Archaeological Report - Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny (Ireland)

Issue 14 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

99E0757 ext - Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny

Medieval and post-medieval pits and ditches in Kilkenny city burgage plots

Eachtra Journal

The Forge, Innishannon, Co. CorkTel.: 021 4701616E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

Contact details:

April 2007

Written by:

Client:

Archaeological Excavation Report,Stratham’s Garage Site,Patrick Street,Kilkenny

Medieval and post-medieval pits and ditches in Kilkenny city burgage plots

Belem Valley Properties Ltd.,c/o Nolan Ryan Partnership,No. 10 Ormonde St.,Kilkenny

P.39/99

99E0757 ext

Bruce Sutton

Bruce SuttonPenny Johnston

Planning Register No.:

Licence No.:

Licensee:

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Table of Contents

1 Summary ..........................................................................................................................1

2 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................1

3 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

4 Background to the Development ......................................................................................1

5 Background to the current project ....................................................................................2

6 Historical background ......................................................................................................3

7 Patrick Street: recent archaeological investigations ...........................................................7

8 Patrick Street: the cartographic evidence .........................................................................8

9 Description of excavation .................................................................................................9

9.1 Property 1 ..................................................................................................................9

9.2 Property 2 .................................................................................................................10

9.3 Property 3 .................................................................................................................10

9.4 Property 3a ................................................................................................................11

9.5 Property 3b ...............................................................................................................12

9.6 Property 4? ................................................................................................................13

10 Discussion .......................................................................................................................14

10.1 Pottery ......................................................................................................................15

10.2 Animal Bone .............................................................................................................15

10.3 Plant Remains ...........................................................................................................16

11 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................17

12 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................18

13 Figures .............................................................................................................................19

14 Plates ...............................................................................................................................30

15 Appendices ......................................................................................................................34

15.1 Appendix 1: Context Register ...................................................................................35

15.2 Appendix 2: Stratigraphic Matrix .............................................................................83

15.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register ........................................................................................91

15.4 Appendix 4: Pottery Report ......................................................................................109

15.5 Appendix 5: Faunal Remains Report ........................................................................ 132

14.6 Appendix 6: Plant Remains from Patrick Street, Kilkenny 99E757 ...........................144

15.7 Appendix 7: Catalogue of Clay Pipes ........................................................................ 151

15.8 Appendix 8: Catalogue of Metal Artefacts ................................................................ 154

15.9 Appendix 9: Catalogue of Stone Artefacts ................................................................ 157

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List of FiguresFigure 1: Extract from OS Discovery Series map. Site location highlighted. .........................................19

Figure 2: Extract from RMP sheet KK019. Site location highlighted. .................................................. 20

Figure 3: Extract from a map of Kilkenny, 1758, by John Rocque. Site location highlighted. ...............21

Figure 4: Extract from OS 1st Edition map, 1841, sheet 19. Site location highlighted. ..........................22

Figure 5: Extract from OS 5ft map, sheet 19, 1872. Site location highlighted. ......................................23

Figure 6: Down Survey map of 1655. Taken from Historic Towns Atlas No. 10 .................................. 24

Figure 7: Extract from OS Irish Historic Atlas map of Kilkenny, 1999. Site location highlighted. ........25

Figure 8: Post-excavation plan of the archaeological features at the Stratham’s Garage site, Patrick Street, Kilkenny. ..............................................................................................................................................26

Figure 9: Extract from 5ft map of Kilkenny with the outline of medieval properties shown .................27

Figure 10: Sections through some of the excavated features ..................................................................28

Figure 11: Drawing of possible whetstone from a linear feature C.271 ..................................................29

List of PlatesPlate 1: General photograph of Property 3a, taken from the east ...........................................................30

Plate 2: Ditch C.235 from south-west ...................................................................................................30

Plate 3: Furrows in Properties 1 and 2 from north ................................................................................31

Plate 4: Pits in Property 3a, taken from the east ....................................................................................31

Plate 5: Cobble-stone surface C.254 from west .....................................................................................32

Plate 6: Wall C.295 from south-west.....................................................................................................32

Plate 7: Sewage outlet C.168 from south ...............................................................................................33

Plate 8: Section through pit C.143 from the south-west ........................................................................33

Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced or used in any form without the written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.

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Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny 99E0757 extISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237

http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/99e0757ext-stratham-garage-patrick-st-kilkenny-co-kilkenny/

1 Summary

Location Site of Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street Kilkenny County KilkennyNational Grid Reference 250700

155610Sites and Monument Record No. KK19026Excavation Licence no. 99E0757extOS Map Sheet no. KK 019Elevation OD

2 AcknowledgementsThe excavation director was Bruce Sutton. Field crew included Antonia Doolan and Juliana O’Donoghue. Post-excavation work was carried out by Antonia Doolan, Robin Turk, Sara Camplese and Penny Johnston. Specialists included Clare McCutcheon (medieval ceramics), Mary Dillon (plant remains), Margaret McCarthy (animal bone) and ArchCon Labs Ltd. (metal conservation).

3 IntroductionThis report comprises the final report on archaeological excavations which took place at the former site of Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street, Kilkenny city, Co. Kilkenny (Figure 1). These excavations were carried out by Eachtra Archaeological Projects under the direction of Bruce Sutton in January and February of 2005 (Licence number for 2005 work: 99E0757ext). The excavations were carried out in advance of the construction of a hotel and associated services on the site (Planning Ref. no. P.39/99). The archaeological remains included a dense concentration of medieval and post-medieval refuse pits in addition to a post-medieval cobbled surface and a small section of a post-medieval wall.

4 Background to the DevelopmentPrevious archaeological work at the site consisted of an archaeological assessment, undertaken in 1999 by Jacinta Kiely of Eachtra Archaeological Projects (Kiely 2000a). Three trenches were opened, each of which produced archaeological material. Based on the results presented in the assessment report, the subsequent Grant of Planning contained a condition related to the archaeological aspects of the site. Condition 5 stipulated:“ it shall be necessary for the applicant/developer to employ an archaeologist to carry out an excavation…within the proposed development site in advance of site preparation and /or construction works … A series of open trenches shall be archaeologically excavated by hand in the areas affected by the proposed structures as follows: a) The archaeology in the basement area of the hotel shall be fully excavated. b) The archaeology in the area of the restaurant and kitchen shall be excavated to a depth of 0.81m and a buffer zone measuring 0.5m shall be established. c) The archaeology in the area of the stores shall be excavated to a depth of 1.213 and a buffer zone measuring 0.5m shall be established. d) The archaeology in the area of the car park shall be excavated to a depth of 0.5m”. The necessary archaeological excavations were carried out in January and February of 2005 under

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an extension to the original testing licence conducted in 1999 (Licence number for 2005 work: 99E0757ext).

5 Background to the current projectThis site at Patrick Street, prior to excavation, was occupied by Stratham’s Garage. This building was erected in the early 1900s and had lain derelict for some time. Lanigan and Tyler (1987) describe the building, along with that of the adjacent South East Health Board building, as being out of propor-tion with the surrounding Georgian terrace that lay along the eastern side of Patrick Street. The garage was demolished prior to archaeological investigations and on arrival, only the façade fronting onto Patrick Street remained. The site is located within the zone of archaeological potential for Kilkenny City (Figure 2)

The initial archaeological impact assessment undertaken by Jacinta Kiely at the former site of Stratham’s Garage in 1999 involved opening three trenches along the line of the proposed hotel foundations. Trench 1 was T-shaped and was excavated to a depth of 0.9 m below the modern ground surface. A layer of concrete and rubble was found to overlay the subsoil. Upon removal of the rubble layer, eight possible pits were recorded in the base of the trench. Trench 2 was excavated to a depth of 1 m below the surface. This uncovered a brown silty clay garden soil underlying the concrete that included post-medieval glass, brick, slate, shell etc. An east to west orientated ditch was recorded in the base of the trench, from the upper part of which a piece of Medieval pottery was recovered. A partly demolished wall of roughly hewn limestone was encountered in the northern section of the trench. Trench 3 was excavated to a depth of 0.7 m. Two possible pits were recorded in the base of the trench, the eastern end of which was disturbed by a concrete pipe (Kiely 2000). The discovery of archaeological deposits in the three trenches opened led to the recommendation that the area of proposed development be archaeologically excavated prior to development.

Initial plans for the development of the hotel were altered during excavation. In the original plans the proposed area for the car park to the side and rear of the hotel were to be developed at the current ground level, which that meant that excavation was only to take place on the northern half of the site and at a small area adjacent to the southern wall. It was then proposed to drop the entire level of the parking area by c.0.5. This resulted in the entire area of what was Stratham’s Garage requiring excava-tion following the DoEHLG’s recommendations of a 0.5 m buffer zone around any general ground disturbance. The DoEHLG was contacted and informed by of the changes from the original method statement.

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6 Historical backgroundTo date, no archaeological evidence for prehistoric settlement has been uncovered in Kilkenny city, suggesting that it was first occupied in historic times, and it has been a country town for as long as historical records have existed (Bradley 1990, 63).

Kilkenny is a corruption of Cill chainnigh which means ‘Canice’s Church’ and owes its name to the foundation of St. Canice’s Monastery in the 6th century AD. According to the Annals of Ulster, St. Canice died c. 600 AD, but this date is based on later calculations (Bradley 1990, 64). There are dif-ferent accounts of the life of St. Canice all of which were compiled in the 12th century. It is possible that St. Canice himself founded the monastery but alternatively it may have been one of his disciples. The monastery itself was founded on a small hill overlooking a fording point of the River Nore, at the present location of Green’s Bridge.

Although St. Canice’s church provides the city of Kilkenny with its name, it was not the earliest religious structure. A second church, St. Patrick’s, is also mentioned in a Life of St. Canice and was located to the south, off what is now Patrick Street Lower, though nothing survives of it today (Farrelly et al. 1993, 79). This church is known to have pre-dated St. Canice’s and was possibly founded in the 5th century, with a later dedication to St. Patrick (Bradley 2000, 1). Although nothing is known of this early monastery there must have been a central church building. There is evidence for a surrounding enclosure, similar to other ecclesiastical sites of this period, which can be seen in the curved pattern of Vicar Street, St. Canice’s Place and Dean Street (Bradley 1995, 156). Although not present today, a lane running north to Troy’s Gate of the then existing town wall is visible on Rocque’s map of 1758 (Figure 3) and traces a possible continuation north of the enclosure (Bradley 1990, 65). By the time of the arrival of the Normans, a stone church was located at St. Patrick’s along with a round tower, which would have been a later 11th or 12th century addition to the site (ibid., 66).

With the emergence of a powerful group known as the Osraige in the latter half of the first millen-nium, Kilkenny began to increase in importance due to the fact that the central base of power for this group comprised the fertile plains of Co. Kilkenny (Bradley 1990, 65). The location of the monastery towards the centre of these lands, and at a fording point of the River Nore, meant that its success as an ever growing settlement in size and importance was almost guaranteed (Bradley 1995, 154). By the 12th century, the successors to the Osraige, the Mac Gilla Patraic, held court at Kilkenny which sug-gests that even in pre-Norman times the settlement served not just a religious function, but also an ad-ministrative one (ibid., 156). This political importance most likely drew craftspeople and tradespeople to the settlement, further increasing its importance.

The Anglo-Normans arrived in Ireland towards the end of the 12th century and quickly supplanted the Mac Gilla Patraic in Kilkenny. At this time, settlement in the country consisted of ports established by the Vikings and inland settlements concentrated around ecclesiastical sites. The Anglo-Normans swiftly constructed a number of towns and boroughs around Ireland over the next hundred or so years,

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indicating a large influx of people into the country. Kilkenny is one such city that saw the construction of an Anglo-Norman borough in the town. The Normans were initially attracted to Kilkenny due to its strategic location on land and riverine routeways (Bradley 2000, 2).

Kilkenny castle, most likely constructed on an earlier motte and bailey, was built in 1173 some 750m south of St.Canice’s on a knoll overlooking a second fording point of the Nore. The existing structure dates to some time in the 13th century and served as an aristocratic residence, administrative centre and gaol (Bradley 2000, 2). The castle passed out of the Marshall family to the Norman de Clares in the mid 13th century. It passed to the Butlers in 1391 and stayed with this family until 1969 when the state took ownership (Bradley 1995, 158). Kilkenny Castle to the south and St. Canice’s to the north effectively defined the boundaries of the town. It is around the castle that the borough of Hightown or Englishtown was established with burgesses - the backbone of Anglo-Norman town planning – in existence here by 1176 (Bradley 1990, 66). The earlier pre-Norman settlement centred on St. Canice’s became known as Irishtown (Farrelly et al. 1993, 1), although care should be taken when referring to these as ethnically separate areas (Bradley 1985, 446).

The 13th century saw large-scale development in Kilkenny, development which defined the town for centuries to come. Richard Fitzgilbert de Clare undertook the initial Norman settlement of Kilkenny, but it was not until his successor, William Marshall, visited Kilkenny in 1207 that much of the build-ing works in the settlement commenced. In that year new foundation charters were issued to the town (Farrelly et al. 1993, 1) and after Marshall negotiated with the Bishop of Ossary for the procurement of the land between the castle and St. Canice’s, the settlement began to expand. The settlement was centred on a single main street, High Street, which was wider in the centre to accommodate a market in the town. The burgage plots along the street would have been well-suited for commercial premises due to their narrow frontage area, allowing a large number of shops and houses to front onto the mar-ket and the main street (Bradley 1985, 439). Once burgage plots had been handed out, it is quite pos-sible that their boundaries remained unchanged for many years, although some plots may have been divided or combined over time (ibid., 429) as owners bought or sold adjacent plots of land. It is also during the middle of the 13th century that the first references are made to a third borough, Donagh-more, which was located outside the town wall to the south of Hightown, at what is now the southern end of Patrick Street. It is likely that a pre-existing settlement was located here prior to this centred on St. Patrick’s Church.

The 13th century also saw the construction and renovation of a number of religious establishments, some of which later served as parish churches. Between 1207 and 1225 a Franciscan monastery was built in Hightown. Construction of an Augustinian priory commenced in 1211 and was completed in 1220. This was the first religious structure to be located on the eastern bank of the River Nore. It prompted the building of a road and a second bridge which linked the priory, and subsequent growth of settlement, to the town (Bradley 2000, 4). The Dominican priory, or ‘Black Abbey’, was established in 1225 outside the city walls and a small portion of it survives today (ibid., 4). St. Mary’s Church pos-

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sibly began as a chapel for those living close to the castle and would have been established soon after the foundation of Hightown at the end of the 12th century. It later grew into a large Medieval parish church with council meetings and town plays performed here (ibid., 3). Perhaps the most impressive religious structure to be constructed in the 13th century was the Cathedral, built at the location of the earlier Canice’s church by Bishop Hugh de Rous. Building of the various sections continued through-out the 13th century, long after de Rous’ death (Bradley 2000, 5). The Cathedral is the only religious structure to have been constructed in the Borough of Irishtown and continues to dominate the area to this day.

