Lecture 1: Introduction

AVIATION HISTORY

29-March-2010By Ms.Zuliana Ismail

Lesson Timeline AVH 1103 – Aviation History (Sem 3 March – Mei,

2010)

30 Credit hours per semesterClass Timetable: Monday 10.45- 13.00 a.m

Thursday 11.00 - 13.00 a.m

Class duration: 4hrs 15 minutes/per week Semester Timeline

Week 1-3: Lecture Week 4: Mid term test & public Speaking

Week 5-7: Lecture Week 8: Study Week Week 9: Final Exam

Results

Mid Term Test: 10%Public Speaking: 10%Assignment: 20%Final Exam: 60%Total: 100%

Standard Grading Scale for University/College

Mark Grade Grade Points

(80–100) A 4.00

(75-79) A- 3.67

(70-74) B+ 3.33

(65-69) B 3.00

(60-64) B- 2.67

(55-59) C+ 2.33

(50-54) C 2.00

(45-49) C- 1.67

(40-44) D 1.00

(0-39) F 0.00

GPA Calculation

Credit Hours Grade Grade Points

3 B (3.00) 9.00

3 B (3.00) 9.00

4 B (3.00) 12.00

4 B (3.00) 12.00

Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00

References

Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through email)

Books AMC Text Book Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC

Library) Internet:Suggested Websites:http://www.century-of-flight.net/

http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/

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INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

What is Aviation ??

What is Aviation ??

By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers

to any vehicle capable of flight.

Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air

Aircraft can either be lighter-than-air or heavier-than-air.

Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships

Heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.

Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)

Any craft which sustain their weight by displacing an equal weight of air. For example, balloons and airships. Their structure when filled with a sufficient

volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats.

Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.

Heavier-Than-Air(HTA)

Relating to an aircraft heavier than the air it displaces.

An airplane is a heavier-than-air craft that is propelled by an engine and uses fixed wings to generate lift.

So, every airplane is an aircraft, but not every aircraft is an airplane!

Gliders are aircraft that are not airplanes. (glider, no engine)

The Space Shuttle is definitely an aircraft, but it is not an airplane. It does not carry engines for propulsion.

Helicopters are also aircraft that are not airplanes because their aerodynamic surfaces are not fixed - they rotate.

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Aircraft vs. Airplane

Introduction

For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting

imagined how it must be to take to the air.

That dream and imagination is now reality.

In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth-covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international

airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?

Chapter 1The Early Attempts to Fly

First Attempts Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C.

Many believed flying was for the mythical gods Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully

Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C. 17th century A.D. kites carried soldiers aloft

Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist First recorded scientific study of aeronautics Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical

flight Drew sketches and plans to construct flying

machines

First Attempts, 1500 Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect, painter…. In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of birds ..and then drawings

of flying machines with flapping wings. Finally, by copying the wings of a bird Da Vinci invented the

“Flapping-Wing Aircraft” to enable human to fly.

Critical Thinking

However, all attempts to fly using this type of machine failed. WHY HUMAN CAN’T

FLY LIKE A BIRD ??

God’s Will

If god wanted us to fly then he would have created us that way.

Human can’t fly like a bird because…..

Structure of a bird’s muscles are different compare to human. Human’s muscles are too weak to flap the large surfaces needed to obtain flight.

Bird’s bones are hollow and light compare to human. Human’s bones are far too heavy to make them rise in the air.

Physiological capabilities of birds can never be matched by human beings. Human heart beat rate must have to go up to 800 heart beats per minute in order to be able to achieve flight.

Second Attempts at Flight

By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments.

Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments

The first successful human flight1783: Montgolfier Brothers

Inventors of the first practical balloon

1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise

1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes

November 1783: first human flight.

However, balloon lack of directional control

Critical Thinking

HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY??

Hot-Air Balloon

A hot-air balloon has 3 important parts:

the envelope the burner the gondola

How hot air balloon can rise into the sky

Air in the balloon is heated by gas burner to over 100°C.

As being heated, hot air in the balloon become less dense (lighter) than air surrounding the balloon.

