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Bahan Bumi dan Proses

Prof Madya Dr. Wan Zuhairi Yaacob

Program Geologi

UKM

1

Earth materials & processes

Earth materials & processes• Earth materials are solid rocks and soils,

water, and the gases of the atmosphere

• Rocks and Minerals?

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Sailing stone

Messina, P., 1998, The Sliding Rocks of Racetrack Playa, Death Valley National Park, California: Physical and Spatial Influences on

Surface Processes. Published doctoral dissertation, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York,

New York. University Microfilms, Incorporated, 1998.

Geologic cycle

• Tectonic cycle

• Rock cycle

• Hydrologic cycle

• Biogeochemical cycle

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• The Grand Canyon

– Sedimentary rocks (part of rock cycle)

– Uplifted (tectonic cycle)

– Erosion (hydrologic cycle)

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Kitaran Tektonik

(Tectonic cycle)

• Tektonik : Proses geologi berskala

besar yang merubah (membentuk)

kerak bumi, menghasilkan bentuk muka

bumi seperti lautan, benua, dan gunung

ganang.

• Proses dijana oleh daya (force)

berpunca dari dalam bumi

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Tectonic cycle and environmental

geology

• Everything on planet is affected by plate

tectonics

– Producing zones of resources

• Oil trap, other minerals (gold; iron; aggregates)

– Producing earthquakes and volcanoes

– Producing / determine the properties of

rocks/soils for construction / agriculture

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Teori Hanyutan Benua

(continental drift)

Teori Tektonik keping

(Plate tectonics)

Teori Pemuaian Dasar

Lautan

Teori Bintik Panas (Hotspot)

7

Kitaran tektonik

(Tectonic cycle)

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Divergent boundary

Convergent boundary

Subduction zone

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TEKTONIK KEPING

Mid ocean ridge

trench

“The ring of fire”

9

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Anda di sini

Zon subduksi

10

Tugasan berkumpulan

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Permatang tengah lautan

(mid ocean ridges) – seismic zone

Sesar/transform faults

Kerak baru dihasilkan di sini

11

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The rock cycle shows the relationship among the three

families of rocks. The arrow inside the circle show

possible interruptions of the cycle

Rock cycle

Link to other sub cycles:-

Tectonic cycle – heat & energy

Biogeochemical cycle - materials

Hydrologic cycle - water

Rock cycle and tectonic cycle

-Tectonic cycle provide several

environments for rock formation-Specific rock type at each plate

boundary (CONTOH)

-Tectonic drives and maintains the

rock cycle

Rock cycle and mineral resources

-Concentrating and dispersing

materials

- CONTOH: Emas

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Slightly weathered, massive (no structure), light grey, coarse grained, very

strong, biotite, GRANITE

(i) weathered state;

(ii) structure

(iii) colour

(iv) grain size

Particle size, texture,

alteration state

(v) rock mineral strength

(vi a) mineral type

(vi) NAME

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Texture ??

Composition ??

Rate of cooling ??

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Texture ??

Composition ??

Rate of cooling ??

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Phosphate minerals

(eg. Monazite)

Fertilizers

Agriculture

Dispersed into the environment (ground, water, air)

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Kitaran hidrologi

(powered by heat from the sun)

Condensation

Cloud formation

Rain/snow

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Biogeochemical cycles• Transfer or recycling of an elements

through the atmosphere, lithosphere,

hydrosphere & biosphere

• Related to tectonic, rock and

hydrologic cycles

• Tectonic cycle

– Provide water from volcanic eruption

– heat & energy

• Rock & hydro cycle

– Transfer and storage of chemical elements

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Bahagian Geologi (major geologic cycle)Berlaku dalam bumi (deep seated process)Bermula apabila sedimentertimbus; diagenesis; metamorfisme; metasomatism; pembentukan batuan kristal

Bahagian Alam sekitar (minor geologic cycle)Bermula apabila batuan terdedahke atmosfera (luluhawa !)Angkutan: hasil luluhawadipindahkanKembali semula ke kitaran geologi(major cycle)

Biogeochemical cycle

The transfer of chemical elements through a series of storage and compartments or

reservoir (air, soil, groundwater, vegetation)

Kitaran Geokimia (Mason & Moore, 1982)

• Pengaruh manusia terhadap kitaran

geokimia

– Gangguan berpunca dari aktiviti manusia

(selepas revolusi perindustrian)

– Beberapa penambahan unsur berlaku:

• Bahan baru hasil dari proses perindustrian

– Penambahan tidak normal dikenali sebagai

bahan pencemaran

• Cth: plumbum dari minyak petrol; SO2 dari

peleburan bijih; nitrat dari baja pertanian; etc

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Carbon cycle

2 terms:-

• Storage compartments

(kandungan C dalam

sesuatu ruang)

• Rate of transfer

(Berapa pantas kadar

pergerakan per tahun)

• C – solid; building block;

gas, weak acid

• The most critical : C stored

in atmosphere and rate of

transfer to land/ocean

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Total human input C to atm = 7billion tons/yr

7 bt/yr released; 3 bt/yr stored in atm; where another 4 gone?

Keller:

-not yet been answered

- Presumably: stored in

shallow ocean water (2bt/r)

and soil and plant (2bt/yry)

Kuiz 1 online SPIN

• Sabtu, Januari 16hb (15 minit sahaja)

• Apakah masa paling sesuai ?:-

– Pagi (9-10 AM)

– Petang (3-4 PM)

– Malam (9-10 PM)

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TAMAT

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