Construction of town walls around Hightown also began in the 13th century, probably instigated by William Marshall after his visit in 1207, though they were not completed for many years. The final completion of the town walls is dated to 1400 and attributed to Robert Talbot, a man about which little is known (Prim 1949-51, 36). The walls are known to have been in a near perfect state in the 18th century as represented on Rocque’s map of 1758 (Figure 3) (Birthistle 1966, 5), although only small sections survive at present. There are 11 known murage grants from Kilkenny dating to between 1250 and 1460 (Bradley 1990, 70) which suggest ongoing work on the walls. These grants were provided by the king and gave towns the right to impose tolls and taxes for the purpose of building the town’s defences, in order to lessen the cost to the inhabitants. Kilkenny Castle was incorporated into the southern line of the town wall, as often seen where castles are located at the edge of towns (Bradley 1985, 444). The western town wall ran along a natural ridge that commanded the approach from that side. The northern wall formed the boundary with Irishtown. There was no eastern wall as the river ran along this side creating a natural boundary. In total, the Hightown wall encompassed an area of roughly 29 hectares (Farrelly et al. 1993, 7). That the construction of the town walls took such a substantial length of time is evidenced by the fact that the wall is of varied thickness and the four known towers – only one of which survives – were of different types. This lack of uniformity suggests that the long length of time needed to build the walls resulted in a lack of continuous planning in their construction (Bradly 1985, 442). Seven gates are known to have existed along the length of the wall: one at the border to Irishtown, three along the western wall, one at John’s Bridge and two in the southern wall. The gates in the southern wall were located next to the castle with a second on Patrick Street, roughly between Upper and Lower Patrick Street The latter was demolished at the end of the 19th century (Kenealy 1948, 34).

Irishtown was protected by its own set of defences, although these were neither as substantial nor as well maintained as those of Hightown, and little is known about them (Kenealy 1948, 32). It has been suggested though that these walls were completed prior to 1400, therefore before the completion of the Hightown wall. Four gates were located in the defences surrounding Irishtown. As with the Hightown walls, no wall was present to the east as the River Nore provided sufficient natural defence.

During the 14th century Kilkenny saw a period of decline with the outbreak of the Black Plague. It was not until the 16th century when the Butler family were reinstated that the town once again began

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to expand (Bradley 1995, 151). Prior to this, Kilkenny was ruled by a number of rich merchant fami-lies. These families constructed many of the stone houses of Kilkenny, such as Rothe House on High Street. It was the work of these families in 1609 that secured the elevation of Kilkenny to city status by James I (Farrelly et al. 1993, 2), although this was revoked in 1650 with the Cromwellian invasions. After its capture by Cromwell the importance of Kilkenny began to decline, although it was granted university status in 1690. The rise of Dublin and Waterford meant that Kilkenny would never again be the administrative centre it had been in the past. By the 18th century it had become a quiet country town, despite the development of some new industries.

In 1843 the boroughs of Irishtown and Hightown were joined to form a single city with one corpora-tion and although much had changed, the basic layout of the city remained constant to the early street pattern set out by the Normans, as can be seen by the first edition ordnance survey map and 1872 5ft map (Figure 4 & 5).

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7 Patrick Street: recent archaeological investigationsA large number of testing and excavation works have been undertaken on Patrick Street and the area around Pennyfeather Lane/Pudding Lane and St. Mary’s/ St. Patrick’s Ward between 1990 and 2002. The following descriptions are taken from www.excavations.ie; the Excavations Bulletin numbers are given first.

1990:078 Test excavation by Heather King at Pennyfeather Lane/Pudding Lane and St Mary’s/ St Patrick’s. Eighteen trenches were opened on the site, the front area of which was disturbed. Evidence for Anglo-Norman occupation was uncovered at the rear of the site along with part of the foundations of the Medieval town wall and the town ditch, possibly dating to the 13th / 14th centuries.

1995:171 Test excavation undertaken by Margaret Gowen Ltd. at Pudding Lane (Licence 95E224). Five trenches were opened, with a cobbled surface being uncovered.

1997:305 Patrick Street/Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane. Nine test trenches were excavated by Judith Carroll (Licence 97E468). Medieval pottery and slag was recovered from the layers and the remains of a wall were uncovered, along with a possible 17th – 18th century ditch.

1998:356 26-29 Patrick Street Archaeological excavation located in the back gardens of nos. 26-29 Patrick Street and at house no. 26 by Judith Carroll (Licence 98E0092). A dense concentration of pits was excavated with a possible 12th – 16th century date, along with a large possible palisade trench.

1998:357 Excavation at 33 Patrick St, undertaken by Judith Carroll (Licence 98E0402) led to the discovery of a dense concentration of medieval pits.

1998:358 Excavation at Patrick Street/Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane (Licence 97E0468) by Judith Carroll. Five areas were excavated with the discovery of a large number of medieval and post-medieval pits and linear features, the foundations of earlier walls, structural trenches, hearths, metal working evidence and undated human remains, both articulated and disarticulated.

1999:451 Eachtra Archaeological Projects undertook further excavations at 26 Patrick St under licence 99E0165. During this work a number of medieval pits were excavated and recorded along with the foundations of a post-medieval building.

2000:0547 Eachtra Archaeological Projects conducted further excavations at 33 Patrick Street in 1999 following design changes under licence 98E0402ext. A number of large deep pits were excavated which were interpreted to have served a variety of functions, from domestic cess pts to industrial pits. Two small drying kilns and iron working evidence were also recorded on the site.

2000:0548 Eachtra Archaeological Projects conducted further excavations at Patrick Street/Pudding

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Lane/Pennyfeather Lane in 1999 under an extension to licence 97E0468. This additional area was composed of a cluster of intercutting pits, with the partial remains of a post-medieval building.

In 2002 Daniel Noonan conducted an impact assessment at 101 Patrick St under licence 02E1570. The five trenches opened contained no archaeological remains.

Overall, excavations over the past 10 years along Patrick Street have produced similar archaeological material characterised by large numbers of densely concentrated medieval pits in addition to a number of linear trenches and ditches. The pits served a variety of functions, from domestic cesspits to in-dustrial metal working pits and hearths. Although structural remains of buildings and floor surfaces were recorded, these date to the post-medieval period and there is no structural evidence for the early Anglo-Norman occupation that founded Patrick Street.

8 Patrick Street: the cartographic evidence On the Down Survey Map of c. 1655 the street is represented by a dotted line leading to Patrick

Gate (Figure 6).Rocque’s map of Kilkenny dating to 1757 depicts buildings on both sides of the street continu-

ing outside the town walls. The site is visible on the map as a large building fronting onto Patrick Street, with gardens to the rear (Figure 3).

The 1841 OS map shows buildings fronting onto Patrick Street at the location of Stratham’s Ga-rage with garden space to the rear (Figure 4).

The Ordnance Survey 5ft Map of 1872 clearly shows the same buildings and garden plot located at this site (Figure 5).

The 1999 Ordnance Survey Map clearly shows the location of Stratham’s Garage prior to demoli-tion. There has been a slight change in the northern boundary wall with the adjacent plot to the north now being partially under the site of the garage (Figure 7).

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9 Description of excavation Most of the archaeological features recorded during this excavation were pits (Figure 8, Plate 1), al-though ditches, furrows, walls and a cobble-stone surface were also investigated. Full contextual de-tails are listed in the context register (Appendix 1) and the stratigraphic matrix (Appendix 2). The catalogue of all artefacts found is in the finds register (Appendix 3) and specialist report on the pottery is in Appendix 4. The results of analysis of environmental material is presented in the animal bone report (Appendix 5) and the plant remains report (Appendix 6). Catalogues of clay pipes are in Ap-pendix 7, metal artefacts are in Appendix 8 and stone artefacts in Appendix 9. Most of the contexts were dated according to the artefacts retrieved from their fills. Therefore, pits with exclusively medieval pottery were classified as medieval, whereas pits with medieval and post-medieval finds were classified as post-medieval. However, as most of the excavated features were backfilled, it is possible that some of the cut features that contained deposits with some post-medieval artefacts were actually open and in use in the medieval period.

Although no definite boundaries delineating different medieval properties were recorded during exca-vation, a combination of the existing boundary lines and the character of the archaeology in different portions of the site suggests that this site represents portion of three (perhaps four) different medieval burgage plots (Figures 8 and 9).

9.1 Property 1The first property was located at the south-eastern part of the excavation site (Figure 8). Only a small portion of this plot was available for excavation, the rest was filled by upstanding buildings. The exca-vated portion covered an area that measured c.17.5 m by 11.25 m. The topsoil in this area was a good quality garden soil (C.7) that covered much of the site and which would appear to be from the gardens visible on the 18th and 19th century maps.

The medieval archaeology included three pits (C.212, C.223 and C.234). The only artefact type found was pottery, predominantly Kilkenny types, but also including Leinster Cooking Ware and a fragment of possible Redcliffe (a type imported from the Bristol area). These are all indicative of a thirteenth century date. The medieval pits in this property measured on average 1.83 m long, 0.98 m wide and 0.55 m deep.The post-medieval archaeology included the post-medieval pits (C.226 and C.228) and a ditch C.235. The pits measured on average 1.51 m long, 1.23 m wide and 0.3 m long. Both were very shallow and they were truncated by a modern concrete and iron cellar. The finds from these pits included Kilkenny-type wares, Leinster Cooking Ware, brick fragments and a clay pipe stem.

The ditch C.235 was uncovered at the extreme edge of the excavation running east to west, and con-tinued off site in both directions (Plate 2). Only the northern edge of the feature was visible as the remainder lay under the southern edge of the excavation. It produced medieval pottery and animal bone, as well as some post-medieval pottery sherds and brick.

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A furrow (C.221) traversed the site, visible for 16 m before it disappeared under the baulk at both the eastern and western edges of the excavation. No dateable artefacts were retrieved from this feature. It ran parallel to another furrow, C.239, just near the boundary between Property 1 and Property 2, and two furrows C.241 and C.243 excavated in Property 2. All of these features share a roughly east to west alignment and they occur only at the eastern end of the archaeological site (Plate 3). All are undateable, but they suggest a common use of the land in this part of the site.

9.2 Property 2The second property was located to the north and north-west of Property 1, and it covered an area of 43.75 by 8.25 m (Figure 8). The overburden in this area consisted of good quality loose topsoil (C.7), most likely from the rear gardens visible on the 18th and 19th century maps.

Fourteen medieval pits were excavated in this property (C.193, C.251, C.257, C.283, C.358, C.360, C.374, C.376, C.378, C.382, C.392, C.394, C.400 and C.407) including one pit that was re-cut (C.255). On average, the pits measured 1.67 m in length, 1.33 m in width and 0.44 m in depth. They generally contained a single fill and pottery sherds were the most common artefact types recorded. These contexts were classified as medieval in date based on the pottery types recovered during exca-vation. This included local wares such as Kilkenny-types and Leinster Cooking Ware, and imported Ham Green B ware. These finds indicate a thirteenth century date.

The post-medieval archaeology in Property 2 comprised nine pits (C.322, C.364, C.366, C.368, C.380, C.395, C.397, C.403 and C404). On average these measured 1.68 m in length, 1.17 m in width and 0.38 m in diameter. The fills of these pits included re-deposited medieval wares and post-medieval pottery such as Merida type and glazed red earthenware.

Several features of unknown date were excavated in this part of the site. No artefacts were found in association with these contexts and therefore they could not be assigned to any period of occupation at the site. The features included six pits (C.350, C.352, C.354, C.356, C.372 and C.384), one linear feature (C.413) and two furrows (C.241 and C.243). The furrows were aligned in the same direction as two furrows from Property 1 and these agricultural features are possibly all related to each other (see above).

9.3 Property 3This property was the largest plot available for excavation; it measured c. 55 by 12.5 m (Figure 8). Situated to the north of Property 2, the archaeology in this property was very dense, in particular at the eastern part of the plot, where a cluster of medieval and post-medieval pits was excavated. In gen-eral the overburden in this property consisted of good quality topsoil (C.7), most likely from the rear gardens visible on the cartographic evidence from the 18th and 19th centuries. However, at the western portion of the site the over burden consisted of a mixture of post-medieval and early modern rubble

11



(C.6) that lay under the concrete floor of the garage. The north-west corner of the site was truncated when deep excavation for petrol tank storage occurred during use of the site as a garage. The petrol tank was still in situ at the time of excavation. The contrast between the concentration of archaeologi-cal features at the eastern and western ends of this property is stark: there is a feature-rich area at the east of the property (Plates 1 and 4), but at the west, archaeological features are much less frequent. This is at least partially the results of truncation by activity at the garage. It may also be because the pits at the eastern end of the plot acted as cess and waste disposal pits, and were kept as far from the street and dwellings as possible. Because of the differences in the archaeology, the two ends of Property 3 will be examined separately here, with the area rich in archaeology referred to as Property 3a and the truncated area referred to as Property 3b.

9.4 Property 3aIn total twenty pits in Property 3a were classified as medieval in date (C.100, C.102, C.105, C.113, C.118, C.120, C.123, C.172, C.176, C.186, C.229, C.231, C.237, C.245, C.320, C.329, C.331, C.334, C.336 and C.343). On average the pit dimensions were 1.98 m long, 1.33 m wide and 0.48 m deep. In general the pits contained a single fill and pottery sherds were the most common artefact types. These were mostly local Kilkenny-type wares but Leinster Cooking Ware was also found. A small quantity of imported pottery was recovered, including sherds such as Minety-type, Saintonge and a fragment of possible Redcliffe. These finds suggest that the pits dated from the thirteenth to the fourteenth cen-turies (Appendix 4). The pits were classified based on the pottery recovered from the fills and/or their stratigraphic relationship to other features.

Three pits (C.102, C.113 and C.120) had a form of cobbled stone lining on the base and sides and loose cobbles frequently occurred in the base of the fills. All the finds recovered from these pits (mostly Kilkenny type pottery and medieval nails) were medieval in date. Although these pits were filled with waste, the cobble lining suggests that they originally had a different function, perhaps they were origi-nally used as cess pits.

Two medieval layers (C.370 and C.371) were located in the eastern part of Property 3a; both contained animal bone and charcoal and were 0.12m in depth. They are interpreted as medieval in date as all the features, both medieval and post-medieval, in this portion of the site truncated these layers.

The post-medieval archaeology in Property 3a comprised sixteen pits (C.124, C.133, C.170, C.174, C.178, C.195, C.197, C.216, C.259, C.275, C.277, C.279, C.281, C.338, C.340 and C.346) and a ditch (C.179). The pits measured on average 1.41 m in length, 0.87 m in width and 0.75 m in depth. Artefacts retrieved from these features included brick, clay pipe stems, post-medieval pottery (such as Pearlware and Frechen) and re-deposited medieval pottery (Kilkenny types, Leinster Cooking Ware and Saintonge).

