Bahan kajian MK. STELA LANDUSE ECONOMIC Malang , smno April 2013
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Transcript of Bahan kajian MK. STELA LANDUSE ECONOMIC Malang , smno April 2013
Bahan kajian MK. STELA
LANDUSE ECONOMIC
Malang , smno April 2013
The Market and Land Use
The Market and Land Use
Why is a particular piece of land used in aparticular way ? One piece of land used for agricultural production, Another for an industrial site, and
A third piece of land used for office blocks.
QUALITY & LOCATION of a piece of land
KUALITAS LAHANKualitas lahan merupakan konsep “fungsional”, harus didefinisikan dalam kaitanhnya dengan aktivitas tertentu pemanfaatannya/penggunaannya.
Kualitas lahan untuk memproduksi tanaman tgt pd iklim, topografi, tipe tanah, dan kesuburannya; semua faktor ini berpengaruh pd pertumbuhan tanaman, biaya produksi dan biaya panen.
Setiap aktivitas penggunaan mempunyai persyaratan tertentu.
LOKASI LAHAN
Teori lokasi lahan ini pertama kali dikemukakan oleh von-Thunen dari Jerman.Teori ini berdasarkan pada biaya angkut hasil panen pertanian ke pasar.Nilai lokasi = f (biaya transportasi, jarak riil)
QUALITY OF LAND
A : lahan kualitasnya rendah unt memproduksi jagungB : lahan kualitasnya mediumC : lahan kualitasnya tinggi.
(a) Revenue & Cost
Net revenue Total revenue
Cost of production
A B C
(b) ceiling rent
Low Kualitas lahan High
LOCATION OF LAND
Teori Lokasi ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh von Thunen.Nilai lokasi sebidang lahan ditentukan oleh jaraknya dari pusat pasar; Jarak ini akan menentukan biaya transportasi hasil produksi lahan
(a) Revenue , Cost, Ceiling rent (Rp/ha)
Ceiling rent
Cost of transport Total revenue
Cost of production
Pasar Jarak ke pasar
(b) cost of transport Kentang
Daging
Pasar jarak ke pasar
LOCATION OF LAND
Asumsinya: Kualitas lahan sama Petani kentang akan bersedia menyewa lahan di dekat pasar dengan nilai sewa yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan peternak sapi potong
(a) Ceiling rent (Rp/ha)
Daging
Kentang
X O X Jarak ke pasar Pasar Jarak ke pasar
Daging Daging
Kentang
Pasar
Interaksi Lokasi - Kualitas Lahan
Biaya transportasi biasanya dipengaruhi oleh:1. Aksesibilitas lahan thd jalur komunikasi / transport yg baik2. Biaya transportasi meningkat linier dg jarak ke pasar3. Kualitas lahan tidak seragam4. …….
(a) Harga pasir atau batu bahan bangunan (Rp/ton) Revenue & cost (rp/ton)
Harga pasir di pasar P
Revenue per ton pasir dikurangi biaya transpor
ceiling rent
Q Extraction cost
Lokasi A Lokasi B
Pasar Jarak ke pasar
Lokasi B mempunyai kualitas lebih baik untuk penambangan pasir dan batu, shg biaya ekstraksinya lebih murah
Industrial vs Urban Land-
Use
Penetapan lokasi industri: 1. Biaya transportasi bahan mentah2. Biaya distribusi hasil produksi ke pasar3. Lokasi optimum Total Biaya transport minimum
Transport Cost per ton produce (Rp)
(a). Heavy industry
Total transport cost
Transport cost of raw materials
Transport cost of product
Raw Material Jarak Market
Biaya jagung (b). Usahatani Jagung
Total biaya
Biaya distribusi
Biaya produksi
Lahan usaha Jarak Pasar
Ceiling rent for Urban-
sites
Penetapan lokasi industri: 1. Lokasi Toko A dan Toko B identik, hanya Toko A lokasinya
lebih dekat dengan pusat kota 2. QA : Permintaan barang di toko A dg harga P3. QB : Permintaan barang di toko B dg harga P
Harga barang
P Demand at A
Demand at B
QB QA Kuantitas barangRp/ha
ceiling rent
operating cost Total revenue
A BPusat Kota Jarak
Urban Ceiling rent vs
Landuse
Concentric landuse zoning : 1. The central zone is devoted to offices, dept. Store,
commercial uses, etc.2. Industry, residential uses, ets3. Agriculture
Ceiling rent
Offices
Manufacturing, Warehouses, Industry
Residential
agriculture
Town centre Jarak
Industry & Warehouses
Offices Residensial
Industry Pertanian
Land Use Planning
Land use planning -------- Land Suitability Analysis (LSA)Tiga fase dalam LSA :1. Asses the requirements of potential activities2. Determine the capability of the land resources 3. Match land resources capability to the needs of society
Agricultural Land Use Planning (Teladan dari Young & Goldsmith)Enam alternatif penggunaan lahan adalah:1. Annual cropping 4. Natural forest2. Perennial cropping 5. Plantation forest3. Livestock 6. Tourism & Recreation.
