Aviation Management CollegeAviation Management CollegeAirport Management Airport Management

Ms.Zuliana IsmailMs.Zuliana Ismail

ANNEX 14:ANNEX 14:AERODROMESAERODROMES

11

Annex 8Annex 8

Annex 3Annex 3

Annex 7Annex 7 Annex 10Annex 10 Annex 11Annex 11 Annex 12Annex 12

Annex 1Annex 1 Annex 2Annex 2 Annex 4Annex 4 Annex 5Annex 5 Annex 6Annex 6

Annex 9Annex 9

Annex 13Annex 13 Annex 15Annex 15Annex 14Annex 14 Annex 16Annex 16 Annex 17Annex 17 Annex 18Annex 18

Annexes ListsAnnexes Lists

AERODROMESAERODROMES

International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s)International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s)DocumentsDocuments

22

What is Aerodromes?What is Aerodromes?

‘‘AerodromesAerodromes’’ A defined area on land or water A defined area on land or water

(including any buildings, installations (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of departure and surface movement of aircraft.aircraft.

33

How Annex 14 come to beHow Annex 14 come to be

ICAO adopted Aerodrome ICAO adopted Aerodrome Standard And Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs) Recommended Practices (SARPs) in 1951 & in 1951 & designated it as Annex 14designated it as Annex 14

Many amendments since 1951Many amendments since 1951

1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes– Vol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & OperationsVol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & Operations– Vol. 2 - HeliportsVol. 2 - Heliports

Signatories agree to accept by or to exceed the Signatories agree to accept by or to exceed the standardsstandards

If signatories choose to differ, they must file a If signatories choose to differ, they must file a difference with ICAOdifference with ICAO

44

Volume 1: Aerodrome Design and OperationsVolume 1: Aerodrome Design and Operations Chapter 1 – Chapter 1 – Airport Classification Codes and Airport Classification Codes and

Design StandardDesign Standard Chapter 2 & 3– Aerodrome data & Physical Chapter 2 & 3– Aerodrome data & Physical

characteristics (RWY,TXW,APRON)characteristics (RWY,TXW,APRON) Chapter 4 – Obstacle restriction and removalChapter 4 – Obstacle restriction and removal Chapter 5 , 6 & 7– Visual Aids and their FunctionsChapter 5 , 6 & 7– Visual Aids and their Functions Chapter 8 – Electrical SystemsChapter 8 – Electrical Systems Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services, Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services,

equipment and installationsequipment and installations Chapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenanceChapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenance

55

OutlinesOutlines

Why Need to Learn Annex 14?Why Need to Learn Annex 14?

Annex 14 provides the basic specification for Annex 14 provides the basic specification for aerodrome design and operations. aerodrome design and operations.

Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes with a similar standard or command.with a similar standard or command.– Miscommunication can be avoidedMiscommunication can be avoided– Safety for the travelling publicSafety for the travelling public

Knowledge of aerodrome standards is Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary for all personnel who are charged necessary for all personnel who are charged with duties associated with regulation and with duties associated with regulation and operation of aerodromes.operation of aerodromes.

66

Standard And Recommended Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs)Practices (SARPs)

Standards Standards are identified by the verb <shall> <shall>

77

Example: The systems shall be suitable for both day and night operations.

and are and are mandatory.mandatory.

Standard And Recommended Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs)Practices (SARPs)

Recommended Practices Recommended Practices are identified by the are identified by the verbverb <should><should>

88

Example: Recommendation.— The installation setting angles for high-intensity obstacle lights, Types A and B, should be in accordance with Table 6-2.

and are only and are only recommendationsrecommendations

What should be the overall geometric What should be the overall geometric layout of runways, taxiways, and layout of runways, taxiways, and aprons?aprons?

What size of aircraft should the airfield What size of aircraft should the airfield be designed for?be designed for?

How should the construction of airside How should the construction of airside facilities be phased?facilities be phased?

How much land should be acquired or How much land should be acquired or reserved for a new airport?reserved for a new airport?

