ATBC-Ethnobotany IPB

7/30/2019 ATBC-Ethnobotany IPB

1/29

POTENTIAL OF ETHNOBOTANICALKNOWLEDGE

FORBIODIVERSITY- FRIENDLY FUNCTIONAL FOOD

PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

Feeding the Future of Indonesia

Bogor

Agricultural

University

Ervizal A.M. Zuhud1) , Arzyana Sunkar1), Agus Hikmat1) and Syamsul Hidayat2)

1) Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, IPB2) Staff of Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Email : [email protected]

Paper Presented:in International Conggres ATBC (Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation))

Denpasar, Bali on 19th-23th July, 2010)
http://tropicalbio.org/http://tropicalbio.org/


2/29

Threats to Food Security

Natural disasters

Social instability High unemployment

High food prices


3/29

Source: World Food Program@2010


4/29

Malnutrition

Malnutrition refers to both undernutrition andovernutrition.

Undernutrition is the outcome of insufficientfood intake (hunger) and repeated infectious

diseases (UNICEF) and includes deficiencyin vitamins and minerals (micronutrientmalnutrition)

Lack of micronutrients like iron, zinc, andvitamin A are responsible for poor mentaland physical development, disability,

disease, and death in hundreds ofthousands of poor people worldwide

Overnutrition relates to chronic diseases

Indonesia:

Children under weight for age (% of childrenunder 5): 28

Population undernourished (% of total pop.): 6

Global hunger index: serious

Iron-deficient population (2005)

At risk of iodine deficiency -

Sources: 2009 Human Development Report; IFPRI Hunger Index

Source: google


5/29

Causes of Malnutrition in Indonesia

Climate change impacts - Rice farming in Indonesia isgreatly affected by short-term climate variability andcould be harmed significantly by long-term climatechange (Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences, 2007)

Poverty - 40% < poverty line

Increased food prices

Nutritional and dietary practices

Health and sanitation awareness

Source: SMERU May/Aug 2008


6/29

About 60 % of the 58 million deaths worldwide in2005 were caused by chronic diseases and 80% occurred in low- and middle-income countries

(World Health Organization).

As a country becomes more urban and industrial,the people have replaced traditional plant-

based diets with high-fat, energy-dense dietsthat are often poor in essential micronutrients.

Agriculture & Health


7/29

If agr icu l ture is going tocontr ibu te to food secu r ity and

improved nu tr i tion , i t has to

ensure a su ff ic ient supply o f

staples and m icronu tr ient-r ich

foods.


8/29

Geographical location forms the

biggest risk of malnutrition inIndonesia

(Health Ministry of Indonesia)


9/29

Diversity of Some Staple Food across Indonesia

Sweet potatohighland

Ricelowland

TaroVarious agro-ecosystems

Cassavadry land

Sagocoastal

Maizedry field

rice

rice

sago

sweet potato

taro

cassava

maizerice

rice

sago, maize

sago

rice

taro

maize

cassava

taro
http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_blOXB91-nfQ/SLLBC56qk-I/AAAAAAAABW8/ev5hOziZIbE/s400/talas.JPG&imgrefurl=http://kamusdapurku.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.html&usg=__UJqNRaI3EpXQFxwT_HW8BgDcYJc=&h=300&w=400&sz=35&hl=id&start=2&tbnid=aC5n-mcIoGvJtM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=talas&um=1&hl=id&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://baliaromaticspa.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/singkong2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://baliaromaticspa.wordpress.com/2009/02/18/manfaat-singkong-manihot-esculenta-bagi-kesehatan/&usg=__a_GewW1e8xm7-KIY1JBkaLejL4I=&h=600&w=800&sz=131&hl=id&start=1&tbnid=ve5OMxVEPMPbWM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=singkong&um=1&hl=id&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id/plasma/images/rice.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id/plasma/&usg=__5KqWQGl-RCMbXeTegsHmh9qRu6Q=&h=314&w=424&sz=33&hl=id&start=15&tbnid=iu1Pu18lsTkqSM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=126&prev=/images?q=rice&um=1&hl=id&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1


10/29

Increased impetus to the ecologicalparadigm driven by environmental concernsand focusing on local, sustainableagriculture

New Agricultural Paradigm

FOOD SOVEREIGNTYThe right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced

through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to

define their own food and agriculture systems.

(Declaration of Nylni, 2007)


11/29

SIX PRINCIPLES of FOOD SOVEREIGNTY

1. Food for People and Right to Food

2. Values Food Providers and Respects their Rights

3. Localises Food Systems

4. Puts Control Locally

5. Builds Knowledge and Skills

6. Works with Nature

Source: Mulvany, 2010


12/29

Diversity of Some Staple Food across Indonesia

Sweet potatohighland

Ricelowland

TaroVarious agro-ecosystems

Cassavadry land

Sagocoastal

Maizedry field

rice

rice

sago

sweet potato

taro

cassava

maizerice

rice

sago, maize

sago

rice

taro

maize

cassava

taro
http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_blOXB91-nfQ/SLLBC56qk-I/AAAAAAAABW8/ev5hOziZIbE/s400/talas.JPG&imgrefurl=http://kamusdapurku.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.html&usg=__UJqNRaI3EpXQFxwT_HW8BgDcYJc=&h=300&w=400&sz=35&hl=id&start=2&tbnid=aC5n-mcIoGvJtM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=124&prev=/images?q=talas&um=1&hl=id&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://baliaromaticspa.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/singkong2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://baliaromaticspa.wordpress.com/2009/02/18/manfaat-singkong-manihot-esculenta-bagi-kesehatan/&usg=__a_GewW1e8xm7-KIY1JBkaLejL4I=&h=600&w=800&sz=131&hl=id&start=1&tbnid=ve5OMxVEPMPbWM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=singkong&um=1&hl=id&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1http://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http://bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id/plasma/images/rice.jpg&imgrefurl=http://bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id/plasma/&usg=__5KqWQGl-RCMbXeTegsHmh9qRu6Q=&h=314&w=424&sz=33&hl=id&start=15&tbnid=iu1Pu18lsTkqSM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=126&prev=/images?q=rice&um=1&hl=id&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1