(1). Asses requirements of potential activities
Persyaratan Arable Cropping di Malawi (Young & Goldsmith, 1977)
Karakteristik lahan Persyaratan Limitasi Diagnostic measure
Drainage Free Poor Kelas drainase tanahBahaya erosi Nil/Low High Slope; Soil permeability indexZone perakaran Deep soil Shallow soil Kedalaman efektif
Easy root penetration Poor Tekstur / StrukturRetensi hara High Low KTK
Land Use
Planning
(2). Determine the capability of land resources
Aerial photography -------- to identify areas characteristicsGround analysis ------------ to asses the diagnostic features of land unitData management -------------Analysis & interpretasi -------
Suitability of land unit for arable cropping (Young & Goldsmith)
Land unit Drainase Bahaya erosi Zone perakaran Suitability
Lilongwe Mainly free drained Nil to Low Very good (deep Highly suitable (75% free, (Slope < 3%) well structured soil) (S1) 25% imperfect)
Thiwi Mainly free Low to medium Moderate Marginally(Slopes 6o) Soil depth < 100 cm suitable (S3)
Dedza Free Medium to high Poor (Shallow soils) Permanentlymountains (steep slopes) not suitable (N2)
Kesesuaian unit lahan untuk suatu aktifitas dinilai pd kisaran sekala:1. S1 : Highly suitable2. S2 : Moderately suitable3. S3: Marginally suitable4. N1: Currently not suitable 5. N2: Permanently not suitable.
Land Use Planning
(3). Match land resource capability to the needs of activitiesHasil LSA menyatakan “production possibility” untuk setiap land unit, belum mencerminkan “the best allocation”Alokasi penggunaan lahan lazimnya melibatkan kebijakan pembangunan daerah, sehingga seringkqali harus ada trade-off dalam pengambilan keputusan
Suitability of land units
Land unit Annual Perennial Livestock Natural Plantation Tourism and cropping cropping forests forests recreation
Lilongwe S1 N2 S2 n.a. S2 n.a.Thiwi S3 N2 S2 S2 S2 n.aDedza- N2 N1/N2 S2 S3 S1 S2mountains
Kelemahan LSA dari perspektif ekonomi:
1. Existing versus potential capability2. Location, biasanya berkaitan dengan biaya transportasi dan konservasi SDA3. External effects, biasanya berkaitan dengan pencemaran lingkungan
The Market and Land Use
An Introduction to Regional Economics ( Edgar M. Hoover and Frank Giarratani)http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Giarratani/chaptersix.htm
The foundations for a systematic understanding of the principles of land use were laid more than a century and a half ago by a scientifically minded North German estate owner named
Johann Heinrich von Thünen.9 He set himself the problem of how to
determine the most efficient spatial layout of the various crops and other
land uses on his estate, and in the process developed a more general
model or theory of how rural land uses should be arranged around a market
town. The basic principle was that each piece of land should be devoted to the use in which it would yield the highest
rent.