A ditch (C.179) was found along the northern edge of the excavation area and it truncated two pits of

12



unknown date (C.130 and C.181), a medieval pit (C.172) and a post-medieval pit (C.174). Artefacts and environmental material from the ditch included animal bone, medieval and post-medieval pot-tery, glass and a metal object. It probably represented the boundary of the Property 3 burgage plot.

The modern features from the site included four pits (C.191, C.214, C.218 and C.220), dated either by the retrieval of finds that dated to the twentieth century, or by stratigraphic relationships with other material on the site. There was also a modern linear wall (C.286) which extended 18.5m north to south across Properties 2 and 3. It was constructed from material that was apparently taken from an earlier, post-medieval structure that was demolished and used as a base for this concrete structure. The wall truncated many archaeological contexts in Property 3a.

Eight features excavated in Property 3a are of unknown date. There were six pits (C.130, C.136, C.138, C.181, C.195 and C.197) and two linear features (C.183 and C.271). Most of the un-dated pits had no relationship to other features and they contained no dateable artefacts. A linear ditch (C.183) was possibly a continuation of the possible boundary ditch (C.179) although it was much deeper. C.271 was a small linear feature that truncated a pit (C.261) along the eastern edge. It was filled with C.272 and contained a possible whetstone (Figure 11).

9.5 Property 3bThree medieval pits were excavated in Property 3b (C.146, C.297 and C.317). The average dimensions of these pits were 1.5 m length, 1.01 m width and 0.32 m deep. The pits were classified as medieval based on the pottery sherds (such as Kilkenny types and Leinster Cooking Ware) recovered from their fills. In C.317 a large portion of a medieval pot (Kilkenny type ware) was preserved almost intact. These finds indicated thirteenth century activity. No other medieval features were discovered in this area of the site.

A cobble-stone surface (C.254) was uncovered at the western end of Property 3 (Plate 5). It was trun-cated on all sides and was located over the top of a post-medieval sewage pipe that ran under Patrick Street, indicating that it was post-medieval in date. The stones were well set into the underlying soil and a gutter or gully ran east-west through the cobbles (Fig. 11). The material excavated from between the stones (C.264) was firm in compaction with the odour of horse manure, suggesting that this had been compacted between the stones during the use of the surface.

A number of post-medieval features were excavated beneath the level of the coble-stone surface (C.254). Four inter-cutting pits (C.304, C.306, C.308 and C.310) and a linear feature (C.312) were found be-neath the cobble-stones. The pits measured on average 0.99 m in length, 0.73 m in width and 0.29 m in depth. They were classified as post-medieval based on the artefact types recovered from their fills (including Pearlware, Mottled Ware, Glazed red earthenware and brick). To the east of the cob-ble-stone surface foundation stones for the corner of a post-medieval wall (C.295) were uncovered, constructed of loosely coursed limestone (Plate 6).

13



At the extreme west of the site, a square limestone and brick coursed sewage area or lavatory was un-covered with a slate flagstone floor (C.168) (Plate 7). This was infilled with post-medieval and early modern rubble consisting of slate, glass, brick, 19th century pottery all in a matrix of organic soil (C.192). In the western wall of the feature, a later addition of ceramic sewage pipe had been inserted into the wall and packed in with bricks. Excavation revealed that this was connected to a slate-lined culvert that ran along the length of Patrick Street.

There were also several features of unknown date, including twelve pits (C.141, C.148, C.150, C.151, C.153, C.156, C.162, C.164, C.288, C.290, C.292 and C.315), and a sterile layer (C.314). As the ma-jority of excavated features at this part of the property were post-medieval or modern, it is likely that these features are also quite late.

9.6 Property 4?Eight pits (C.143, C.159, C.198, C.202, C.206, C.208, C.210 and C.274) were located at the northern edge of the site, beyond the northern boundary to Property 3 (Figure 8). It is likely that these features relate to activity in another burgage plot. Most of these features contained either modern finds or no dateable artefacts. The pit C.143 contained a single fill of dark brown burnt material with frequent inclusions of burnt clay, indicating that the pit was backfilled with hearth or furnace waste (Plate 8). A single isolated pit was located along the northern edge of excavation (C.274), probably within Property 4. The base of the pit contained a large number of cobbles, both loose and compacted into the base. Excavations of the area to the north of these have recently been completed (11 Patrick Street Kilkenny, 06E0230) and the results from this should shed more light on the nature of the archaeology in this part of the site.

14



10 DiscussionThe area of Patrick Street was originally occupied in the late 12th century by the Anglo-Normans. The archaeological evidence from this excavation supports this as no earlier material was recorded during the course of the excavation.

The archaeological features excavated at the former site of Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street indicate activity in this area from the medieval period through to post-medieval times. If we compare Rocque’s map of 1758 (Figure 3) with the modern 1999 map (Figure 7) of the site it would appear that the boundaries of the site have changed little. The southern and eastern boundaries appear much as they were on the earlier map. However, the northern boundary has been altered, with about half of the adjacent plot now being located under the former site of Stratham’s Garage. Although ditch features C.179 and C.183 seem to be located in the approximate location of the boundary, the features are not continuous and vary in depth. Also, C.179 truncated a number of pits in this area. A second possible boundary ditch (C.235) was located in the south-east corner of Property 1, but as only a small section could be excavated it was impossible to accurately determine its function. Nevertheless, by continuing existing boundaries and combining this information with the spatial pattern of the medieval archaeol-ogy, it was relatively simple to demonstrate that the site covered four separate medieval burgage plots, with most of Properties 2 and 3 available for excavation, and only small portions of Properties 1 and 4 excavated.

The cartographic evidence from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also indicates that the eastern area of the site served as a garden, with the western area, fronting on to Patrick Street, being occu-pied by buildings. The majority of the archaeological features were located in the garden areas. The overburden across the entire site, with the exception of western part of Property 3b, was rich loose brown topsoil, more typically seen in rural agricultural fields than in urban areas. This suggests that Stratham’s garage simply laid concrete over this pre-existing garden soil horizons. Further evidence for the gardens can be taken from the existence of parallel agricultural furrows (C221, C.239, C.241 & C.243) located at the east of the site in Properties 1 and 2. These suggest an agricultural as well as aesthetic function for the gardens. The fact that the furrows cover two properties may indicate that any boundary that existed between Property 1 and 2 was not in use by the time the furrows were made.

The majority of the cut features at the site were pits, c. eighty of these were excavated with artefactual evidence suggesting that they dated to both the medieval and the post-medieval periods. Iron slag was present in some of the pit fills, indicating that metalworking was carried out in the area, although the small amount of industrial residues retrieved during this excavation suggests that it was on a small scale. The large amounts of medieval and post-medieval pottery sherds, animal bones and metal ob-jects found at the site suggest that the final use of most of the pits at the site was as a refuse dump. In general, the fact that it was not possible to re-fit many of the sherds suggests that only partial vessels were present in most of the deposits.

15



The medieval pits were primarily either rounded or sub-rectangular, with steep sides and flat base. Some of the pits contained cobbled linings in the base and sides, although the reason for this is un-known. Others contained a large amount of similar ‘cobbles’ in the base of the fill and can possibly be interpreted as ‘soakaways’. All of the pits, whether lined, stone filled, or otherwise contained similar fills and inclusions. This could indicate that they originally fulfilled different functions but finally were infilled with the same (refuse) material.

The evidence from the excavation at Patrick Street Kilkenny suggests that the area originally formed part of an Anglo-Norman burgage plot, which was intensively utilised. No evidence of a medieval structure was recorded on site. Any form of medieval house site may have been destroyed during the construction of the buildings that fronted onto Patrick Street or they may have been located further west, under the footpath and/or road surface. The archaeological material recorded at Patrick Street is comparable to that of earlier excavations in this part of Kilkenny city.

10.1 PotteryPottery from the site was examined by Clare McCutcheon (Appendix 4). A total of 823 sherds were counted from the site (after re-fitting) and almost 90% of these were medieval wares, with types dating from the late twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. The assemblage was predominantly local Kilkenny Type wares, but Leinster Cooking Ware was also found. Imported ceramics included wares from Eng-land (Ham Green B, Minety-type and possibly Redcliffe), France (Saintonge) and Belgium/Holland (Flemish redware).

10.2 Animal BoneThe animal bone assemblage from this site was examined by Margaret McCarthy (Appendix 5). Cattle were the most common domestic mammal. Body parts indicate that they were probably brought to the town on the hoof, and slaughtered thereafter. Sheep bones followed cattle in order of importance. Age-ing data from both cattle and sheep indicate that most were culled after reaching maturity, suggesting that they were exploited for both their meat and their secondary products; hide and horns, and after several years of milk yields. There was also some evidence for marrow extraction from late medieval cattle and sheep bones, and butchery marks that indicated that cattle tongue was extracted in the late medieval period. The medieval pits produced a relatively large sample of horse bones in comparison to other contemporary urban sites and a number of these displayed butchery traces consistent with the eating of horseflesh. Other domestic mammals included pig, with all skulls showing evidence of smashing, probably for retrieval of the brains. There was evidence for suckling pig consumption, and neo-natal pig bones from the late medieval period indicate that the animals were bred in the town. Fowl included domestic fowl, goose and duck. The wild mammals included red deer and hare in the medieval period, with rabbit occurring in the later medieval deposits. Marine species included cod, haddock and ling. Domestic pets such as cats and dogs were also recovered in small quantities.

16



10.3 Plant RemainsThe charred plant remains from this site were examined by Mary Dillon (Appendix 6). The medieval samples contained roughly equal portions of wheat and oat, with very small quantities of rye and bar-ley found. There were many weed seeds, including seeds from the knotgrass, goosefoot, daisy, sedge and legume families. The post-medieval samples contained a large amount of wheat and much smaller amounts of oats and rye. Barley was present in very large amounts in one sample. Two flax bolls were identified and a large amount of weed seeds were found, including many from the knotgrass, goosefoot and legume families.

17



11 ConclusionEachtra archaeological projects undertook excavation of Stratham’s garage in January and February of 2005 under licence 99E0757, an extension to a pre-existing licence. In total some eighty pits were excavated with a small number of linear features and post-medieval wall foundations, drains and a cobbled surface also present. There was no evidence for a medieval structure in this area of the site and many of the pits were filled with refuse. The excavated area was interpreted as the partial remains of four medieval burgage plots. Recent excavations of the area immediately north and adjacent to this site will hopefully provide material comparable to the results from the Stratham’s Garage site.

18



12 BibliographyBirthistle, D. 1966. Gateways of the walls of Kilkenny. Old Kilkenny review, 18, 5-9.

Bradley, J. 1985. Planned Anglo-Norman towns in Ireland. In. H.B. Clarke and A. Simms, eds. History of Urban origins in Non-Roman Europe: Ireland, Wales, Denmark, Germany, Poland and Russia from the ninth to the thirteenth century. Part ii. BAR international series 255 (ii).

Bradley, J. 1990. The early development of the medieval town of Kilkenny. In. W. Nolan and K. Whelan, eds. Kilkenny. History and society. Geography publications

Bradley, J. 1995. Kilkenny – The Faire City. In. C. Howard, ed. In Irish Cities. Dublin: Mercier Press, 150-163.

Bradley, J. 2000. Kilkenny. In. A. Simms, H.B Clarke and R. Gillespie, eds. Irish Historic Towns Atlas, Royal Irish Academy.

S D Elder, S. D & Richardson, A. 2001. Final Report on Excavations to the rear of No. 33 Patrick Street, Kilkenny, including Area six of the Patrick Street/Pudding Lane/Pennyfeather Lane Development block. Aechtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report.

Farrelly, J, Loughran, A, and O’Reilly, B. 1993. Urban archaeological survey: County Kilkenny. Dublin: Office of public works.

Kenealy, C.J. 1948. The Walls of Kilkenny. Old Kilkenny Review, 11, 32-38.

Kiely, J. 2000a. Archarological assessment report, former Stratham’s garage, Patrick St, Kilkenny. Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report

Kiely, J. 2000b. Archaeological excavation at No. 26, Patrick Street, Kilkenny. Old Kilkenny review, 52, 116-122.

Lanigan, K.M. and Tyler, G. (ed) 1987. Kilkenny: Its Architecture and History, Belfast.

Noona , D and Ryan, M. 2002. Archaeological assessment at 101 Patrick St, Kilkenny. Eachtra Archaeological Projects unpublished report

Prim, J.G.A. 1849-51. The builder of the walls of Kilkenny. Royal society of antiquities in Ireland, 1, 34-37.

Smithwick, P. 1988. St Francis Abbey. Old Kilkenny review, 5, 521-525.

19



13 Figures

Figure 1: Extract from OS Discovery Series map. Site location highlighted.

20



Figure 2: Extract from RMP sheet KK019. Site location highlighted.

21



Figu

re 3

: Ext

ract

from

a m

ap o

f Kilk

enny

, 175

8, b

y Jo

hn R

ocqu

e. S

ite lo

cati

on h

ighl

ight

ed.

22



Figure 4: Extract from OS 1st Edition map, 1841, sheet 19. Site location highlighted.

23



Figu

re 5

: Ext

ract

from

OS

5ft m

ap, s

heet

19,

187

2. S

ite lo

cati

on h

ighl

ight

ed.

24



Figu

re 6

: Dow

n Su

rvey

map

of 1

655.

Tak

en fr

om H

isto

ric

Tow

ns A

tlas

No.

10

25



Figure 7: Extract from OS Irish Historic Atlas map of Kilkenny, 1999. Site location highlighted.

26



Figu

re 8

: Pos

t-ex

cava

tion

pla

n of

the

arc

haeo

logi

cal f

eatu

res

at t

he S

trat

ham

’s G

arag

e si

te, P

atri

ck S

tree

t, K

ilken

ny.