99

ImportanceImportance

Chapter 1

General

Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code

Type of ApproachType of Approach

1010

Airport Classification CodesAirport Classification Codes

Designed as a planning toolDesigned as a planning toolBased on two elementsBased on two elements

Aerodrome reference codeAerodrome reference code (based on a/c) (based on a/c)Type of approach Type of approach (based on runways :(based on runways :Non-Non-

Instrument (NI), Non-Precision (NP), Precision (P).Instrument (NI), Non-Precision (NP), Precision (P).

Example: Example: 3C NP3C NP

Type of approachType of approachAerodrome Aerodrome reference reference

codecode

The Aerodrome Coding The Aerodrome Coding ConceptConcept

Determine by two factors:Determine by two factors:Code number (1,2..,4)Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating to reflect aircraft operating

performance in terms of balanced field length of performance in terms of balanced field length of runways runways

Airplane reference field length (RFL)Airplane reference field length (RFL)Code letterCode letter (A, B, ..,F) (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical to reflect the aircraft physical

dimensions that have a bearing on the physical dimensions that have a bearing on the physical characteristics of aerodrome facilitiescharacteristics of aerodrome facilitiesWing span (WS) and Wing span (WS) and Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)

1212

Airplane reference Field Length (RFL)

The The minimum field length requiredminimum field length required for take-off at for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane field manualshown in the appropriate aeroplane field manual

1313

Wing Span (WS) and Outer Main Gear (OMG)

Wing Span (WS)=Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraftaircraft

Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)=Outer main gear wheel span (OMG)=The distance between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.

Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code

Code element 1 Code element 2

Airplane referencefield length (RFL)

(2)

Codenumb

er(1)

Wing span (WS)(4)

Outer main gearwheel span (OMG)

(5)

Codeletter

(3)

RFL < 800 m

800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m

1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m

1 800 m ≤ RFL

1

2

3

4

WS < 15 m

15 m ≤ WS < 24 m

24 m ≤ WS < 36 m

36 m ≤ WS < 52 m

52 m ≤ WS < 65 m

65 ≤ WS < 80 m

OMG < 4.5 m

4.5 m ≤ OMG < 6 m

6 m ≤ OMG < 9 m

9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m

9 m ≤ OMG < 14 m

14 m ≤ OMG < 16 m

A

B

C

D

E

F

1515

ExerciseWhat is the AR Code for Boeing 747-400 &

Airbus A380 ????

1616

Boeing 747-400 RFL=2990mWS=64.4mOMG=12.4m

Airbus A380 RFL=>3300

mWS=79.8mOMG=14.34

m

1717

No

Aircraft type

CodeElement

1

CodeElement

2

Aerodrome

Reference Code (ARC)

RFL ( m)

Code No.

WS(m)

OMGWS

(m)

Code letter

1. ATR 42-200 1010 2 24.6 4.9 C ?

2. Fokker: 50 1760 3 29.0 8.0 C ?

3. A 320-200 2058 4 33.9 8.7 C ?

4. A 340-300 2200 4 60.3 12 E ?

Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code

1818

AEROPLANETYPE

REF CODE

ARFL(m)

Wingspan(m)

OMGWS(m)

Lear Jet 55 3A 1292 13.4 2.5

Fokker F28-2000 3B 1646 23.6 5.8

Fokker:F27-500 3C 1670 29.0 7.9

Airbus A300 B2 3D 1676 44.8 10.9

Boeing:B737-200B737-300B737-400

4C4C4C

229527492499

28.428.928.9

6.46.46.4

Boeing:B707-300B757-200B767-200ER

4D4D4D

308820572743

44.438.047.6

7.98.7

10.8

Boeing:B747-300B747-400B777-200

4E4E4E

329233832500

59.664.960.9

12.412.412.8

Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code

Types of Runway ApproachTypes of Runway Approach

1.1. Non-Instrument Runway (NI)Non-Instrument Runway (NI)A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visualvisual

approach proceduresapproach procedures

2.2. Instrument RunwayInstrument RunwayA runway intended for the operation of aircraft using A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using instrumentinstrument approach procedures approach procedures

