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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

CONTENT

2

1.0 Introduction to siteProject descriptionSite plan

4

2.0 Site and Safety 5 - 6

3.0 Plants and Machineries 7 - 9

4.0 Preliminaries WorkSite LayoutSetting OutEarthwork

10 - 16

5.0 FoundationType & Construction process ( from site )Type & construction process ( from references )

17 - 20

6.0 SuperstructureBeam & ColumnSlabWallStaircase

21 - 31

7.0 Doors and Windows 32 - 46

8.0 RoofType & construction process ( from site )Type & construction process ( from references )

47 - 52

Summary 53

References 54 - 55

Group Members

PRELIMINARIES WORK 0322822

0322608

0322020

0322879

0322633

0323824

0323454

0323066

FOUNDATION

DOORS AND WINDOWS

SUPERSTRUCTURE - WALL, STAIRCASE

SUPERSTRUCTURE - BEAM AND COLUMN, SLAB

ROOF

SITE AND SAFETY

SUMMARYCOMPILATION

Shum Li Sze

Sii Siaw Hua

Tan Kah Inn

Tay Siew Wen

Wee Sue Wen

Wong Mei Xin

Wong Yun Teng

Yang Jing Loo

3

1.0 Introduction to Site

1.11 Site Plan

4

2.0 Site and Safety

To protect the individual from injuries caused by falling objects

To prevent head contact with sharp objects or some other hazard situation that might cause direct injuries to the head

To prevent eyes from getting exposed to hazards such as dust particles, molten metal or liquid chemical.

It has high reflective property that is easily discernible

To make sure an individual is highly visible to others

To protect feet from falling or sharp objects Closed toe shoes that made of rubber, give

protection to toes Must do Round shape, white

pictogram on blue background

Prohibition or danger alarm Round shape, black

pictogram on white background; red edging and diagonal line

Warning or hazard Triangular shape, black

pictogram on yellow background with black edging

Emergency escape, first aid, no danger

Rectangular or square shape, white pictogram on green background

5

3.0 Plants and Machinery

7

4.0 Preliminary

.

c

10

.

.

11

The contractors site accommodation is a temporary structure that comes in various sizes and types to meet the site accommodation needs. It remains in the site during the construction phase and the length of time on site will therefore determine the types of site accommodation used.

Characteristics of the site office to suit office activities.

1. Weatherproof 2. Heated3. Insulated4. Lit & Furnished with desks 5. Work surfaces, plan, racks & chairs

Characteristics of site accommodation for workers to ensure health, welfare requirement and productivity.

1. Toilets2. Washing facilities 3. Drinking water4. Changing rooms5. Rest room

.

c

The construction period for this project is 3 years. Therefore, different forms of temporary site accommodation were set up to form a long chain of office complex.

Mobile cabin

Fire extinguisher

13

c

.

c

15

.

c

.

c.

c

16

5.0 Foundation

17

18

http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/prism.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/concrete.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/dimension.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/column.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/wall.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/load.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/foundation.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/slope.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/bearing-stratum.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/horizontal.htmlhttp://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/horizontal.html

4.1.4 Ribbed Foundation ReinforcementPhotoreference:http://www.buildinghow.com/en-us/Products/Books/Volume-A/The-reinforcement-II/Foundation/Raft-foundation

19

6.0 Superstructure

Superstructure Requirement of good formwork

Formwork

21

v

.

22

v

Long and Slender ColumnShort and Thick Column

6.14 Types of column on site:

Short and Thick Column 23

Two Way Beam Supported Slab

Flat Slab

Flat Plate

Waffle Slab

Two Way Beam Supported Slab

24

Red bricks are used for walls around staircase.

VoidWatertightness would be adversely affected if voids are present in the cement mortar.

Image 6.34

26

6.41 Types of Staircase

29

STRINGERUNIT RISE

TREAD

UNIT RUN

RISER

TOTAL RUN

30

7.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS

Decide on positions, sizes and shapes of openings.Decide on style, character And materials for openings.

Decide on basic materials for fabric of roof and walls. Decide on basic materials for fabric of roof and walls. 32

Design to give required fire resistance.

When closed door should act in

conjunction with surrounding

fabric as an enclosing element.

Good fit to exclude wind

and rain.

Weathered at bottom to shed

surface water.

Adequate locks and bolts

for security.

Design to give required

thermal and sound

insulation.

Glazed area to provide natural

daylight to the interior.

Suitable finish and

construction to withstand

natural elements.

Main function ~ to provide access and fabric of building.

dpc

Good fit to provide thermal

comfort and privacy.

Adequate lock for

security.

Colour and design to blend

with internal decor.

Main function ~ to provide access and egress through internal wall or partition.

When closed door should act in

conjunction with surrounding fabric

as an internal dividing element.

Architrave.

Design to give required thermal

insulation, sound insulation and

fire resistance.

Skirting.

33

Solid Panel - flush panels

timber

1829

& 1

981

1981

1981

1981

610,686 & 762 686,762 & 838 762 & 838 762 & 838

plywood facing

skeleton framing

lightweight core filling

edge lipping

34

finished thickness 40 or 44 mm

Solid Core (laminated) Timber DoorMortice Lock

- Side hung - Single leaf - Single swing door

Butt Hinge

External Door

On site front elevation drawing

35

Straight Sliding Doors

Glazed

Aluminium Framed

Patio Door Lock

Door Guides

37

heig

ht ra

nge

from

182

9 to

203

2

width range

facing materials :- hardboard plywood laminated plastic

solid or skeleton frame core

edge lipping

glazed 450 x 450 mm observation panel

facing materials :-Hardboard plywood

top rail

stile

lock rail

panels of narrow width louvres

clear or obscure glazing in small panes

bottom rail

38

Internal Door

- Side hung - Single leaf - Single swing door

Door Knob -

On site sectional drawing

Door handle with lockRequires key to open

Butt Hinge - Lift the weight of the doorFoldability

39Skeleton Core Flush Door

Concrete Lintel

40

Glass and glazing to be suitable for

window position and type.