223

226 228

221

235

234

212

239

241

380

382

395

378

372

404

397

407

413

376

394

374

392

400

36035

8

366

364

251

322

354

356

352

350

283

403

308

306

290

288

310

297

323 32

5

164

141

148

153

151

143

159

162

150

146

229

216

214

218

220

231

191

105

138

115

102

198

179

172

174

181

179

118

123

124

210

183

186

195

206 20

2

120

100

245

237

133

259

176

198

189

255

257

243

189

370

336

334

363

341

343

26127

7

281

275

279

331

338

340

320

329

274

05m

PR

OP

ERT

Y 4

PR

OP

ERT

Y 3

PR

OP

ERT

Y 2

PR

OP

ERT

Y 1

27



Figu

re 9

: Ext

ract

from

5ft

map

of K

ilken

ny w

ith

the

outl

ine

of m

edie

val p

rope

rtie

s sh

own

28



Figu

re 1

0: S

ecti

ons

thro

ugh

som

e of

the

exc

avat

ed fe

atur

es

413

389

400

399

401

402

403

290

292

293

314

291

262

263

261

268

272

271

405

412

406

410

406

409

411

344

342

345

349348

347

332

331346

343

407

404

341

390

391

392

99E

0757

:08:

05P

ossi

ble

Whe

tsto

ne99

E07

57:2

49:0

3Fl

int

05

cm0

5 cm

29



Figu

re 1

1: D

raw

ing

of p

ossi

ble

whe

tsto

ne fr

om a

line

ar fe

atur

e C

.271

30



Plate 1: General photograph of Property 3a, taken from the east

Plate 2: Ditch C.235 from south-west

14 Plates

31



Plate 3: Furrows in Properties 1 and 2 from north

Plate 4: Pits in Property 3a, taken from the east

32



Plate 5: Cobble-stone surface C.254 from west

Plate 6: Wall C.295 from south-west

33



Plate 7: Sewage outlet C.168 from south

Plate 8: Section through pit C.143 from the south-west

34



15 Appendices

35



Appe

ndix

2 C

onte

xt R

egist

er K

ilken

ny 9

9E75

7C

on

text

no

.A

rea

Grid

Type

Fil

led

with

Fill

ofD

escr

iptio

nA

rtef

acts

1Ex

tens

ive

All

Nat

ural

subs

oil

6Ex

tens

ive

All

Rub

ble

over

burd

enBr

ick,

Gla

zed

red

eart

h-en

war

e, P

earlw

are,

Cla

y pi

pe st

ems,

7/8/

11/1

6Ex

tens

ive

All

Gar

den

soil

over

bur-

den

Pear

lwar

e Fre

chen

, Tra

ns-

fer

prin

ted

war

e, G

laze

d re

d ea

rthe

nwar

e,

cl

ay

pipe

ste

ms,

tin

glaz

ed

eart

henw

are,

m

oder

n gl

ass

(disc

arde

d),

Bric

k,

Wes

terw

ald

100

A+B

130E

95N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

107

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es v

ertic

al, b

reak

of

slo

pe b

ase

shar

p, b

ase

flat,

sligh

tly c

onca

ve.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Mea

sure

d 2.

8m b

y 2.

2m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

(gre

en g

laze

d),

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

okin

g w

are,

Min

ety

type

war

e,

Nai

ls, B

rick

102

A+B

130E

95N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

109

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es s

lopi

ng

to W

an

d N

and

ver

tical

to S

and

E, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se s

harp

, bas

e fla

t. O

rient

ated

E-W

. M

eas-

ured

1.8

m b

y 1.

6m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

ing

war

e,

Bric

k,

Cla

y pi

pe

stem

s, Sl

ag, N

ail

15.1

A

ppen

dix

1: C

onte

xt R

egis

ter

36



105

A+B

130E

95N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

111

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es s

trai

ght

and

slopi

ng, b

ase

flat.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Mea

sure

d 1.

53m

by

0.92

m.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

107

A+B

130E

95N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

100

Ligh

t br

own

firm

san

dy c

lay.

Freq

uent

sm

all

stone

s and

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal.

Mea

sure

d 2.

8m

by 2

.2m

by

0.5m

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

(gre

en g

laze

d),

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

okin

g w

are,

Min

ety

type

war

e,

Nai

ls, B

rick

109

A+B

130E

95N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

102

Mid

bro

wn

soft

sand

y cl

ay,

com

pact

tow

ards

ba

se. O

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l with

sm

all a

nd m

e-di

um s

tone

lini

ng in

bas

e. M

easu

red

1.8m

by

1.6m

by

0.5m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

ing

war

e,

Bric

k,

Cla

y pi

pe

stem

s, Sl

ag11

113

0E 9

5N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

105

Dar

k br

own

loos

e sil

ty c

lay.

Freq

uent

sto

nes

and

occa

siona

l bon

e, m

orta

r and

cha

lk. M

eas-

ured

1.5

3m b

y 0.

92m

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

113

A+B

125E

95N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

114

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp,

sides

con

cave

to

N

and

stepp

ed e

lsew

here

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e fla

t. O

rient

ated

E-W

. M

easu

red

2.6m

by

1.6m

by

0.7m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y typ

e coo

king

war

e,

Sain

tong

e gr

een

glaz

ed,

Ham

Gre

en B

114

A+B

125E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

.113

- 11

4D

ark

brow

n so

ft sa

ndy

clay

. Sm

all s

tone

s con

-ce

ntra

ted

at b

ase.

Mea

sure

d 2.

6m b

y 1.

6m b

y 0.

7m d

epth

.

Cru

cibl

e fra

gmen

t, G

lass

, Sl

ag

37



117

A+B

125E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

.118

- 11

8D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n so

ft cl

ayey

silt.

Occ

asio

nal

pebb

les,

smal

l sto

nes,

anim

al b

one

and

shel

l. M

easu

red

2.1m

by

1.2m

by

0.8m

dep

th.

118

A+B

125E

95N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it11

7-

Saus

age s

hape

d pi

t with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es c

onca

ve a

nd v

ertic

al,

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se g

radu

al a

nd sh

arp,

bas

e un

-du

latin

g. O

rient

ated

E-W

. 2.

1m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

8m d

epth

.11

9A+

B13

0E 9

5NFi

ll of

Ea

rly/L

ate

Med

ieva

l pit

- 12

0M

id b

row

nish

gre

y m

oder

ately

com

pact

silt

y cl

ay. F

requ

ent a

nim

al b

one

and

stone

s in

base

. M

easu

red

2m b

y 1.

05m

by

0.55

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe co

okin

g war

e,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

, Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Nai

l12

0A+

B13

0E 9

5NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

119

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, Sid

es c

onca

ve t

o W

an

d S

and

unde

rcut

to N

and

E, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se g

radu

al,

base

rou

nded

. O

rient

ated

NE-

SW. F

illed

with

C.11

9. M

easu

red

2m b

y 1.

05m

by

0.5

5m d

epth

.12

2A+

B13

0E 9

5N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

123

Dar

k br

own

loos

e sil

ty c

lay.

Occ

asio

nal s

tone

, m

orta

r, gr

avel,

bur

nt b

one

and

anim

al b

one.

M

easu

red

1.25

m b

y 0.

52m

by

0.58

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

38



123

130E

95N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it12

2-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

con

cave

at

W

and

unde

rcut

on

othe

rs,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

co

ncav

e.

Orie

ntat

ed

NE-

SW.

Fille

d w

ith C

.122

. Mea

sure

d 1.

25m

by

0.52

m

by 0

.58m

dep

th.

124

A+B

140E

95N

C

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t1

25

, 1

26

, 12

7, 1

28

- O

val p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs. B

reak

of s

lope

to

p sh

arp,

sid

es c

onve

x an

d ve

rtic

al, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e co

ncav

e an

d un

even

. O

rient

ated

N-S

. Fi

lled

with

C.1

25,

C.1

26,

C.1

27,

C.1

28.

Mea

sure

d 2.

4m b

y 1.

45m

by

0.85

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

, M

erid

a ty

pe, M

ottle

d w

are,

Nai

l12

514

0E 9

5N

Fill

of L

ate/

Post

Me-

diev

al p

it-

124

Dar

k gr

eyish

bro

wn

firm

silt

y cl

ay.

Smal

l sto

nes.

Ove

r C.1

26. M

easu

red

2.4m

by

1.45

m

by 0

.28m

dep

th.

-

126

140E

95N

Fi

ll of

Lat

e/Po

st M

e-di

eval

pit

- 12

4M

id o

rang

e br

own

firm

san

dy c

lay.

Freq

uent

pe

bble

s an

d sm

all s

tone

s, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal.

Und

er C

.125

, ove

r C

.127

. Mea

sure

d 2.

4m b

y 1.

45m

by

0.35

m d

epth

.12

714

0E 9

5N

Fill

of L

ate/

Post

Me-

diev

al p

it-

124

Mid

yel

low

ish b

row

n fir

m s

andy

cla

y. Ve

ry

smal

l sto

nes

and

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al.

Und

er

C.1

26, o

ver

C.1

28. M

easu

red

2.4m

by

1.45

m

by 0

.2m

dep

th.

128

140E

95N

Fi

ll of

Lat

e/Po

st M

e-di

eval

pit

- 12

4Li

ght g

reyi

sh b

row

n fir

m sa

ndy

clay

. Occ

asio

n-al

ver

y sm

all s

tone

s and

char

coal

. Und

er C

.127

. M

easu

red

2.4m

by

1.45

m b

y 0.

12m

dep

th.

39



129

A+B

125E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

.130

- 13

0M

id b

row

n so

ft sa

ndy

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one

and

very

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd s

mal

l sto

ne.

Mea

sure

d 1.

5m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

35m

dep

th.

-

130

A+B

125E

95N

Cut

of

pit

129

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s ve

rtic

al to

S a

nd o

th-

ers

slopi

ng,

base

slo

pes

to n

orth

. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.179.

Mea

sure

d 1.

5m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

35m

de

pth.

-

131

- -

Re-

num

bere

d as

179

& 1

80K

ilken

ny-t

ype

war

e,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

okin

g w

are,

Bric

k, S

late

132

Re-

num

bere

d as

179

& 1

8013

3A+

B13

5E 9

5N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

134

- K

idne

y sh

aped

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e to

p sh

arp,

side

s ver

tical

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

. Ba

se fl

at,

sligh

t ce

ntra

l de

pres

-sio

n. M

easu

red

3.1m

by

3m b

y 0.

6m d

epth

.

-

134

135E

95N

Fi

ll of

Lat

e M

edie

val

pit

- 13

3M

id b

row

n fr

iabl

e sil

ty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bon

e,

smal

l sto

nes

and

pebb

les.

Mea

sure

d 3.

1m b

y 3m

by

0.6m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Sai

nton

ge

gree

n gl

azed

, N

ail,

Slag

, Ir

on fr

agm

ent

135

A+B

12

0E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.136

- 13

6D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n cl

ayey

silt.

Mod

erat

e sm

all

stone

and

fre

quen

t pe

bble

s. 0.

8m b

y 0.

4m b

y 0.

15m

dep

th.

-

40



136

A+B

12

0E

100N

Cut

of

pit

135

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp,

sides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

impe

rcep

ti-bl

e, b

ase

undu

latin

g. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Fi

lled

with

C.1

35.

Trun

cate

d by

C.18

3. M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.4m

by

0.15

m d

epth

.

-

138

A+B

140E

95N

C

ut o

f pit

139,

140

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op g

radu

al, s

ides

irre

gula

r to

N a

nd

W a

nd s

teep

to

S an

d E,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

irre

gula

r w

ith d

epre

ssio

n in

cen

-tr

e. M

easu

red

1.6m

by

1.5m

by

0.58

m d

epth

.

-

139

A+B

140E

95N

Fi

ll of

pit

C.1

38-

138

Mid

bro

wn

firm

silt

y cl

ay.

Mor

tar,

mod

erat

e sm

all

stone

s an

d oc

casio

nal

char

coal

. O

ver

C.14

0. M

easu

red

1.6m

by

1.5m

by

0.15

m

dept

h.

-

140

A+B

140E

95N

Fi

ll of

pit

C.1

38-

138

light

yel

low

ish b

row

n fir

m s

andy

cla

y. Sm

all

and

larg

e sto

nes a

nd b

rick.

Und

er C

.139

. Mea

s-ur

ed 1

.6m

by

1.5m

by

0.43

m d

epth

.

141

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pit

142

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slop

e to

p sh

arp,

side

s gra

dual

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, ba

se c

onca

ve.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Mea

sure

d 1.

6m b

y 1.

5m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th.

-

142

105E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

141

- 14

1M

ottle

d or

ange

/bla

ck b

row

n fir

m s

ilty

clay

. Fr

eque

nt st

ones

, ash

and

cha

rcoa

l flec

ks. M

eas-

ured

1.6

m b

y 1.

5m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th.

-

41



143

E1

05

E 10

0NC

ut o

f pit

144

- C

ircul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s und

ercu

t and

then

gra

d-ua

l, br

eak

of sl

ope

base

gra

dual

, bas

e co

ncav

e.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Trun

cate

d by

C.1

66.

Mea

s-ur

ed 2

.5m

by

2.3m

by

0.55

m d

epth

.

144

10

5E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.143

- 14

3D

ark

brow

n fir

m si

lty a

shy

clay

. Fre

quen

t cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

and

bur

nt c

lay.

Mea

sure

d 2.

5m b

y 2.

3m b

y 0.

55m

dep

th.

145

110E

95N

Fi

ll of

pit

C.14

6-

146

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

soft

sand

y cl

ay.

Ani

mal

bo

ne a

nd o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

s. M

easu

red

1.4m

by

1m b

y 0.

15m

dep

th.

146

E 11

0E 9

5N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

145

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op g

radu

al, s

ides

con

cave

and

sh

allo

w, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se fl

at.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 1m

by

0.15

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

oars

e w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

U

nide

ntifi

ed

med

ieva

l po

ttery

147

10

5E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.148

- 14

8D

ark

brow

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. O

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al, d

ecay

ed st

one a

nd m

orta

r. M

easu

red

0.7m

by

0.6

6m b

y 0.

3m d

epth

.

148

E1

05

E 10

0NC

ut o

f pit

147

- C

ircul

ar p

it. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp,

sides

gr

adua

lly s

lopi

ng, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se r

ound

ed.

Mea

sure

d 0.

7m b

y 0.

66m

by

0.33

m d

epth

.14

911

0E 9

5N

Fill

of p

it C

.150

- 15

0D

ark

brow

n fa

irly

com

pact

san

dy c

lay.

Fre-

quen

t sm

all s

tone

s, oc

casio

nal b

one

and

slag.

M

easu

red

1.06

m b

y 1m

by

0.14

m d

epth

.

42



150

E11

0E 9

5N

Cut

of p

it14

9-

Circ

ular

pit.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op g

radu

al, s

ides

ge

ntly

slop

ing,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase g

radu

al, b

ase

flat.

Mea

sure

d 1m

by

0.7m

by

0.37

m d

epth

.15

1E

11

0E

100N

Cut

of p

it15

2-

Ova

l pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top

shar

p, si

des

alm

ost v

ertic

al, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se g

radu

al to

shar

p, b

ase

undu

latin

g. O

rien-

tate

d N

-S. F

illed

with

C.15

2. M

easu

red

1m b

y 0.

7m b

y 0.

37m

dep

th.

152

11

0E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.151

- 15

1M

id to

dar

k br

own

loos

e sa

ndy

silt.

Bone

and

sm

all s

tone

s. M

easu

red

1m b

y 0.

7m b

y 0.

37m

de

pth.

153

E1

10

E 10

0NC

ut o

f pit

154

- Su

b-ov

al p

it w

ith r

ound

ed a

nd s

harp

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp S

and

W a

nd g

rad-

ual N

and

E, s

ides

ste

ep, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se u

neve

n. O

rient

ated

N-S

. Fi

lled

with

C.15

4. M

easu

red

1.4m

by

1.25

m b

y 0.

2m

dept

h.15

41

10

E 10

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.15

3-

153

Very

lig

ht b

row

n/gr

ey f

riabl

e sa

ndy

grav

el.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 1.

25m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

155

11

0E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.156

- 15

6D

ark

brow

n m

oder

ately

com

pact

silt

y cl

ay.

Ston

e, c

harc

oal

and

orga

nic

mat

eria

l. M

eas-

ured

0.6

m b

y 0.

