BAKTERI YANG MENGINFEKSI MUSKULOSKELETAL

OLEHNURROKHMAN

BAGIAN MIKROBIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UGM

BAKTERI YANG MENGINFEKSI MUSKULOSKELETALStaphylococcusStreptocuccusBacillusMycobacterium

STAPHYLOCOCCUSStaphyloccocci - derived from Greek stapyle (bunch of grapes)Gram positive cocci arranged in clustersInclude a major human pathogen and skin commensals

Grouping for Clinical Purposes1. Coagulase positive StaphylococciStaphylococcus aureus

2. Coagulase negative StaphylococciStaphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococcus saprophyticus

S. aureus,S. epidermidis, S. capitis, S. hominis, S. saprophyticus.Spesies yang penting dan sering menimbulkan penyakit

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSlarge, round, opaque colonies facultative anaerobe inhabitant the skin, mucous membranes, Spherical cells, irregular clusters, gram positive,lack spores and flagella , encapsulated.

The Enzymes of S. aureusCoagulase coagulates plasma and blood causes fibrin deposited around staph cells.stop action host defenses phagocytosis produced 97% of S. aureusHyaluronidase, promote invasion spreading factor staphylokinase, digests blood clotsNuclease, digests DNA(DNase); andLipase, help bacteria colonize skin surfaces. Penicillinase, inactivate penicillin

The Toxins of S. aureusBlood cell toxins (hemolysins and leukocidins), Intestinal toxins, Epithelial toxins. Alpha-toxin. Beta-toxin; Delta-toxinGamma-toxin.Enterotoxins Exfoliative toxinToxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)

FolliculitisHidradenitis Furuncle . Carbuncle Localized Cutaneous Infections

Systemic Infectionsosteomyelitis

Toxigenic Staphylococcal DiseaseStaphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS).

Skin commensalHas predilection for plastic materialAss. With infection of IV lines, prosthetic heart valves, shuntsCauses urinary tract infection in cathetarised patientsStaphylococcus epidermidis

StreptococcusArrangement beadlike chains, spherical,rodlike, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, form capsules and slime layers,facultative anaerobes, production lactic acid, not form catalase, peroxidase Colonies small, nonpigmented, glistening. sensitive drying, heat, and disinfectants

STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENESserious pathogen of humans, relatively strict parasite, inhabiting the throat, nasopharynx,

Cell Surface Antigens and Virulence FactorsSurface antigens (carbohydrates, polysaccharides, teichoic acids) protect lysozyme defense.Lipoteichoic acid, for adherence to epithelialcells M-protein, resisting phagocytosis

Major Extracellular ToxinsStreptolysins, two types are streptolysin O (SLO) and streptolysin S(SLS). (erythrogenic*) pyrogenic toxin.bright red rash typical of this disease,

Major Extracellular EnzymesStreptokinase, digestionof fibrin play a role in invasion. Hyaluronidase, spreading pathogen Streptodornase (DNase) hydrolyzing DNA.

Skin Infectionspyoderma or erysipelas; pharyngitis or tonsillitis

Systemic Infectionsstreptococcal toxic shock syndrome, rheumatic* fever (RF), acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), carditis

BacillusAerobic, catalase-positive, not fastidious. habitat soil, medical importance B. anthracis, B. cereus,

Bacillus anthracislargest , bacterial pathogens,Nonmotile, rods, spores, virulence factors polypeptide capsule and exotoxins, cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax capillary thrombosis, cardiovascular shock. septicemia can cause death in a few hours. Gastrointestinal anthrax

Methods of Anthrax ControlPenicillin, tetracycline, vaccine, effective vaccination requires six inoculations given over 112 years, with yearly boosters. Animalsthat have died from anthrax must be burned

Mycobacterium lepraeCausa leprosy, acid-fast rods, cannot be grown on nutrient mediums or in cell cultures.

Diagnosis.nasal mucosa scrapings, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, polymerase chainreaction

TherapyPaucibacillary forms: dapson plus rifampicin six months. Multibacillary forms: dapson, rifampicin, and clofazimine two years.