Suitable and durable materials

required for framing.

Window should be weather tight when openings

lights are closed.

Perimeter joint to be adequately

sealed.

Thermal and sound insulation

properties to be acceptable to

client and within Building

Regulations.

Sizing of openings to meet

requirements of Building

Regulations for limiting heat

losses.

41

FIXED LIGHTusually used in conjunction

with other types.

TOP HUNG CASEMENTusually of small size for controlled ventilation.

BOTTOM HUNG CASEMENTuse as for top hung

casement.

VERTICAL PIVOT HORIZONTAL PIVOT

high performance - nearer than casement types - can be obtained as reversible for easy cleaning.

HORIZONTAL SLIDING SASH

gives good controlled ventilation without any forward or backward projection of sash.

simplest and cheapest type of opening window.

SIDE HUNG CASEMENT

sash side hung opening

out. sash top hung opening

out.

sash bottom hung

opening in.

sash hung on centre pivots.

DOUBLE HUNG SLIDING SASH

sashes hung on spring

balances or weights.

sashes run on

guide rails.

good ventilation with only small projections of louvres.

louvres hung on

centre pivots.

LOUVRE

&

42

ventlight closed

aluminium frame

casement

ventlight open

transom

mullion

Casement Fastener

hot pressed aluminium, plain end pattern

Casement Stay

cast aluminium, plain end pattern with one pin

&

Hollow Core Aluminium Profiled Window Section

polyurethane - resin thermal breaks

double glazed unit

synthetic rubber sealing gasket

hollow core may be filled with closed cell foam

standard profile outer frame for head, jamb and sill

43

7.32 Window Types -

&Top Hung Casement

STD. Handle

STD. Cleat

Cross Connector

Friction Stays

D/G Bead Multi Bead

44

3 Blade

Glass Louvre Blade

Adapts to Aluminium Frame

Handle

&

45

Rough Window Opening

2. Concrete Lintel

46

8.0 ROOF

47

Diagram 7.1.3. The rock wool above the chicken wire mesh is to provide sound and heat insulation.

Diagram 7.1.5. Lastly, add the metal decks above the aluminium foils.

Diagram 7.1.5.

48

Diagram 7.1.1. Diagram 7.1.2.

Diagram 7.1.3. Diagram 7.1.4.

Diagram 7.1.1. Steel Trusses are installed to provide roof support.

Diagram 7.1.2. After adding the purlins, put the chicken wire mesh above the purlins to hold the rock wool.

Diagram 7.1.4. Insert a layer of aluminium foil to reflect heat.

Main truss

Steel Sheet for waterproofing

Purlins

Type of Truss

Column

Concrete

50

Roof on porch is a concrete slab

Aluminium foil to insulate roof

51

Roof gutters

Diagram 7.3.1

Diagram 7.3.2

Diagram 7.3.3

In Diagram 7.3.1, Steel trusses are constructed and is supported by the wall.

In Diagram 7.3.2, Roof sheathing, for example, aluminium sheet is applied above this layer for protection and allows roof to support the load.

In Diagram 7.3.3, The last layer of the flat roof is roof coverings. This layer protects the roof against harsh weather and waterproofing.

52

Site visits are an important part of learning where it allow us to have greater understanding relating to the construction project, design and the processes. To ensure the construction is successful, involvement of planning and organising skills are essential for leaders to carried out. Besides that, trainings are to be delivered to workers for safety purposes and to accomplish works effectively. Firstly, Safety is the major concern in construction site to prevent from injuries. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, safety nets, first-aid box are essential to be placed permanently on certain areas. According to the contractor, fire extinguisher will be placed on every 1 km of the construction site. We are also required to place on safety helmets before entering.

Construction site that we recently went were located at Persiaran Setia Perdana, Shah Alam - residential building with 2 storey. Hence, the area focusses on the living spaces and public gardens to encourage more interaction from neighbourhoods. Observations on the process of constructing a house are recorded down, we able to get an understanding how the theoretical knowledge is fitted into practice. Gaining experience in building materials are also part of the site visit as well where we able to identify the raw materials in the construction process such as the detailing of doors and windows installations, roof covering, wall structures and etc.

Alongside with that, machineries able to increase workers workability in transporting materials, construction of walls made using templates, making aggregates using cement mixer. Wooden structure also known as pallet function as a base to carry materials from place to place by mobile cranes which available to work in low rise buildings. Maximum range it can hold 660 pieces of bricks or concrete. Formwork are also used as support structures or moulds to create concrete columns out of it, on the site plywood are used. The categories of formwork are defined as conventional type as it is easy to produce, flexible but time consuming for larger structures.

We did analyzed different construction methods by the drawings, plans, elevations and sections given by Mr. Phoon who accepted us on the site visit and guided us along throughout the day. Furthermore, these experiences had led us to be more involved in the construction process after a series of researches and interaction with the environment.

Summary

53

REFERENCES

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