42m

by

0.06

m d

epth

.

43



156

E1

10

E 10

0NC

ut o

f pit

155

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e to

p sh

arp

on N

and

W a

nd u

n-de

fined

on

E an

d S,

side

s gra

dual

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, bas

e une

ven.

Orie

ntat

ed N

W-S

E.

Fille

d w

ith C

.155.

Mea

sure

d 0.

6m b

y 0.

42m

by

0.06

m d

epth

.15

91

10

E 10

5NC

ut o

f pit

160

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p gr

adua

l and

var

ied,

sid

es g

radu

al,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

und

ulat

ing.

O

rient

ated

E-W

. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

1.2m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

160

11

0E

105N

Fill

of p

it C

.159

- 15

9D

ark

brow

n lo

ose

sand

y cl

ay. B

one,

gra

vel a

nd

15%

peb

bles

. Mea

sure

d 1.

7m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

2m

dept

h.

161

11

0E

105N

Fill

of p

it C

.162

- 16

2G

reyi

sh b

row

n fa

irly

com

pact

cla

yey

sand

. 40

% sm

all s

tone

s and

occ

asio

nal a

nim

al b

one.

M

easu

red

2m b

y 1.

25m

by

0.24

m d

epth

.

162

E1

10

E 10

5N

Cut

of p

it16

1-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d an

d sq

uare

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp,

sides

ver

ti-ca

l and

slop

ed o

n W

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p,

base

flat

. Orie

ntat

ed N

E-SW

. M

easu

red

2m b

y 1.

25m

by

0.24

m d

epth

.16

310

5E 9

5NFi

ll of

pit

- 16

4D

ark

brow

n fir

m si

lty cl

ay. F

requ

ent s

tone

s, oc

-ca

siona

l ch

arco

al,

mor

tar

and

deca

yed

stone

. M

easu

red

2.5m

by

1.48

m b

y 0.

44m

dep

th.

44



164

E10

5E 9

5N

Cut

of p

it16

3-

Sem

i-circ

ular

pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Bre

ak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p, si

des g

radu

al, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se

grad

ual,

base

un

dula

ting.

O

rient

ated

ea

st-w

est.

Mea

sure

d 2.

5m b

y 1.

48m

by

0.44

m

dept

h.16

81

00

E 10

5NSe

wag

e ou

tlet

con-

nect

ed to

cul

vert

un-

der s

tree

t pav

emen

t

- -

Rec

tang

ular

ston

e and

bric

k se

wag

e out

let w

ith

squa

red

corn

ers.

Wal

ls m

ade

up o

f ro

ughl

y co

urse

d sto

ne a

nd b

rick

with

sand

mor

tar.

Slat

e flo

or.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Mea

sure

d 1.

8m b

y 1.

3m b

y 1.

1.m

dep

th.

-

169

A+B

125E

95N

Fill

of L

ate/

Post

Me-

diev

al p

it-

170

Dar

k br

own

firm

silty

cla

y. Tr

ee ro

ots,

deca

yed

stone

, m

orta

r, ch

arco

al a

nd f

requ

ent

stone

. M

easu

red

2.16

m b

y 1.

35m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

oars

e w

are,

Fr

eche

n w

are

170

A+B

125E

95N

C

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t16

9-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp a

nd g

radu

al t

o N

, sid

es v

ertic

al, g

radu

al to

N, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se u

ndul

atin

g. O

rient

ated

NW

-SE.

M

easu

red

2.16

m b

y 1.

35m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

171

A+B

12

0E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.172

- 17

2D

ark

brow

n fa

irly

com

pact

sand

y cl

ay. O

rgan

ic

mat

eria

l and

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

9m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

54m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

oars

e w

are,

Le

inste

r coo

king

war

e17

2A+

B1

20

E 10

0NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

171

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des g

radu

al, b

reak

of

base

shar

p, b

ase fl

at. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Tr

unca

t-ed

by

C.17

4. M

easu

red

1.9m

by

1.1m

by

0.54

m

dept

h.

45



173

A+B

12

0E

100N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

174

Dar

k br

own

fairl

y co

mpa

ct s

andy

cla

y. A

ni-

mal

bon

e, o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

, m

ore

fre-

quen

t sto

ne a

nd y

ello

w c

lay

at e

dge

trun

catin

g pi

t C

.172.

Mea

sure

d 2.

1m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

45m

de

pth.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

, C

lay

pipe

stem

174

A+B

12

0E

100N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

173

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des s

trai

ght,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase s

harp

, bas

e flat

. Tr

unca

tes p

it C

.172.

Tr

unca

ted

by d

itch

C.17

9. M

easu

red

2.1m

by

1.8m

by

0.45

m d

epth

.17

5A+

B13

5E 8

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.17

6-

176

Mid

gre

y/br

own

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct si

lty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bon

e an

d sm

all-m

ediu

m st

ones

. Mea

s-ur

ed 2

.3m

by

2.2m

by

0.5m

dep

th.

176

A+B

135E

85N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it17

5-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s co

ncav

e, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gra

dual

, bas

e slo

ped

tow

ards

sout

hern

end

and

roun

ded.

Mea

sure

d 2.

3m b

y 2.

2m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.

177

A+B

12

5E

100N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

178

Dar

k br

own

loos

e sil

ty c

lay.

Roo

ts,

char

coal

, m

orta

r, an

imal

bon

e an

d de

caye

d sto

ne. M

eas-

ured

2.4

3m b

y 0.

8m b

y 0.

53m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e war

e, C

lay

pipe

stem

s,

178

A+B

12

5E

100N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

177

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des v

ertic

al, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gra

dual

, bas

e und

ulat

ing.

Orie

ntat

ed

N-S

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y di

tch

C.18

3. T

runc

ates

pit

C.17

0. M

easu

red

2.43

m b

y 0.

8m b

y 0.

53m

de

pth.

46



179

13

5E

100N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

linea

r ditc

h18

0-

Line

ar d

itch.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es

shar

p, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e co

ncav

e.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W. F

illed

with

C.18

0. T

runc

ates

pi

t C.18

1 an

d pi

t C.17

4. M

easu

red

10.8

0m b

y 0.

9m

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe co

okin

g war

e,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Gla

zed

red

eart

h-en

war

e,

Nor

th

Dev

on

grav

el f

ree,

Bla

ck g

laze

d w

are,

Cla

y pi

pe s

tem

s &

bo

wl f

ragm

ents

, Sla

g18

01

35

E 10

0NFi

ll of

ditc

h La

te M

e-di

eval

/Pos

t-Med

ieva

l di

tch

- 17

9M

id b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay.

Occ

asio

nal

stone

s an

d ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. Mea

sure

d 10

.80m

by 0

.9m

.

181

A+B

13

5E

100N

Cut

of p

it-

182

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

ste

ep, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e sha

rp, b

ase c

onca

ve. O

rient

ated

N-S

. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.179.

Mea

sure

d 1.

56m

by

1.1m

by

0.3

5m d

epth

.

-

182

A+B

13

5E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.181

181

- Li

ght-m

id b

row

n ha

rd c

lay.

Freq

uent

med

ium

sto

nes,

occa

siona

l sm

all

stone

s an

d ch

arco

al.

Mea

sure

d 1.

56m

by

1.1m

by

0.35

m d

epth

.

-

183

12

0E

100N

Cut

of l

inea

r ditc

h18

4, 1

85-

Line

ar d

itch.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es

vert

ical

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e fla

t. O

rient

atio

n W

SW-E

NE.

Tru

ncat

es p

it C

.178.

M

easu

red

4.9m

by

1.1m

by

0.75

m d

epth

.

47



184

12

0E

100N

Fill

of d

itch

183

- 18

3

Nor

th D

evon

gra

vel f

ree,

C

lay

pipe

ste

m,

met

al

frag

men

t18

51

20

E 10

0N

Fill

of d

itch

C.18

3-

183

Dar

k br

own

loos

e silt

y cl

ay. A

nim

al b

one i

nclu

-sio

ns. M

easu

red

4.9m

by

1.1m

by

0.75

m d

epth

.K

ilken

ny-t

ype

war

e,

Gla

zed

red

eart

henw

are,

N

orth

Dev

on g

rave

l fre

e,

Gla

ss,

Cla

y pi

pe

stem

, Br

ick

186

A+B

12

0E

95N

C

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

187

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es g

entle

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se c

onca

ve. O

rient

at-

ed E

-W.

Mea

sure

d 1.

75m

by

1.6m

by

0.25

m

dept

h.

187

12

0E

95N

Fi

ll of

pit

C.18

6-

186

Ligh

t m

ottle

d br

own

hard

cla

y. O

ccas

iona

l m

ediu

m a

nd f

requ

ent

smal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

75m

by

1.6m

by

0.25

m d

epth

.19

0A+

B13

0E 9

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.19

1-

191

Dar

k bl

acki

sh b

row

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. Fr

eque

nt

stone

, esp

ecia

lly in

sout

h of

pit

and

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al. M

easu

red

1.97

m b

y 1.

53m

by

0.71

m

dept

h.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe co

okin

g war

e,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Bon

e, N

ail,

Slag

191

A+B

130E

95N

C

ut o

f mod

ern

pit

190

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e to

p sh

arp

on S

and

N a

nd g

rad-

ual

on o

ther

s, sid

es s

teep

and

und

ercu

t on

S

and

SW, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se fl

at.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Tru

ncat

es C

.245

. M

easu

res

1.97

m b

y 1.

53m

by

0.71

m d

epth

.

Ston

ewar

e,

Pear

lwar

e,

Tran

sfer

prin

ted

war

e,

Shel

l edg

ed w

are,

por

ce-

lain

, Bl

ack

glaz

ed w

are,

G

laze

d re

d ea

rthe

nwar

e,

Gla

ss

48



192

135E

85N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

193

Dar

k gr

ey/b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bon

e an

d oc

casio

nal s

mal

l to

med

ium

ston

es. M

eas-

ures

1.6

m b

y 1.

4m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

type

war

e

193

A+B

135E

85N

C

ut o

f Lat

e Med

ieva

l pi

t19

2-

Sub-

tria

ngul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p, si

des c

onca

ve, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se g

radu

al, b

ase

sligh

tly c

onca

ve.

Mea

sure

s 1.

6m b

y 1.

4m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.19

4A+

B1

20

E 95

N

Fill

of p

it C

.195

- 19

5D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay.

Bone

, mod

-er

ate

stone

s and

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal.

Mea

sure

s 2.

2m b

y 1.

48m

by

0.95

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

, Pe

arlw

are

wal

l tile

, Nai

l-lik

e ob

ject

s19

5A+

B1

20

E 95

N

Cut

of p

it19

4-

Sub-

oval

pit.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p sh

arp

on N

W

and

S an

d gr

adua

l on

othe

rs, s

ides

ste

ep a

nd

unde

rcut

on

S, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gra

dual

, bas

e ro

unde

d po

int.

Orie

ntat

ed N

W-S

E. M

easu

res

2.2m

by

1.48

m b

y 0.

95m

dep

th.

196

A+B

13

0E

90N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

197

Dar

k gr

eyish

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay. B

one

and

me-

dium

size

d sto

nes.

Mea

sure

s 2.4

m b

y 1.

3m b

y 0.

15m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

oars

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

,19

7A+

B1

30

E 90

NC

ut o

f pit

196

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Side

s st

raig

ht, b

ase

flat.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Trun

cate

s pi

t C

.259

. Mea

sure

s 2.

4m b

y 1.

3m b

y 0.

15m

de

pth.

49



198

12

5E

100N

Cut

of m

oder

n pi

t19

9-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

sha

rp c

orne

rs. B

reak

of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es v

ertic

al,

stepp

ed a

t E,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p, b

ase

flat,

steep

ed

dow

n at

wes

t. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Tr

unca

ted

by

mod

ern

dist

urba

nce.

Mea

sure

s 1.

5m b

y 0.

9m

dept

h.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

ooki

ng w

are

199

12

5E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.198

and

linea

r fea

ture

C.2

08-

19

8,

208

Mid

bro

wn

fria

ble

silty

cla

y. M

orta

r, an

imal

bo

ne, s

mal

l and

larg

e sto

nes.

Mea

sure

s 3.

75m

by

2m

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe co

okin

g war

e,

Gla

zed

red

eart

henw

are,

T

in g

laze

d ea

rthe

nwar

e,

Wes

terw

ald,

C

lay

pie,

G

lass

shar

ds, W

ood

202

A+B

12

5E

100N

Cut

of p

it20

3-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

grad

ual,

sides

gen

tle, b

reak

of

slop

e ba

se g

radu

al, b

ase

conc

ave.

Orie

ntat

ed

E-W

. Fi

lled

with

C.2

03.

Mea

sure

s 0.

7m b

y 0.

6m b

y 0.

35m

dep

th.

203

A+B

12

5E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.202

- 20

2M

id y

ello

wish

bro

wn

firm

sand

y cl

ay. M

oder

n m

orta

r, oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal fl

ecks

and

freq

uent

sm

all s

tone

s. M

easu

res 0

.7m

by

0.6m

by

0.35

m

dept

h.

-

206

12

5E

100N

Cut

of m

oder

n pi

t20

7-

Ova

l pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top

shar

p, si

des s

teep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase s

harp

, ba

se fl

at. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Tr

unca

ted

by m

od-

ern

dist

urba

nce.

Mea

sure

d 1.

6m b

y 1m

by

0.8m

dep

th.

50



207

12

5E

100N

Fill

of p

it C

.206

- 20

7D

ark

brow

n fir

m si

lty cl

ay. M

orta

r, sm

all s

tone

s an

d ch

arco

al. M

easu

red

1.6m

by

1m b

y 0.

8m

dept

h.

208

12

5E

100N

Cut

of m

oder

n pi

t19

9-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar l

pit/i

near

feat

ure w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p, si

des v

ertic

al,

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se sh

arp,

bas

e fla

t. O

rient

ated

N

E-SW

. Tr

unca

ted

by m

oder

n di

stur

banc

e.

Mea

sure

d 3.

26m

by

0.5m

by

0.6m

dep

th.

212

D14

0E 7

0NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

213

- O

val

pit

with

N/S

lin

ear

exte

nsio

n. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp a

nd g

radu

al,

sides

ste

ep a

nd

shal

low,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p an

d im

per-

cept

ible.

Bas

e fla

t an

d irr

egul

ar.

Orie

ntat

ed

E-W

. M

easu

red

2.4m

by 1

.6m

by 0

.35m

dep

th.

213

140E

70N

Fill

of p

it C

.212

- 21

2M

id g

rey/

brow

n lo

ose

fine

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al

bone

, sm

all

and

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 2.

4m b

y 1.

6m b

y 0.

35m

dep

th.

-

214

A+B

12

0E

90N

Cut

of m

oder

n pi

t21

5-

Irre

gula

r pi

t cu

t w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs. B

reak

of

slop

e top

gra

dual

, sid

es g

entle

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, ba

se u

neve

n. O

rient

ated

N-S

.Tr

unca

tes C

.216

. Mea

sure

d 1.