I.I. Non-Precision Runway (NP) Non-Precision Runway (NP) An instrument runway served by An instrument runway served by visual aids visual aids and a and a non-non-

visual aidvisual aid providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a straight-in approachstraight-in approach

I.I. Precision Runway (P) –Precision Runway (P) – Allow operations with a decision height and visibility Allow operations with a decision height and visibility

corresponding to Category 1, or II, or IIIcorresponding to Category 1, or II, or III

1919

Runway ApproachRunway Approach

2020

Non-Instrument Runway Non-Instrument Runway (NI)(NI)

Non-Precision Runway Non-Precision Runway (NP)(NP)

Precision Precision Runway (P) Runway (P)

ThresholThresholdd

TouchdoTouchdown zonewn zone

Aiming Aiming pointpoint

Runway Terminology

Runway Threshold: Beginning of runway for landing.Touchdown zone: The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aeroplanes first contact the runway.Aiming point: serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.

2121

Precision Runway (P) CategoriesPrecision Runway (P) Categories

Category ICategory I An instrument runway served by An instrument runway served by Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)

and/or and/or Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) for lMicrowave Landing Systems (MLS) for lateral/vertical guidanceateral/vertical guidance and visual aids intended for operating :and visual aids intended for operating :

Decision Height (DH) more than 60mDecision Height (DH) more than 60m Visibility more than 880 m Visibility more than 880 m Runway Visual Range (RVR) more thanRunway Visual Range (RVR) more than 550 m550 m Most common of P runwaysMost common of P runways

Category II Category II Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH more than 30m but less Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH more than 30m but less

than 60m and RVR more than 350 m.than 60m and RVR more than 350 m. Category IIICategory III

Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH less than 30m and RVR Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH less than 30m and RVR less than 350 m.less than 350 m.

2222

The importance of The importance of airport classification airport classification codes codes

Designed as a planning tool.Designed as a planning tool.

Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & aprons (aprons (width, separation between runways, width, separation between runways, neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation

between parallel taxiways and etc) between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the depend on the aerodrome reference code selected for design aerodrome reference code selected for design purposes.purposes.

2323

ReviewReview

Specify the airport classification codes Specify the airport classification codes when the Airbus A 380 landing at the when the Airbus A 380 landing at the Precision type Runway.Precision type Runway.

2424

ReviewsReviews

What is the different between a non-What is the different between a non-instrument runway from a non-instrument runway from a non-precision runway?precision runway?

Aerodrome reference codes are based Aerodrome reference codes are based on two elements. What are they?on two elements. What are they?

2525

Chapter 2 & 3

Runway Designation NumbersRunways, Taxiways & Apron

CharacteristicsDeclared Distances

2626

Overview Overview

– Runways (i.e., orientation, length and width; shoulders, runway strip, RWY turn pads, Runway end safety area)

• Clearways• Stopways• Taxiways• Holding Bays• Aprons

2727

1. Runways1. Runways

2828

1. Runways1. Runways

A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

Length and strength depend on the size of Length and strength depend on the size of aircraft to operate, the weather and the aircraft to operate, the weather and the presences of obstacles.presences of obstacles.

The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway (take-off and landing distances)(take-off and landing distances)

The hotter the weather the longer the runwayThe hotter the weather the longer the runway

The higher the altitude the longer the runwayThe higher the altitude the longer the runway2929

Runways Length Runways Length

For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m

Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway length at least 2,438 m.

3030

Runway CharacteristicsRunway Characteristics

Primary runway should be adequate to meet Primary runway should be adequate to meet operational requirements of critical aircraftoperational requirements of critical aircraft

Length of runway corrected for temperature, , Length of runway corrected for temperature, , humidity and surfacehumidity and surface

Length or runway need not be for maximum Length or runway need not be for maximum mass operations of critical aircraftmass operations of critical aircraft

Similar rationale for secondary runwaySimilar rationale for secondary runway

RWY Designation Numbers

Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading. Example: heading. Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340°° is marked as RWY 34.

Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16other runway marked as RWY 16

Measured clockwise from the magnetic heading. Measured clockwise from the magnetic heading.

Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as Three Six.Three Six.

For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to distinguish btw the RWS.

For multiple runways each runway is identified by For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R).Center (C) and Right (R).

3232

Munich Airport: Munich Airport:

Two Parallel Runways Two Parallel Runways

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: Multi Runways Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: Multi Runways

Runways WidthRunways Width

Code number

Code letter

A B C D E F

1 18 m 18 m 23 m - - -

2 23 m 23 m 30 m - - -

3 30 m 30 m 30 m 45 m - -

4 - - 45 m 45 m 45 m 60 m

3535

Recommendation.— The width of a runway should be not less than the appropriate dimension specified in the following tables

Exercise Exercise

Define the required runway width for the Define the required runway width for the Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?Boeing 747-400 and Airbus A 380?

3636

Runways StrengthRunways Strength

A runway should be capable of withstanding the traffic of airplanes the runway is intended to serve.

The surface of a paved runway shall be so constructed as to provide good friction characteristics when the runway is wet.

So that do not affect the airplane during the take-off or landing (no loss in friction)

3737

Runway shouldersRunway shoulders

Only for the airplane with Code Letter D, E and F

Width of runway shoulders

— 60 m for the code letter of airplane is D or E; and

— 75 m for the code letter of airplane is F.

3838

Runways with stopways or Runways with stopways or clearwaysclearways

3939

ClearwayClearway A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it A defined area prepared for an airplane so that it

may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified heightheight

4040

StopwaysStopways A defined area on the ground prepared for an A defined area on the ground prepared for an

airplane so take it can be stopped in the case of an airplane so take it can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-offabandoned take-off

4141

Declared distancesDeclared distances

For any given runway, four declared distances defined by ICAO are

4242

take off run available TORA

take-off distance availabletake-off distance available TODATODA

accelerate-stop distance availableaccelerate-stop distance available ASDAASDA

landing distance availablelanding distance available LDALDA

TORA: Take-off run availableTORA: Take-off run available

TORA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.

TORA = Full Length of RW

4343

Declared distancesDeclared distances

4444

TODA: Take-off distance TODA: Take-off distance availableavailable

The length of the take-off run available (TORA) The length of the take-off run available (TORA) plus the length of the clearway, if providedplus the length of the clearway, if provided TODA =TORA + CWY

4545

ASDA: Accelerate-stop ASDA: Accelerate-stop distance availabledistance available

ASDA is defined as the length of the take-off run available plus the length of any SWY. Any CWY is not involved.

ASDA = TORA + SWY

4646

LDA: Landing distance LDA: Landing distance availableavailable

LDA is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a landing aeroplane.

LDA = Length of RW (if threshold is not displaced.)

4747

Runway StripRunway StripA defined area including the runway and stopway.A defined area including the runway and stopway.

To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ; To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ; andand

To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operationsoperations

Figure: Composition of Runway Strip

Length of Runway StripsLength of Runway Strips

A runway should be symmetrically included in a runway A runway should be symmetrically included in a runway strip.strip.

A runway strip should extend beyond each end of A runway strip should extend beyond each end of the runway for a distance of at least:the runway for a distance of at least:

— 60 m [ code number 2, 3 or 4];

— 60 m [code number 1 instrument runway]; and

— 30 m [code number 1 non-instrument runway] .

4949

Why Displaced Threshold ?Why Displaced Threshold ?

Due to the presence of obstacles on Due to the presence of obstacles on the approach path make the the approach path make the beginning section of runway beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings.unsuitable for landings.

It is marked with white paint arrows It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway.landing portion of the runway.