The Market and Land Use
The Interaction of the Land Use and Transportation Markets in the MEPLAN Framework
Source: Johnston, Rodier, Choy, and Abraham (2000). http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/toolbox/sacramento_methodology_land.htm
CONCEPTS OF LAND SUITABILITY
LAND PROPERTIES:
(*) Land Quality(*) Land
characteristics
LANDUSE:
(*) Requirement
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS :
(*) Landuse Systems(*) Agroecological
Zoning
What Is Land-Use Planning?
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html
As population and human aspirations increase, land becomes an increasingly
scarce resource, calling for land-use planning.
Land-use planning is important to mitigate the
negative effects of land use and to enhance the efficient
use of resources with minimal impact on future
generations.
Land-use planning is defined as a systematic assessment of
land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and
the economic and social conditions
LAND-USE PLANNING
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html
Land and water resources are essential for farming, grazing, forestry, wildlife, tourism, urban development, transport infrastructure, and other environmental functions. The
increasing demand for land, coupled with a limitation in its supplies, is a major cause for more conflicts over land use throughout the world.
The Watershed Perspective Each type of land use has a varying effect on the hydrologic cycle , thereby affecting the people and the natural resources on a landscape. A watershed perspective can be used to
scientifically study the effect of land uses on water and downstream ecosystems . A watershed is defined as a topographically delineated area drained by a stream system; that
is, the total land area above some point on a stream or river that drains past that point. A watershed acts as a receiver, collector, and conveyer of precipitation on a landscape. Land uses affect these pathways by altering surface runoff and groundwater infiltration, thereby
changing the quantity and quality of water resources.
Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html#ixzz1f2Ozm3A2
IMPACTS AND BENEFITS OF LAND USES
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html
Natural vegetation, such as forest cover, is usually the most benign of land uses, with higher infiltration and reduced runoff rates. The opposites of forest cover are urbanized areas, where large surface areas are impermeable, and pipes and sewer networks augment the natural channels. The impervious surfaces in urban areas
reduce infiltration and can reduce the recharge of groundwater. In addition, urban runoff contributes to poor water quality.
Agricultural activities are major forms of land use, including row crops, rangelands, animal farms, aquaculture , and other agribusiness activities.
Cropping activities involve soil and water manipulation through tillage and irrigation , thereby affecting runoff water and groundwater resources. If improperly used, fertilizer and plant protection chemicals in agricultural
operations can affect water resources and ecosystems.
Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html#ixzz1f2OpOP9n
LAND-USE PLANNING
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html
A typical planning process involves the following steps:
Establishing goals and a baseline; Inventorying and organizing resources;
Analyzing problems; Establishing priorities and alternatives;
Checking for land suitability; Evaluating alternatives and choosing the best option;
Developing a land-use plan; Consulting and implementing the plan; and
Revising the plan.
Read more: Land-Use Planning - river, effects, important, system, source, effect, human
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/La-Mi/Land-Use-Planning.html#ixzz1f2OMNkXK
LAND USE, TRANSPORTATION, AND GROWTH
http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/Growth-related_IndirectImpactAnalysis/gri_guidance.htm
The complex relationship between transportation, land use, and growth in a REGION context. It describes the causes of growth generally and the link
between transportation and growth specifically. Highway projects can affect the location, rate, type, or amount of growth in an area. Some types of development may be directly induced by a project (e.g., projects serving specific types of land
development). However, most land use changes in a REGION are not direct consequences of a highway project, but rather occur indirectly due to changes in
travel time and increased land accessibility in areas that may be ripe for development.
The result may be a change in spatial distribution of development over time, such as commercial development around a new highway interchange. These types of growth-land use-transportation relationships are more complex and
difficult to analyze than those for a project specifically designed to encourage or facilitate land use change and development.
FACTORS INFLUENCING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/Growth-related_IndirectImpactAnalysis/gri_guidance.htm
Source: FHWA May 1999.
An Overview: Land Use and Economic Development in Statewide Transportation Planning
.
GENERALIZED PROFILE OF LAND USE BY ECONOMIC VALUE.
http://ucanr.org/repository/cao/landingpage.cfm?article=ca.v045n03p10&fulltext=yes
EKONOMI GUNA-LAHAN
http://ckmurray.blogspot.com/2009/11/some-empirical-support-for-land.html
Land has some characteristics that make it quite different to other
goods:
1. There is a fixed supply (vertical supply curve),
and
2. It is costless to produce (the producer surplus
starts at a price of zero).