1m b

y 0.

95m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

215

A+B

12

0E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

214

- 21

4M

id b

row

n fir

m si

lty c

lay.

Occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

and

frequ

ent

smal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

1m b

y 0.

95m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

-

51



216

A+B

12

0E

90N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

217

- O

val p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs. B

reak

of s

lope

to

p sh

arp,

side

s ste

ep, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sha

rp,

base

con

cave

. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Tr

unca

ted

by

C.2

14 a

nd C

.218

. Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 0.

9m b

y 0.

6m d

epth

.21

71

20

E 90

NFi

ll of

Lat

e M

edie

val

pit

- 21

6M

id-d

ark

brow

n fir

m s

ilty

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e an

d oc

casio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 0.

9m b

y 0.

6m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

war

e, G

laze

d re

d ea

rthe

nwar

e21

8A+

B12

5E 9

0NC

ut o

f mod

ern

pit

219

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t cu

t w

ith

roun

ded

cor-

ners

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es s

teep

and

gr

adua

l at S

W, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e fla

t. O

rient

ated

NW

-SE.

C

onte

mpo

rary

with

C

.220

. Tru

ncat

es C

.216

. Mea

sure

d 2.

65m

by

1.45

m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.21

9A+

B12

5E 9

0NFi

ll of

adj

acen

t pi

ts

C.2

18 a

nd C

.220

- 2

18

, 22

0M

ediu

m b

row

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

5%

sm

all

to m

ediu

m s

tone

s an

d oc

casio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks.

Mea

sure

d 3m

by

2.65

m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.

Nai

l,

220

A+B

125E

90N

Cut

of m

oder

n pi

t21

9-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

shar

p at

N a

nd g

radu

al a

ll ot

hers

, sid

es g

radu

al, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gra

du-

al an

d im

perc

eptib

le, b

ase fl

at. O

rient

ated

E-W

. C

onte

mpo

rary

with

C.2

18. M

easu

red

2.2m

by

1.2m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

52



221

D65

NC

ut o

f lin

ear f

urro

w22

2-

Line

ar f

urro

w. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

ste

ep, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gra

dual

, bas

e con

cave

. E-

W o

rient

ated

. M

easu

red

1.6m

by

0.3m

by

0.15

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

222

65N

Fill

of fu

rrow

C.2

21-

221

Mid

gre

y/br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l sm

all

and

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 16

m b

y 0.

3m b

y 0.

15m

dep

th.

-

223

D14

0E 6

5NC

ut o

f Lat

e Med

ieva

l pi

t22

4-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

shar

p, si

des c

onca

ve b

ecom

-in

g ve

rtic

al, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se

roun

ded.

Orie

ntat

ion

NE-

SW.

Trun

cate

d by

m

oder

n di

stur

banc

e. M

easu

red

2.1m

by

0.9m

by

1.1

m d

epth

.22

414

0E 6

5NFi

ll of

Lat

e M

edie

val

pit

- 22

4D

ark

brow

n so

ft cl

ayey

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e, o

c-ca

siona

l cha

rcoa

l and

sm

all s

tone

s. M

easu

red

2.1m

by

0.9m

by

1.1m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

keny

-typ

e co

okin

g w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

R

edcl

iffe?

, Sla

g22

514

0E 6

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.2

26-

226

Ligh

t gr

eyish

bro

wn

firm

silt

y cl

ay.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

mod

erat

e sm

all

stone

s an

d oc

casio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks.

Mea

sure

d 1.

37m

by

1.1m

by

0.23

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Br

ick

53



226

D14

0E 6

5NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t22

5-

Poss

ibly

sub-

rect

angu

lar p

it. B

reak

of s

lope

top

Gra

dual

, sh

arp

at N

, sid

es g

radu

ally

slo

ping

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se fl

at.

Orie

n-ta

ted

E-W

. Tr

unca

tes p

it C

.228

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y m

oder

n di

stur

banc

e. M

easu

red

1.37

m b

y 1.

1m

by 0

.23m

dep

th.

227

140E

65N

Fill

of p

it C

.228

- 22

8D

ark

grey

loos

e sil

ty c

lay.

Roo

ts, s

hell,

ani

mal

bo

ne a

nd st

ones

. Mea

sure

d 1.

65m

by

1.36

m b

y 0.

37m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e war

e, C

lay

pipe

stem

228

D14

0E 6

5NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t22

7-

Sub

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

sha

rp a

nd r

ound

ed

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op g

radu

al, u

nder

cut

on W

, sid

es g

radu

al,

vert

ical

at

W,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase g

radu

al, s

harp

at W

, bas

e und

ulat

ing.

O

rient

ated

NE-

SW.

Trun

cate

d by

pit

C.2

26

and

mod

ern

dist

urba

nce.

Mea

sure

d 1.

65m

by

1.36

m b

y 0.

37m

dep

th.

229

A+B

12

0E

90N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it23

0-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

gra

dual

and

sha

rp,

sides

gra

dual

an

d ste

pped

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

irr

egul

ar. O

rient

ated

N-S

. Mea

sure

d 1.

8m b

y 1.

5m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th.

230

A+B

12

0E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.229

- 22

9M

ediu

m b

row

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

oc

casio

nal

char

coal

and

20%

med

ium

siz

ed

stone

s, m

ainl

y at

bas

e. M

easu

red

1.8m

by

1.5m

by

0.4

5m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

ok-

ing

war

e, K

ilken

ny-t

ype

coar

se w

are,C

oppe

r Allo

y fr

agm

ent

54



231

A+B

13

0E

90N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it23

2-

Ova

l pi

t cu

t w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es s

teep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

sha

rp, b

ase

flat/c

onca

ve. O

rient

ated

N-S

. M

easu

red

3.2m

by

1.8m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

232

13

0E

90N

Fi

ll of

pit

C.2

31-

231

Mid

bro

wn

firm

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

occ

a-sio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd fr

eque

nt st

ones

at b

ase,

pos

-sib

le lin

ing.

Mea

sure

d 3.

2m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

3m

dept

h.

233

D15

0E 6

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.2

34-

234

Ligh

t br

own

fria

ble

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

oc

casio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd s

mal

l peb

bles

. M

eas-

ured

1m

by

0.46

m b

y 0.

19m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

okin

g w

are

234

D15

0E 6

5NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

233

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

grad

ual,

sides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, bas

e flat

, slo

ping

to N

. Orie

ntat

ed

N-S

. Mea

sure

d 1m

by

0.46

m b

y 0.

19m

dep

th.

235

D60

NC

ut o

f m

edie

val l

in-

ear d

itch

236

- Li

near

ditc

h. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp,

sides

bo

th co

ncav

e and

conv

ex a

long

leng

th, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se r

ound

ed a

nd u

neve

n.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W. L

ocat

ed a

t so

uthe

rn e

dge

of

exca

vatio

n an

d co

ntin

ues

off-si

te.

Mea

sure

d 10

.5m

by

2m b

y c.

0.4

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Lat

e Lo

cal

war

e, G

laze

d re

d ea

rth-

enw

are,

Cla

y pi

pe s

tem

, Br

ick,

Nai

l23

660

NFi

ll of

ditc

h C

.235

- 23

5M

id-d

ark

brow

n fir

m sa

ndy

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e,

mod

erat

e sm

all-m

ediu

m

stone

s. M

easu

red

10.5

m b

y 2m

by

c. 0

.4m

dep

th.

55



237

A+B

130E

85N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it23

8-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

gra

dual

, sid

es m

oder

ately

slo

ping

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

flat

. O

rient

ated

N

E-SW

. Tr

unca

ted

by

C.2

45.

Mea

sure

d 1.

45m

by

0.6m

by

0.12

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe co

okin

g war

e,

Lein

ster c

ooki

ng w

are

238

130E

85N

Fill

of p

it C

.237

- 23

7D

ark

brow

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

5%

m

ediu

m st

ones

and

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal fl

ecks

. M

easu

red

1.45

m b

y 0.

6m b

y 0.

12m

dep

th.

239

D70

NC

ut o

f fur

row

240

- Li

near

fur

row.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es

conc

ave,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

flat

. O

rient

ated

E-W

. M

easu

red

7.1m

by

0.38

m b

y 0.

14m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

240

70N

Fill

of fu

rrow

C.2

39-

239

Mid

gre

y/br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l sm

all

and

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 7.1

m b

y 0.

38m

by

0.14

m d

epth

.24

1D

75N

Cut

of f

urro

w24

2-

Line

ar f

urro

w. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

co

ncav

e an

d ste

ep, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e sh

arp,

ro

unde

d ba

se.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Mea

sure

d 8.

8m b

y 0.

3m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

242

75N

Fill

of fu

rrow

C.2

41-

241

Mid

gre

y/br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l sm

all

and

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 8.

8m b

y 0.

3m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

-

243

D80

NC

ut o

f fur

row

244

- Li

near

fur

row.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es

conc

ave,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

flat

. O

rient

ated

E-W

. M

easu

red

17.3

m b

y 0.

7m b

y 0.

22m

dep

th.

56



244

80N

Fill

of fu

rrow

C.2

43-

243

Mid

gre

y/br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l sm

all

and

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 17

.3m

by

0.7m

by

0.22

m d

epth

.

-

245

A+B

13

0E

90N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

246

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es s

teep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p, b

ase

undu

latin

g. O

rient

ated

N

-S.

Trun

cate

s C.2

38. M

easu

red

3.2m

by

3m

by 0

.45m

dep

th.

246

13

0E

90N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

245

Mid

yel

low

ish/m

ottle

d br

own

firm

sand

y cl

ay.

Ani

mal

bon

e, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l, bu

rnt

clay

. M

easu

red

3.2m

by

3m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

N

ail

249

Poss

ible

pit

cut

(1.5

0mN

of 2

48)

250

Poss

ible

pit

cut

(2.5

0mN

W o

f 249

)

Gla

zed

red

eart

henw

are,

T

in g

laze

d ea

rthe

nwar

e25

1C

125E

75N

C

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

287

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r cu

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op g

radu

al, s

ides

ste

eply

slo

p-in

g, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se u

neve

n an

d fla

t. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.322

. Mea

sure

d 1.

22m

by

1.2

5m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

57



254

105E

95N

Post-

med

ieva

l co

b-bl

esto

ne su

rfac

e26

4-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

rem

ains

of

cobb

led s

urfa

ce,

trun

cate

d on

all

sides

by

mod

ern

dist

urba

nce.

M

ade

of r

ound

ed m

ediu

m si

zed

stone

. Orie

n-ta

ted

E-W

. Dra

in in

cob

bles

runs

ESE

-WN

W.

Und

er C

.264

. Ove

r pits

C.2

88, C

.297

, C.3

12,

C.3

08,

C.3

18 a

nd d

epos

it C

.314

. M

easu

red

6.73

m b

y 2.

47m

wid

th.

Mot

tled

war

e?

255

135E

75N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

256

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

sha

rp,

base

rou

nded

. T

runc

ates

C.2

57.

Trun

cate

d by

sou

ther

n ed

ge o

f ex

cava

tion.

M

easu

red

1.48

m b

y 0.

86m

by

0.36

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

256

135E

75N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

255

Dar

k br

own/

blac

k fr

iabl

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al a

nd s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

48m

by

0.86

m b

y 0.

36m

dep

th.

257

C13

5E 7

5N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

258

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es c

onca

ve a

nd s

tepp

ed,

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se g

radu

al, b

ase

flat.

Orie

nta-

tion

E-W

. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.255

and

sou

ther

n ed

ge o

f ex

cava

tion.

Mea

sure

d 3.

55m

by

1.6m

by

0.6

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

war

e

258

135E

75N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

257

Ligh

t br

own

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

andy

silt

. A

nim

al b

one,

char

coal

and

smal

l sto

nes.

Mea

s-ur

ed 3

.55m

by

1.6m

by

0.6m

dep

th.

58



259

A+B

135E

85N

C

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t26

0-

Ova

l pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top

shar

p, s

ides

ver

tical

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e co

ncav

e. O

rient

ated

E-W

. T

run-

cate

d by

C.1

33 a

nd C

.197.

Mea

sure

d 3.

3m b

y 2.

2m b

y 1.

6m d

epth

.26

013

5E 8

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.2

59-

259

Ligh

t m

ottle

d br

own

soft

sand

y cl

ay. A

nim

al

bone

and

freq

uent

larg

e sto

nes

loca

ted

mai

nly

at b

ase

and

sides

. Mea

sure

d 3.

3m b

y 2.

2m b

y 1.

6m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Sai

nton

ge

gree

n gl

azed

, Bric

k26

1A+

B14

0E 8

5NC

ut o

f Lat

e Med

ieva

l pi

t2

63

, 27

0-

Cut

of

circ

ular

pit.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op s

harp

, ve

ry s

teep

sid

es,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

con

cave

. Fi

lled

with

C.2

63 a

nd C

.270

. Tr

unca

ted

by p

it C

.267

and

lin

ear

feat

ure

C.2

71. M

easu

red

2.3m

by 2

.2m

by 0

.5m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

ooki

ng w

are

262

140E

85N

Fill

of p

it -

285

Mix

ed b

lack

/dar

k gr

ey b

row

n lo

ose

fine

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

bur

nt b

one,

fre

quen

t ch

ar-

coal

, occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes,

burn

t cla

y. M

eas-

ured

1.7

m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

3m d

epth

.

263

140E

85N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t -

261

Mid

gre

y/br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

and

sm

all

stone

s. M

easu

red

2.3m

by 2

.2m

by 0

.6m

dep

th.

264

135E

75N

Com

pact

ed

depo

sit

betw

een

stone

s of

co

bbled

surf

ace

- 25

4Li

ght-d

ark

brow

n ha

rd s

ilty

clay

. O

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

s, od

our

of h

orse

dro

ppin

gs. O

ver

C.2

54. M

easu

red

6.73

m b

y 2.

47m

.

59



267

A+B

140E

85N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

26

8,

269

- C

ut o

f ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp,

sides

ste

ep,

uncl

ear

at E

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se c

onca

ve.

Tru

ncat

es p

it C

.261

. Tr

unca

ted

by p

it C

.285

. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

1.7m

by

0.5m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

H

am G

reen

B,

Lein

ster

cook

ing

war

e

268

140E

85N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

267

Mid

gre

y/br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l sm

all

stone

s an

d ch

arco

al.

Gra

vel l

ens a

t wes

tern

edg

e. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

1.7m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

269

140E

85N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

267

Dar

k bl

ack/

grey

loos

e fin

e sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

bu

rnt

mat

eria

l, ch

arco

al r

ich.

Mea

sure

d 1.

7m

by 1

.7m

by

0.05

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

270

140E

85N

Fill

of L

ate

Med

ieva

l pi

t-

261

Mot

tled

pale

oran

ge/

mid

gre

y br

own

mod

er-

ately

com

pact

fine

silt

y cl

ay. O

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

s. Sm

all p

atch

es o

f mat

eria

l in

base

of c

ut.

