Belgium and involved in international maritime transport

Dynamic role in promoting sector as attractive employer

Gives members operational support and clarification concerning fiscal, social and

maritime legislation

Collaborates closely with all relevant national and international parties

Statistics

o 149 ships carried Belgian flag

o Representing 4 017 427 GT

o Average age end 2008 11,6 years

o Weighted average was 8,1o 25 new-build projects announced for delivery in period 2009 - 2011


17/19

PPrrooffeessssiioonnaall aassssoocciiaattiioonnss

Koninklijk Belgisch Zeemanscollege / College Royal Maritime Belge

Gathers Belgian and Luxembourg officers in possession of STCW certificate andstudents of Antwerp Maritime Academy

Provide information concerning new maritime regulations, evolutions on technical

side, important maritime events, interesting seminars, jobs

The Royal Belgian Institute of Marine Engineers (Gallois Genootschap)

Study-circle for ship engineers and technicians in ship building industry, shipmechanics and related sectors for everybody interested in branch of industry

Main goal: inform members about evolution in technological areas as well as practical

knowledge

Realised by lectures, publication of bi-monthly magazine, organisation visits

HHaarrbboouurr ffoorrmmaalliittiieess

HHaarrbboouurr ffoorrmmaalliittiieess oonn aarrrriivvaall

Limits of harbour

Determine where pilot must board

Determine when ship is arrived

Anchorage areas

Important if ship carries dangerous goods and required to anchor in isolated place

Restrictions

Entering at night or in accordance with tide or draught

Plan voyage that ship can enter when tide allows with minimal delays

Maximum dimensions

Locks

Often cause of delays or extra damage


18/19

Tugs

Number and power available tugs

Mandatory number

Place where tugs have to be moored and which line

Pilot usually gives enough information Inquire about price of tug service in advance

Mooring berths

Length of quays, depth alongside, maximum draught at low water, available loading and

discharging installations, number of sheds, hangars or terminals

Bridges

Times

Tolerances regarding width and height

Pilotage

Mandatory?

How to contact?

How many hours before arrival transmit ETA?

VHF frequencies?

How identify pilot boat?

Signals?

Where is the station located? Under what circumstances pilotage suspended?

Actions when pilotage is interrupted?

Shore radar service assistance possible?

Radio stations

Frequency and call sign allows to transmit ETA or contact agent


19/19

Formalities on arrival

Practical arrangements

o Ordering pilot

o Contact agent

Berthing prospects Necessary measures regarding discharging and loading operations of

the ship

Arrangements regarding maintenance or repairs

Matters concerning crew

Provisions

Bunkers

Drinking water

o Prepare administrative and commercial documents (6 categories)

Documents for harbour authorities

Documents for immigration

Documents for health service Documents for customs

Documents for the agent and stevedore

Documents for the consul

See p. 99 - 101

HHaarrbboouurr ffoorrmmaalliittiieess oonn ddeeppaarrttuurree

Ship must be seaworthy => delegate crew to run a check

Deliver goods carrying to receiver in same apparent good order and condition Search for drugs in vessel and cargo

Crew

See p. 102 - 103

On the bridge

See p. 103 - 104

Ships provisions

See p. 104

Cargo

Check watertightness of holds, tanks and other cargo spaces

Proper statement of every complaint receiver could make

Documents

All necessary documents should be on board and still valid

Basistechnieken Maritiem Vervoer

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