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ISBN: 978-0170192743
9 780170 192743
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Brief contentsPreface xvi
Resources guide xvii
Acknowledgements xx
About the author xxi
Chapter 1 The electric circuit 1
Chapter 2 Voltage sources and effects of an electric current 24
Chapter 3 Ohm’s law 43
Chapter 4 Electrical power 63
Chapter 5 Resistance and resistors 88
Chapter 6 The series circuit 108
Chapter 7 The parallel circuit 125
Chapter 8 The series–parallel circuit 143
Chapter 9 Basic meters 157
Chapter 10 Capacitance 188
Chapter 11 Magnetism and electromagnets 220
Chapter 12 Electromagnetic induction 251
Chapter 13 DC generators 269
Chapter 14 DC motors 299
Chapter 15 AC fundamentals 331
Chapter 16 Pure R, L or C in an AC circuit 358
Chapter 17 Series combinations of R, L and C 377
Chapter 18 Parallel AC circuits 400
Chapter 19 Single-phase power 418
Chapter 20 Three-phase power 435
Chapter 21 Transformers 474
Chapter 22 Three-phase motors 519
Chapter 23 Single-phase motors 555
Chapter 24 Synchronous machines 569
Chapter 25 Test equipment and batteries 594
Appendix 637
Solutions 640
Index 656
v B r i e f c o n t e n t s
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Piezo-electric crystalThe piezo-electric effect was discovered in 1880 by the Curie brothers. (Piezo is Greek for pressure.) They found that when mechanical stress was applied to crystals such as topaz, quartz, Rochelle salt and cane sugar, electrical charges appeared, and that this voltage was proportional to the applied stress. Materials that have this characteristic are called piezo-electric materials.
The piezo-electric effect occurs when the charge balance within the crystal lattice of a piezo material is disturbed. When there is no applied stress on the material, the positive and negative charges are evenly distributed so there is no potential difference. When the lattice is changed slightly, the charge imbalance creates a potential difference, often as high as several thousand volts. However, the current is extremely small and only causes a small electric shock.
Piezo elements are used in electronic cigarette lighters, gas lighters, guitar pick-ups, some kinds of microphones and various types of sensors, such as accelerometers. When used in electronic gas lighters, a trigger-operated mechanical mechanism is arranged to apply a short, sharp force to the piezeo element, which produces a voltage that is high enough to cause a spark, as in Figure 2.4. In a microphone, the variations in air pressure due to sound waves cause the piezo-electric crystal element in the microphone to produce a very small voltage that changes with the sound waves.
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Piezo-electric effect, where pressure is applied to opposite faces of a quartz crystal to produce a voltage. Pressure can be by compressing, flexing or distorting the piezo element.
Magnetism Magnetism plays a big role in the electrotechnology industry, and the topics of magnetism and electromagnetism are covered in Chapters 11 and 12. In principle, if a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor. This effect was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, a discovery that led to the electrical power generation industry of today. Figure 2.5 shows a single conductor being moved through a magnetic field, although the voltage it produces will be very small (a few millionths of a volt).
Faraday found that the faster the conductor moves through a magnetic field, the higher the voltage. It doesn’t matter whether the magnetic field or the conductor moves – a voltage is produced if either moves relative to the other. He also found
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Producing a voltage by using mechanical energy to move a conductor in a magnetic field
C H A P T E R 2 V o l t a g e s o u r c e s a n d e f f e c t s o f a n e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t 2 7
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