Mea

sure

d 0.

06m

dep

th.

-

271

140E

85N

Cut

of l

inea

r fea

ture

272

- Li

near

cut.

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des s

teep

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e co

ncav

e. O

ri-en

tate

d N

E-SW

. Tr

unca

ted

by m

oder

n w

all.

Trun

cate

s C

.261

. Tr

unca

ted

by m

oder

n w

all

C.2

86.

Mea

sure

d 2.

7m b

y 0.

75m

by

0.25

m

dept

h.27

214

0E 8

5NFi

ll of

line

ar fe

atur

e -

271

Mid

gre

y-br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l sm

all

stone

s an

d ch

arco

al

fleck

s. M

easu

red

2.7m

by

0.75

m b

y 0.

25m

de

pth.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Silt

sto

ne o

r sla

te

60



273

D15

0E 9

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.2

74-

274

Brow

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

roo

ts,

smal

l an

d m

ediu

m s

tone

s in

com

pact

lay

er

at b

ase.

Mea

sure

d 2.

15m

by

0.66

m b

y 0.

59m

de

pth.

274

D15

0E 9

5NC

ut o

f pi

t lo

cate

d at

no

rthe

rn e

dge

of e

x-ca

vatio

n

273

- Se

mi-c

ircul

ar p

it. B

reak

of

slope

top

sha

rp,

sides

ver

tical

and

und

ercu

t to

W a

nd S

, bre

ak

of sl

ope

base

gra

dual

, bas

e slo

ping

. Orie

ntat

ed

E-W

. M

easu

red

2.15

m b

y 0.

66m

by

0.59

m

dept

h.27

5A+

B14

0E 9

0NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t27

6-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slope

ba

se i

mpe

rcep

tible,

bas

e ro

unde

d.

Trun

cate

d by

pits

C.2

77 a

nd C

.279

. Mea

sure

d 1.

9m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

65m

dep

th.

276

140E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.275

- 27

5D

ark

grey

bro

wn

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

andy

sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal,

frequ

ent

smal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

9m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

65m

de

pth.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are

277

A+B

140E

90N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

278

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es v

ertic

al a

nd c

onca

ve,

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se g

radu

al, b

ase

flat.

Orie

ntat

-ed

E-W

. Tr

unca

tes C

.276

. Mea

sure

d 1.

7m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

55m

dep

th.

278

140E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.277

- 27

7D

ark

grey

bro

wn

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

andy

sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks

and

smal

l sto

nes.

1.7m

by

1.1m

by

0.55

m.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

61



279

A+B

140E

90N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

280

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

gen

tly r

ound

ed.

Orie

ntat

ed N

E-SW

. Tr

unca

tes p

its C

.275

and

C

.281

. Mea

sure

d 2m

by

1.1m

by

0.8m

dep

th.

280

140E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.279

- 27

9D

ark

grey

bro

wn

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

andy

sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes

and

char

coal

. Mea

sure

d 2m

by 1

.1m

by 0

.8m

dep

th.

281

A+B

140E

90N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

282

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

shar

p, si

des g

radu

al at

SW

and

oth

ers

conc

ave,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase g

radu

al to

SW

and

ot

hers

shar

p, b

ase fl

at, s

lope

s dow

n fro

m S

W to

N

E. O

rient

ated

NE-

SW. T

runc

ated

by

C.2

79

and

mod

ern

wal

l C

.286

. M

easu

red

1.3m

by

1.2m

by

0.6m

dep

th.

282

140E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

281

- 28

1D

ark

grey

bro

wn

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

andy

sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

Occ

asio

nal

char

coal

and

sm

all s

tone

s. M

easu

red

1.3m

by

1.2m

by

0.6m

de

pth.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

ing

war

e, M

erid

a-ty

pe

283

C12

0E 8

0NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

284

- D

ark

grey

bro

wn

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

andy

sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

Occ

asio

nal

char

coal

and

sm

all

stone

s. M

easu

red

1.65

m b

y 1.

35m

by

0.6m

dep

th.

62



284

120E

80N

Fill

of p

it C

.283

- 28

3M

ottle

d fir

m

mid

-ligh

t ye

llow

/bro

wn

clay

.A

nim

al b

one,

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal fl

ecks

, 15%

re

depo

sited

nat

ural

. 1.6

5m b

y 1.

35m

by

0.6m

de

pth.

285

A+B

140E

85N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it26

2-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe t

op g

radu

al,

sides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

flat

base

. Tru

ncat

es p

it C

.267

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

286

D14

0EM

oder

n w

all

- -

N-S

or

ienta

ted

mod

ern

wal

l. C

onst

ruct

ion

mat

eria

l ap

pear

s to

hav

e be

en t

aken

fro

m a

n ea

rlier

str

uctu

re.

Ston

es a

nd b

rick

rand

omly

co

urse

d w

ith co

ncre

te to

secu

re in

pla

ces.

Trun

-ca

tes C

.271

and

C.2

81. 1

8m b

y 1.

3m b

y 0.

8m

dept

h.

1601

Eliz

abet

h 1

penn

y co

pper

coi

n

287

125E

75N

Fi

ll of

pit

C.2

51-

251

Soft

dark

gre

y cl

ayey

silt.

Inc

lusio

ns o

f ani

mal

bo

ne,

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al

fleck

s, m

oder

ate

smal

l to

med

ium

sto

nes.1

.22m

by

1.25

m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

-

288

E10

0E 9

5N

Cut

of l

inea

r pit

289

- Li

near

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

E-W

orie

nta-

tion.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

stee

p sid

es, b

reak

of

slop

e ba

se sh

arp,

con

cave

bas

e. T

runc

ates

pit

C.3

6428

910

0E 9

5N

Fill

of p

it C

.288

- 28

8M

ottle

d da

rk b

lack

ish o

rang

e/br

own

firm

ash

y sil

t cla

y. In

clusio

ns o

f ani

mal

bon

e, b

urnt

cla

y, bu

rnt o

rgan

ic m

ater

ial,

cha

rcoa

l flec

ks. 1

.25m

by

0.5

m.

Disc

arde

d gl

ass,

Slag

63



290

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pit

291,

314

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of

slope

top

gra

dual

, sid

es g

radu

ally

slo

ping

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, co

ncav

e ba

se. C

onte

mpo

rary

with

ad-

jace

nt p

it C

.292

. Und

er d

epos

it C

.314

. Tru

n-ca

tes C

.310

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

291

105E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

.290

- 29

0Lo

ose

mot

tled

oran

ge/re

d/lig

ht g

rey

silty

sand

.In

clusio

ns o

f ani

mal

bon

e, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks a

nd sm

all-m

ediu

m st

ones

, bur

nt cl

ay a

nd

clay

pip

e. 2

.4m

by

1.6m

by

2.5m

dep

th.

Cla

y pi

pe st

em

292

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pit

293,

314

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of

slope

-top

grad

ual,

sides

ste

ep a

nd i

rreg

ular

, br

eak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se fl

at a

nd ir

regu

lar.

Und

er C

.314

. 1.

2m b

y 1m

by

0.4m

dep

th.

293

105E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

.292

- 29

2M

ottle

d or

ange

/red

and

mid

/dar

k gr

ey s

ilty

sand

. Ani

mal

bon

e, b

urnt

cla

y, fre

quen

t ch

ar-

coal

, oc

casio

nal

smal

l an

d m

ediu

m s

tone

s. 2.

4m b

y 1.

6m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th.

295

110E

90N

Post-

med

ieva

l w

all

rem

ains

L sh

aped

pos

t-med

ieva

l wal

l rem

ains

loca

ted

to

the

east

of c

obbl

es su

rfac

e C

.254

. Rou

ghly

cut

co

urse

d lim

esto

ne, l

arge

st 0.

55m

x 0

.3m

. Tru

n-ca

tes p

it C

323.

Mea

sure

d 8m

by

0.75

m.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

296

105E

95N

Fill

of p

it C

.297

- 29

7D

ark

brow

n/gr

ey si

lty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bon

e w

ith

laye

r of

sto

nes

near

top

. M

easu

red

1.42

m b

y 1.

34m

by

0.52

m d

epth

.

64



297

D10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

296

- Su

b-sq

uare

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p gr

adua

l, sid

es g

radu

al, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se g

radu

al, b

ase

undu

latin

g. O

rient

ated

NE-

SW. F

illed

with

C.2

96. U

nder

cob

bled

surf

ace

C.2

54.

Mea

sure

d 1.

42m

by

1.34

m b

y 0.

52m

de

pth.

304

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t30

5-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

impe

rcep

tible,

side

s con

cave

, bre

ak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se fl

at.

Trun

cate

d by

C

.312

. M

easu

red

0.57

m b

y 0.

45m

by

0.02

m

dept

h.30

510

5E 9

5NFi

ll of

pit

C30

4-

304

Mot

tled

dark

gre

y/ye

llow

/dar

k or

ange

st

icky

sa

ndy

clay

ey s

ilt.

Occ

asio

nal

char

coal

. M

eas-

ured

0.5

7m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th b

y 0.

02m

dep

th.

-

306

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t30

7-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of sl

ope t

op g

radu

al, s

ides

conc

ave,

bre

ak

of sl

ope b

ase g

radu

al, b

ase r

ound

ed.

Trun

cate

d by

C.3

10 a

nd C

.312

. Mea

sure

d 0.

8m b

y 0.

62m

by

0.2

m d

epth

.30

710

5E 9

5NFi

ll of

pit

- 30

6D

ark

grey

/yel

low

/dar

k or

ange

st

icky

sa

ndy

clay

ey s

ilt.

Occ

asio

nal

char

coal

pie

ces.

Mea

s-ur

ed 0

.8m

by

0.62

m b

y 0.

2m d

epth

.

-

308

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t30

9-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slope

ba

se i

mpe

rcep

tible,

bas

e ro

unde

d.

Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

4m d

epth

.

65



309

105E

95N

Fill

of p

it-

308

Dar

k gr

ey, y

ello

w a

nd d

ark

oran

ge m

ottle

d fr

i-ab

le sa

ndy

clay

ey s

ilt. O

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

s an

d ch

arco

al p

iece

s. M

easu

red

1.3m

by

1.2m

by

0.4

m d

epth

.

Cop

per

allo

y m

etal

fra

g-m

ent

310

E10

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t31

1-

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slope

ba

se i

mpe

rcep

tible,

bas

e ro

unde

d.

Trun

cate

d by

C.2

90. T

runc

ates

C.3

06. M

easu

red

0.6m

by

0.3m

by

0.25

m d

epth

.31

110

5E 9

5N

Fill

of p

it C

310

- 31

0Li

ght

grey

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

ilty

clay

. Oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd fr

eque

nt sm

all l

imes

tone

. M

easu

red

0.6m

by

0.3m

by

0.25

m d

epth

.31

210

5E 9

5NC

ut o

f lin

ear f

eatu

re31

3-

Line

ar c

ut. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p, si

des c

on-

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase g

radu

al, b

ase r

ound

ed.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Und

er co

bbled

surf

ace C

.254

. M

easu

red

2.3m

by

1.3m

by

0.4m

dep

th.

313

105E

95N

Fill

of li

near

feat

ure

- 31

2D

ark

grey

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct c

laye

y sil

t. A

ni-

mal

bon

e, fr

eque

nt sm

all l

imes

tone

. Mea

sure

d 2.

3m b

y 1.

3m b

y 0.

4m d

epth

.

-

314

E10

5E 9

5ND

epos

it ov

erly

ing

pits

- 2

91

, 29

3M

id-g

rey

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct fi

ne g

ritty

silt

y sa

nd d

epos

it re

late

d to

cob

bled

sur

face

con

-st

ruct

ion.

Fre

quen

t sm

all

to m

ediu

m s

tone

in

clusio

ns. U

nder

C.2

54. O

ver

pit

C.2

90 a

nd

C.2

92.

Mea

sure

d 2.

4m b

y 2.

3m b

y 0.

15m

de

pth.

Gla

zed

red

eart

henw

are,

C

lay

pipe

stem

s

66



315

E10

0E 9

5N

Line

ar c

ut31

6-

Line

ar cu

t with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e to

p, si

des s

teep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p, b

ase

conc

ave

and

irreg

ular

. Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Trun

-ca

ted

by C

.288

. Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 0.

45m

by

0.65

m d

epth

.31

6E

100E

95N

Fi

ll of

lin

ear

cut

C.3

15-

315

Ligh

t bro

wn

loos

e cl

ay. O

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

an

d ch

arco

al.

Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 0.

45m

by

0.65

m d

epth

.31

7D

110E

95N

C

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

318

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p, si

des

steep

and

irr

egul

ar, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e sh

arp

and

irreg

ular

. O

rient

ated

E-W

. U

nder

cob

-bl

ed su

rfac

e C.2

54. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

0.7m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are

318

110E

95N

Fi

ll of

pit

- 31

7M

ixed

pal

e ye

llow

/mid

gre

y lo

ose

coar

se sa

ndy

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e. O

ccas

iona

l sm

all a

nd m

od-

erat

e m

ediu

m s

tone

s. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

0.7m

by

0.3

m d

epth

.31

915

0E 9

0NFi

ll of

pit

- 32

0D

ark

brow

n lo

ose

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

bu

rnt

woo

d, o

ccas

iona

l sto

nes,

deca

yed

stone

an

d ro

ots.

Mea

sure

d 1.

68m

by

1.67

m b

y 0.

44m

de

pth.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

M

iscel

lane

ous

Fren

ch

potte

ry, L

eins

ter c

ooki

ng

war

e,

Sain

tong

e gr

een

glaz

ed, I

ron

nail

320

D15

0E 9

0NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

319

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p, si

des

vert

ical

and

und

ercu

t on

the

NW

, br

eak

of

slope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se u

ndul

atin

g. M

easu

red

1.68

m b

y 1.

67m

by

0.44

m d

epth

.

67



321

125E

75N

Fi

ll of

Pos

t Med

ieva

l pi

t-

322

Dar

k gr

ey fi

rm s

ilty

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e, o

cca-

siona

l ch

arco

al a

nd s

mal

l to

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 0.

8m b

y 0.

4m b

y 0.

26m

dep

th.

Gla

zed

red

eart

henw

are

322

C12

5E 7

5N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

321

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp

on N

, gra

dual

on

W &

E, i

mpe

rcep

tible

on S

, sid

es N

& E

ver

tical

, W st

eep,

S im

perc

eptib

le,

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se g

radu

al, b

ase

flat.

Orie

ntat

-ed

N-S

. Fill

ed w

ith C

.321

. Tru

ncat

es p

it C

.251

. M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.4m

by

0.26

m d

epth

.32

3E

115E

90N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

323

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

on

E &

W,

impe

rcep

tible

on S

, ba

se g

ently

roun

ded.

Tru

ncat

ed b

y w

all C

.295

. Tr

unca

tes C

.325

. Mea

sure

s 1.7

m b

y 1.

06m

by

0.59

m d

epth

.32

411

5E 9

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

23-

324

Dar

k gr

ey fr

iabl

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e, o

c-ca

siona

l sm

all

and

med

ium

sto

nes.