Since the up thrust is larger than the weight of fabric, burner, crew and basket. Hence the balloon start rising.

When the height increases, density of air decreases. Thus the up thrust will decrease.

When up thrust equal to hot air balloon weight, hot air balloon will float in the atmosphere

http://science.howstuffworks.com/hot-air-balloon1.htm

Glider Flight

1800- 1896: Men try to invent GLIDER…

Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.

George Cayley’s First Successful Airplane (1804)

Had body, tail and wing Understood that lift results from pressure difference

across wing surfaces Had the idea to warp wings for roll control Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at

that time

Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s)

Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights Control depended upon movements of his body.

To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator.

Died in a glider accident in 1896

The Powered Flight1843: William S. Henson, 1st plane with an engine Grew up in the age of steam. They had

witnessed the use of steam in powering trains.

He designed his own steam engine for airplane.

After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.

1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a

steam powered model plane. First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896 Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his

plane to crash

Chapter 2 The First Man to Fly

1896-1903

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Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

(1899 - 1902) – Research on how things fly. literature search to find out the state of

aeronautical knowledge at their time read about the works of Cayley, and

Langley, and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal

studied the problems which had been encountered by previous flyers and they talked about possible solutions to the problems

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Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

(1901 - 1902) – Tested Theories 1901 - built a wind tunnel and developed

model-testing techniques including a balance accurately determine the lift and drag

They tested over two hundred different wings and airfoil models to improve the performance of their gliders.

Today, NASA engineers at Ames, Langley, and Glenn Research Centers use sophisticated models and wind tunnels to study a variety of problems associated with modern aircraft design

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(1900 - 1902) – Developed the first flight control systems ideas for control were tested on a series

of unpowered between 1900 and 1902 – Kites to obtain aerodynamic performance

flying object had to be controlled about all three primary axes; roll, pitch, and yaw

Their aircraft were built with movable surfaces on the wing, elevator, and rudder

Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

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(1903 - 1920's) - Developed Propulsion Systems first to fly a self-propelled, heavier than

air machine The thin, high speed propellers which

they designed were based on wind tunnel tests and were unlike any other propellers being used at that time

Between 1903 and 1913 the engine power increased from 12 horsepower to nearly 75 horsepower

Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

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(December 17, 1903) - The First Flight

(1904 - 1907) - Flight Development continued to perfect their machine with a

series of aircraft built between 1903 and 1905. flight testing from Kitty Hawk to their home town of Dayton, Ohio

new, more powerful aircraft, they were able to stay aloft for up to a half hour, to fly figure eights, and to even take passengers up for a ride

Contribution of Wright Brothers to Aviation

Wright Bro. Solved 3 Problems

How to obtain Lift

How to Control

How to generate Thrust

Roll Around Longitudinal Axis

Pitch Around the Lateral Axis

Yaw Around the vertical Axis

1900: Test the Lift force

1901: Built the Hangar to store the aircraft

1901: Make 50 Glides, but unsatisfied Performance

1901: Wing design proved to be faulty

1901: Built a Wind TunnelTest 200 shape of airfoil

1902: Solve the control problem………

Move from 1902 Glider to the 1903 powered aircraft. Add a engine.

Breakthrough

December 17, 1903, near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Wilbur and Orville Wright made the world's first successful powered, free, controlled, sustained flights in a heavier-than-air craft. Their first flight went 120 feet (37 meters) and lasted only about 12 seconds.

17th December 1903, finally successful

Heavier-Than-Air Definition

After 1903…….

The brother write to the war department to try and obtain a contract for a “practical flying machine” but are turned down.

They decide to halt flying operations until they get a contract and the patent rights.

They won’t be seen in the air again until 1907 but they continue to work on increasing the power of their engines.

1908…formed the Wright Company Finally in 1908 the War Department

signed a contract for a Wright Flyer, provided it could meet certain tests.

A month later a plan was instituted for the formation of a Wright company in France.

After the successful development of the first airplane, the Wright Brothers continued to be involved in aerospace technology.

Orville was one of the original members of the National Advisory Council on Aeronautics (NACA) which is the parent organization of the current NASA.