13/29

Dayak

Anak Dalam/Kubu

Baduy

Toraja

Dani

Asmat

Several Indigenous People of Indonesia

FloresBali

Maluku

> 17,000 islands> 300 ethnic groups


14/29

Nutritional Properties of Some Staple Food

Sweet potatoes - rich in complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, beta

carotene (Vitamin A equivalent nutrient), vitamin C, and Vitamin B6.Pink and yellow varieties are high in carotene, the precursor ofvitamin A.

Maize rich in phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, zinc, iron andselenium, Vitamin B and has traces of Vitamin A & E.

Rice good source of protein, phosphorus and iron. Most of the

nutrients and minerals are concentrated in the outer layers, smallamount of vitamin B.

Cassava very rich in carbohydrate but grossly deficient in proteins,fat, and some of the minerals and vitamins.

Sago - nearly pure carbohydrate and has very little protein, vitamins,or minerals. However, the nutritional deficiencies of the food can

often be compensated for with other readily available foods (sagoworm).

Traditional subsistence systems involves human-resourceinteractions that ensure nutritional needs are met


15/29

The sago worm, actually the larva of the Capricorn beetle, is an importantsource of protein for peoples such as the Asmat of Irian Jaya and people of

Maluku. The Asmat actually cultivate the worm by deliberately creating theconditions it favours: boring holes for it in the rotting trunks of the sago palm.

Source: Sharp & Compost, 1994


16/29

Plants represent the largest segment of dietary diversity.

Plant resources are locally available, affordable, easy todeploy, versatile and remarkably connected to the

ecological and cultural realities of small farmers.Potential health-related functions of dietary plants

(func t ional food) include antibiosis, immunostimulation,nervous system action, detoxification, anti-inflammatory,anti-gout, antioxidant, glycemic and hypolipidemic

propertiesConsumption of greater food diversity improves the

nutritional quality of the diet (Shimbo et al1994 andHatloy et al1998 in Johns 2003).

Plant Diversity &

Functional Food


17/29

Traditional herbal drink

WATI

(Piper methysticum)

Source: Inama 2008


18/29

The almost mystic cure-all of Indonesia,jamu, can be drunk, eaten,or applied. Indonesianmen and women swear by it, not least for itsalleged properties of rejuvenaion. Mostjamu is derived from forestplants and herbs such as gingers.

Source: Sharp & Compost, 1994


19/29


20/29

The Sakai people of Riau

have skills to transform

ubi menggalo(kind oftuber) which is actually

toxic, into one of their

main staples that can be

stored for a long period

of time without decaying.


21/29

Dietary Diversity and Health

Dietary diversity is essential for health and that

biodiversity can be equated with dietary diversity

Dietary diversity is associated to longevity andreduced rates of chronic degenerative diseases

such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and

cancer for men and women.


22/29

ETHNOBOTANY

All studies concerning plants which

describe local peoples interaction with

the natural environment.

I


23/29

CENTER for

ETHNOBOTANICALKNOWLEDGE

Indonesia

(Source :Walujo 2009).


24/29

Plants have important roles in fulfilling human basic needs including food,health , homes, etc (Waluyo 2009)

Plant and Cultural Diversity of Indonesia

Every ethnic has a knowledge system based on nature and environment,

depending on the ecosystem they live on, climate (particularly rainfall), culture,

norms, attitudes, life patterns (Walujo, et al, 1991 inWaluyo 2009).


25/29

3000 out of 200,000 species of flowering plants are edible, butcurrently only about 200 species that have been domesticated.

The world is only relying on wheat, paddy, maize and potato as the mainstaples(Swaminathan 1981; Hawkes 1983; in Sastrapradja 2006 in Waluyo 2009).



26/29

Useful plant species apparently have evolved in accordance with the historyand state of human civilization

Quality improvement adapted to the will and needs of human themselves.The "traditional cultivators" have accidentally sorting-cultivar forpropagation of superior cultivars for generations (Waluyo 2009)

Variations of this cultivar is a source of very important germplasm for the

development of local food resources, science and technology in agriculture.



27/29

Indonesia and Indo-China arerecorded as one of thecenter ofgenetic resources

South-West Asia,

Southeast Asia(including Indonesia),

Mediterranean,Abyssinian, and

American, are theworld's centers of

origin for plantcultivation

Center of germplasm origin for food crops(Harlan 1975)



28/29

Potential of Ethnobotany

Plant resources (local varieties diversity of nutrition and health

functions) coupled with biocultural wisdom enable biodiversityto address the unique problems of food insecurity and under-nutrition.

BIODIVERSITY - FRIENDLY

Conservation of biodiversity and the knowledge of itsuse, preserves the adaptive lessons of the past and provides

the necessary resources for present and future health

Data and information on ethnobotany must become theprincipal forfood re-diversificationNOT food diversificationas voiced by many people.


29/29

(Timothy Johns 2003)

ATBC-Ethnobotany IPB

Documents

Transcript of ATBC-Ethnobotany IPB