The Supply and Demand of Land
http://aspinallverdi.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/cil-economics-the-supply-and-demand-of-land/
Undeveloped land, or ‘pure’ land, refers solely to the land
mass provided by nature.
For example, the land mass across the earth’s surface, or more particularly the area of
a Local Authority District, can be considered to be in
fixed supply.
Remember, your economics supply and demand curves – the land supply curve would
be a vertical line on the graph where the x-axis is quantity
and the y-axis is price.
..LANDUSE CHANGE..
http://www.wikiprogress.org/index.php/Land
Land use changes can have positive and negative effects on human well-being, and on the
provision of ecosystem services (great increases in the human
population and density, increased productivity, higher
incomes and consumption patterns, and technological,
political and climate change). Indeed, activities such as
agriculture, forestry, transport and housing use land and alter its natural state and functions.
Also, many environmental problems are rooted in the use
of land; it leads to climate change, biodiversity loss and
the pollution of water, soils and air.
Economic Rent = Price of Resource in its Native State
http://thismatter.com/economics/economic-rent.htm
Among the factors of production, land is
fundamentally different from labor and capital, because the
supply of labor and capital depends on its price in the
marketplace while the supply of land does not.
Land rent has no incentive function because the supply of land is not dependent on the
rent paid. Land rent is considered to be a surplus payment, because even if no rent was paid, land would
still be available.
Economic Rent and The Market for Land
http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/NC/B0/B63/067MB63.html
The price of a one-acre parcel of land is determined by
the intersection of a vertical supply
curve and the demand curve for
the parcel.
The sum paid for the parcel, shown
by the shaded area, is economic rent.
Land Use Change: Bio-Physical and Socio-Economic Drivers
http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/chapter1%28introduction%29.htm
The analysis of land use change revolves around two central
and interrelated questions:
"what drives/causes land use change"
and "what are the
(environmental and socio-economic)
impacts of land use change".
Components of land suitability assessment
http://www.regional.org.au/au/gia/26/828baja.htm
The assessment of land quality for a specific type of land use should be based on land use requirements and
constraints. Such requirements and constraints are then used as the basis for establishing what are termed
‘evaluation criteria’ or ‘decision criteria’.
The matching procedure (FAO, 1976) then gives rise to a ranking of the potential of
land for a given purpose, whether categorical or
continuous grades.
LAND SUITABILITY INDEX.
http://www.regional.org.au/au/gia/26/828baja.htm
There are at least two important groups of land
attributes for land suitability analysis:
inherent qualities of soils and external
characteristics.
The former are soil attributes which have the
function for accommodating plant
growth, while the latter are those determining the level
of ‘workability’ (FAO, 1976), runoff,
sedimentation, and erosion in the catchment.
Factor rating of land quality for low land rice
http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=145
The land qualities to be used in this evaluation
thus include a number of land characteristics :
1. Water Availability (W),
2. Nutrient Availability Index (NAI),
3. Water and Nutrient Retentions(R),
4. Salt Hazard (S) and 5. Topography (T)
Selengkapnya lihat:
http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=145#sthash.8WT6KYuv.dp
uf
. Suitability evaluation of rice.
http://geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=145
The diagnostic factors of each thematic layer were assigned values of factor rating . The evaluation model is defined using the value of factor rating as follows:
Suitability = W x NAI x R x S x T. These five layer are then spatially overlaid to produce a resultant polygon layer. Application
of the model to the resultant layer yields a suitability map with 4 classes according to the resultant values proposed in the following table .
Value Evaluation
0.250-1.0 Highly suitable (S1)
0.100-0.250 Moderately suitable (S2)
0.100-0.25 Marginally suitable (S3)
<0.025 Unsuitable (N)
Land suitability evaluation for watershed pond
http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/nrm/water/overview/ma03166pf.htm
A hierarchical modeling
scheme with multi criteria
land evaluation (MCLE) and
multi objectives land allocation
(MOLA) to evaluate
suitability of location for
watershed pond aquaculture and
to resolve associated conflicts.