5050

Displaced ThresholdDisplaced Threshold A displaced threshold not located at A displaced threshold not located at

the extremity(the extremity(the furthest point)the furthest point) of a of a runwayrunway

Provides obstacle free approach slopeProvides obstacle free approach slope May be used for taxiing, takeoff, and May be used for taxiing, takeoff, and

landing rollout, but not for touchdownlanding rollout, but not for touchdown Temporary or permanentTemporary or permanent Specific markings : It is marked with Specific markings : It is marked with

white paint arrows that lead up to the white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of beginning of the landing portion of the runway.the runway.

5151

Displaced Displaced thresholdthreshold

5252

Permanently Displaced Threshold

Temporarily Displaced Threshold

Runway turn padRunway turn pad

5353

Runway turn pad shall be provided to facilitate a 180-degree turn of airplanes

Runway End Safety Area Runway End Safety Area (RESA)(RESA)

At each end of runway stripAt each end of runway stripPurpose: Purpose:

to reduce the risk of damage to an to reduce the risk of damage to an airplane undershooting or overrunning airplane undershooting or overrunning the runwaythe runway

Not included in declared distancesNot included in declared distancesMinimum length: 90 mMinimum length: 90 mWidth: twice that of runwayWidth: twice that of runway

5454

2.Taxiway2.Taxiway

5555

2.Taxiway2.Taxiway

Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between the runway and apron, runway and runway, the runway and apron, runway and runway, apron and apron and vice versaapron and apron and vice versa

Generally, width smaller than runwayGenerally, width smaller than runway

Lightings for night flyingLightings for night flying

Various designs – high-speed turn off (45 deg) Various designs – high-speed turn off (45 deg) at end of runway at end of runway

Can be one or multiple in bigger airportCan be one or multiple in bigger airport

Taxiways are given label Taxiways are given label

5656

TaxiwayTaxiway

Taxiways on aprons

5757

TaxiwayTaxiway

Recommendations.—

Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface movement of aircraft.

Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.

5858

Width of taxiwaysWidth of taxiways

Code letter Taxiway widthA 7.5 mB 10.5 mC 15 m

D 18 m E 23 mF 25 m

5959

Junctions and intersectionsJunctions and intersections

Recommendation.—

To facilitate the movement of aeroplanes, fillets should be provided at junctions and intersections of taxiways with runways, aprons and other taxiways.

The design of the fillets should ensure that the minimum wheel clearances are maintained when aeroplanes are manoeuvring through the junctions or intersections.

[Note 3.— Compound curves may reduce or eliminate the need for extra taxiway width.]

6060

Taxiway CurveTaxiway Curve

Figure 3-2. Taxiway curve

6161

Taxiway minimum separation Taxiway minimum separation distancesdistances

6262

Rapid Exit TaxiwayRapid Exit TaxiwayA rapid exit taxiway should be designed:

with a radius of turn-off to enable exit speeds under wet curve of at least: conditions of: — 550 m — 93 km/h [code number is 3 or 4]; and — 275 m — 65 km/h [code number is 1 or 2].

6363

Holding bays

• A defined area where aircraft can be held, or bypassed, to facilitate efficient surface movement of aircraft. (when traffic is density is medium and heavy)

6464

Runway-holding position Runway-holding position A designated

position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/ MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower.

Taxiway or at Intersection of taxiway & runway

6565

6666

Runway-holding position Runway-holding position

3. Apron3. Apron

6767

6868

3. Apron3. Apron The place where aircrafts are parked close to the terminal The place where aircrafts are parked close to the terminal

buildingbuilding Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport.Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport. The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the

apronapron Fitted with underground refueling systemFitted with underground refueling system Fitted with underground with water supply systemFitted with underground with water supply system Fitted with sewer disposal systemFitted with sewer disposal system

Types of apronsTypes of aprons

1.Passenger terminal apron

2.Cargo terminal apron

3.Remote parking apron

4.Service and hangar aprons

5.General Aviation aprons

6969

Apron DesignsApron Designs

7070

Minimum clearance Minimum clearance distances at Aprondistances at Apron

Minimum clearance distances between an aircraft stands with any buildings , another aircraft or object

Code letter Clearance distancesA & B 3 m C 4.5 m D, E & F 7.5 m

7171