Mea

sure

s 1.

7m b

y 1.

06m

by

0.48

m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

325

115E

90N

Cut

of P

ost-M

edie

val

linea

r fea

ture

326

- Li

near

cut

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s nea

r-ly

ver

tical

, con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p,

base

rou

nded

. Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Trun

cate

d by

C

.323

. M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.62

m b

y 0.

34m

de

pth.

Gla

zed

red

eart

henw

are,

C

lay

pipe

stem

68



326

115E

90N

Fill

of L

inea

r fea

ture

-

325

Mid

gre

y m

oder

ately

com

pact

san

dy s

ilt. A

ni-

mal

bon

e, f

requ

ent

smal

l ro

unde

d lim

esto

ne,

pebb

les

at b

ase.

Mea

sure

d 0.

8m b

y 0.

62m

by

0.34

m d

epth

.32

711

5E 9

0NFi

ll of

Pos

t Med

ieva

l pi

t-

323

Ligh

t gr

ey lo

ose

silty

san

d. A

nim

al a

nd b

urnt

bo

ne,

very

fre

quen

t sm

all

roun

ded

pebb

les.

Mea

sure

d 0.

9m b

y 0.

46m

by

0.26

m d

epth

.32

814

5E 9

5NFi

ll of

Lat

e M

edie

val

pit C

.329

- 32

9D

ark

brow

n-gr

ey lo

ose

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

oy

ster s

hell,

mod

erat

e sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 0.

93m

by

0.5

9m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

oars

e w

are,

C

oppe

r allo

y to

ken

329

D14

5E 9

5N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it32

8-

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

grad

ual,

sides

gra

dual

, Ver

-tic

al t

o N

, Bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

Gra

dual

, bas

e un

dula

ting.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Mea

sure

d 0.

93m

by

0.5

9m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

331

D14

5E 9

0NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

33

2,

345

- Su

b-re

ctan

gula

r pi

t w

ith

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des v

ertic

al, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e fla

t, slo

ping

from

NE

to

SW. O

rient

ated

NE-

SW.

Trun

cate

d by

C. 3

46

and

C.3

43. M

easu

red

1.8m

by

1m b

y 0.

74m

de

pth.

332

145E

85N

Fill

of p

it C

.331

- 33

1Li

ght

yello

w g

rey

loos

e sil

ty s

and.

Fre

quen

t gr

avel

and

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l lim

esto

ne p

ebbl

es.

Mea

sure

d 1.

2m b

y 0.

7m b

y 0.

1m d

epth

.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

oars

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

ing

war

e

69



333

145E

85N

Fi

ll of

Lat

e M

edie

val

pit

- 33

4M

id g

rey

firm

silt

y cl

ay.

Ani

mal

bon

e, o

cca-

siona

l ch

arco

al a

nd s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

96m

by

1.35

m b

y 0.

15m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are

334

D14

5E 8

5N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

pit

333

- Ir

regu

lar

pit.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op g

radu

al o

n E

& N

, im

perc

eptib

le W

& S

, sid

es s

teep

on

E,

grad

ual o

n N

, tru

ncat

ed o

n W

& S

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

irre

gula

r. T

runc

ated

by

C.3

36 t

o W

and

mod

ern

Line

ar c

ut t

o S.

M

easu

red

1.96

m b

y 1.

35m

by

0.15

m d

epth

.33

514

5E 8

5N

Fill

of p

it C

.336

- 33

6D

ark

grey

firm

cla

yey

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e, m

od-

erat

e sto

nes,

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al.

Mea

sure

d 2.

15m

by

2.18

m b

y 0.

44m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Sa

into

nge

gree

n gl

azed

336

D14

5E 8

5N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

it33

5-

Sub-

squa

re p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

grad

ual o

n W

& N

, sha

rp o

n E

and

impe

rcep

tible

on S

, sid

es S

tru

ncat

ed, a

ll ot

h-er

s ste

ep, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se fl

at.

Trun

cate

d by

mod

ern

linea

r fea

ture

. Tru

ncat

es

C.3

34.

Mea

sure

d 2.

15m

x 1

.28m

x 0

.44m

de

pth.

337

150E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.338

- 33

8M

id g

rey

brow

n m

oder

ately

com

pact

cla

yey

silt.

Occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd sm

all s

tone

s. A

ni-

mal

bon

e in

clusio

ns. M

easu

red

1.3m

by

1.11

m

by 0

.85m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

ing

war

e, P

earlw

are,

Gla

ss

70



338

D15

0E 9

0NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t3

37

, 3

86

, 3

87

, 38

8

- R

ecta

ngul

ar p

it w

ith s

harp

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of

slope

top

sha

rp,

sides

nea

rly v

ertic

al,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase

shar

p, b

ase

unkn

own

as lo

cate

d at

edg

e of

exc

avat

ion.

Tr

unca

ted

by C

.340

. M

easu

red

1.84

m b

y 1.

15m

by

1.84

m d

epth

.33

915

0E 9

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

40-

340

Dar

k gr

ey lo

ose

sand

y sil

t. Fr

eque

nt li

mes

tone

. A

nim

al b

one

inclu

sions

. M

easu

red

1.08

m b

y 0.

29m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Le

inste

r co

okin

g w

are,

Fr

eche

n34

0D

150E

90N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

339

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

grad

ual,

sides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, bas

e fla

t. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Tr

un-

cate

s pit

C.3

38. M

easu

red

1.08

m b

y 0.

29m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

341

145E

85N

Cut

of L

ate M

edie

val

curv

i-lin

ear f

eatu

re34

2-

Cur

vi-li

near

cut

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Bre

ak

of sl

ope

top

grad

ual,

sides

ver

tical

and

con

cave

, br

eak

of s

lope

gra

dual

on

sout

hern

side

, sha

rp

on n

orth

ern,

bas

e ro

unde

d. O

rient

ated

NE-

SW.

Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.286

. Tr

unca

tes

C.3

36

and

C.3

43. M

easu

red

1.4m

by

0.7m

by

0.28

m

dept

h.34

214

5E 8

5NFi

ll of

Lat

e M

edie

val

curv

i-lin

ear f

eatu

re-

341

Dar

k br

own

fria

ble

sand

y-sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

oc

casio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 0.

7m b

y 0.

28m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

K

ilken

ny-t

ype

cook

-in

g w

are,

Kilk

enny

-typ

e co

arse

war

e

71



343

D14

5E 8

5NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

344

- Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of

slope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

con

cave

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

im

perc

eptib

le, b

ase

roun

ded.

Orie

ntat

ed

NE-

SW. T

runc

ated

by C

.341

. Tru

ncat

es C

.331

. M

easu

red

2.6m

by

1.8m

by

0.8m

dep

th.

Kilk

enny

-typ

e w

are,

Kil-

kenn

y-ty

pe c

ooki

ng w

are

344

145E

85N

Fill

of p

it C

.343

- 34

3D

ark

grey

fria

ble

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al b

one,

oc-

casio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd sm

all t

o m

ediu

m st

ones

. M

easu

red

2.6

m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

8m d

epth

.34

514

5E 9

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

31Li

ght m

ottle

d gr

ey y

ello

w m

oder

ately

com

pact

sa

ndy

silt.

Occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal fl

ecks

and

smal

l lim

esto

ne p

ebbl

es.

Mea

sure

d 1.

8m b

y 0.

62m

by

0.6

8m d

epth

.34

6D

145E

90N

Cut

of

sm

all

post-

med

ieva

l pit

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e im

perc

eptib

le, b

ase

roun

ded.

Fill

ed

with

C.3

47,

C.3

48 &

C.3

49.

Trun

cate

d by

C

.286

. Tru

ncat

es C

.331

. Mea

sure

d 0.

56m

by

0.2m

dep

th (o

nly

visib

le in

sect

ion)

347

145E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.346

Dar

k br

own

fria

ble

sand

y sil

t. N

o in

clusio

ns.

Mea

sure

d 0.

56m

by

0.2m

dep

th (

only

visi

ble

in se

ctio

n)34

814

5E 9

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

46D

ark

grey

fria

ble

sand

y sil

t. O

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

and

smal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 0.

6m b

y 0.

18m

dep

th (o

nly

visib

le in

sect

ion)

.34

914

5E 9

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

46Li

ght

grey

fria

ble

sand

y sil

t. O

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al a

nd s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 0.

56m

by

0.2m

dep

th. (

only

visi

ble

in se

ctio

n).

72



350

C12

5E 8

0NSm

all

irreg

ular

pi

t cu

tO

val/i

rreg

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es s

teep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

sha

rp,

base

irr

egul

ar.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Fille

d w

ith C

.351

. M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.5m

de

pth.

351

125E

80N

Fill

of p

it C

.350

Mid

mot

tled

oran

ge/b

row

n so

ft sa

ndy

clay

. O

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l flec

ks. M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.5m

dep

th.

352

C12

5E 8

0NSh

allo

w i

rreg

ular

pit

cut

Irre

gula

r cu

t w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p gr

adua

l, sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se sh

arp,

bas

e un

dula

ting.

Fill

ed w

ith C

.353

. M

easu

red

1.4m

by

1m b

y 0.

1m d

epth

.35

312

5E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

52Li

ght

grey

ish b

row

n fir

m s

andy

cla

y. Sm

all

stone

inc

lusio

ns.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 1m

by

0.1m

dep

th.

354

C12

5E 8

0NC

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s ste

ep, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e co

ncav

e. F

illed

with

C.3

55. M

eas-

ured

0.6

m b

y 0.

6m b

y 0.

2m d

epth

.35

512

5E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

54M

id o

rang

ish b

row

n fir

m si

lty c

lay.

Occ

asio

n-al

cha

rcoa

l flec

ks a

nd s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 0.

6m b

y 0.

6m b

y 0.

2m d

epth

.

73



356

C12

5E 8

0NC

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

Tria

ngul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs. B

reak

of

slope

top

gra

dual

, sid

es g

entle

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, bas

e und

ulat

ing.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Fille

d w

ith C

.357

. Mea

sure

d 0.

9m b

y 0.

9m b

y 0.

05m

dep

th.

357

125E

80N

Fill

of p

it C

.356

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

firm

silt

y cl

ay. O

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. M

easu

red

0.9m

by

0.9m

by

0.05

m d

epth

.35

8C

120E

75N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

itSu

b-ov

al p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

, sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slope

ba

se g

radu

al,

base

rou

nded

. O

rient

ated

N-S

. Fi

lled

with

C.3

59. T

runc

ates

C.3

60. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

1.2m

by

0.4m

dep

th.

359

120E

75N

Fill

of p

it C

358

Dar

k br

own

mod

erat

ely c

ompa

ct s

ilty

clay

. A

nim

al b

one,

freq

uent

ston

es to

war

ds th

e bas

e.

Mea

sure

d 1.

7m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

4m d

epth

.36

0C

120E

75N

Cut

of s

hallo

w m

edi-

eval

pit

Sem

i-circ

ular

pit

(trun

cate

d).

Brea

k of

slo

pe

top

grad

ual,

sides

irre

gula

r, br

eak

of sl

ope

base

gr

adua

l, ba

se ir

regu

lar.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S. F

illed

w

ith C

.361

. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.358

. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

0.7m

by

0.3m

dep

th.

361

120E

75N

Fill

of p

it C

.360

Dar

k br

own

firm

silty

cla

y. M

oder

ate

stone

in-

clusio

ns a

nd a

nim

al b

one.

Mea

sure

d 1.

7m b

y 0.

7m b

y 0.

3m d

epth

.

74



362

145E

85N

Fill

of p

it C

363

Ligh

t gre

y loo

se cl

ayey

silt.

90%

med

ium

ston

es

and

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al.

Ani

mal

bon

e in

clu-

sions

. M

easu

red

1.97

m b

y 0.

65m

by

0.35

m

dept

h.36

3D

145E

85N

Cut

of

pi

t of

un

-kn

own

date

Poss

ibly

sub

-squ

are

pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

grad

ual,

sides

stee

p, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gra

dual

, bas

e flat

. Fill

ed w

ith C

.362

. M

easu

red

1.97

m b

y 0.

65m

by

0.35

m d

epth

.36

4C

120E

80N

Cut

of

sm

all

bow

l sh

aped

pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

t

Ova

l pi

t cu

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp,

sides

ste

ep, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l in

S an

d E,

ste

ep in

N a

nd W

. bas

e irr

egul

ar. F

illed

with

C

.365

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.368

. Mea

sure

d 1.

7m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.36

512

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

64M

ixed

mid

bro

wn

oran

ge lo

ose s

andy

cla

y. A

n-im

al b

one,

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes a

nd ch

arco

al

fleck

s. M

easu

red

1.7m

by

1.2m

by

0.5m

dep

th.

366

C12

0E 8

0NSm

all s

hallo

w p

it cu

t, po

st-m

edie

val

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es st

eep,

gra

dual

and

shal

low,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, ba

se fl

at,

slope

s fro

m S

to

N.

Fille

d w

ith C

.367

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.368

. Mea

s-ur

ed 1

m b

y 0.

8m b

y 0.

12m

dep

th.

367

120E

80N

Fill

of

shal

low

pi

t C

.366

Mid

bro

wn

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e,

occa

siona

l sm

all

stone

s in

clusio

ns.

Mea

sure

d 1m

by

0.8m

by

0.12

m d

epth

.

75



368

C12

0E 8

0NC

ut o

f la

rge

shal

low

po

st-m

edie

val p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp

on N

and

E a

nd i

mpe

rcep

tible

on S

and

W,

sides

ste

ep o

n N

and

E, g

radu

al o

n S

and

W,

brea

k of

slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

flat

. O

rien-

tate

d E-

W. F

illed

with

C.3

69. T

runc

ates

C.3

64

and

C.3

66. M

easu

red

2.7m

by

2.2m

by

0.2m

de

pth.

369

C12

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

68M

id b

row

n lo

ose

fine

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al b

one

and

occa

siona

l sm

all t

o m

ediu

m st

ones

. Mea

s-ur

ed 2

.7m

by

2.2m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

370

D14

5eM

edie

val

depo

sit l

o-ca

ted

in N

E co

rner

of

site

.

Dar

k br

owni

sh y

ello

w h

ard

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e,

mod

erat

e sm

all-m

ediu

m

pebb

les

and

occa

-sio

nal

char

coal

. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.331

, C

.320

, C

.334

, C.3

28, C

274

, C.3

63. M

easu

red

14m

by

2.5

m b

y 0.

12m

dep

th.

371

D14

5eM

edie

val

depo

sit l

o-ca

ted

in N

E co

rner

of

site

.

Ligh

t gr

ey s

oft

clay

ey s

ilt.

Ani

mal

bon

e, f

re-

quen

t cha

rcoa

l flec

ks, o

ccas

iona

l sm

all t

o m

edi-

um st

ones

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

.331

, C.3

20, C

.334

, C

.328

, C 2

74, C

.363

. Mea

sure

d 14

m b

y 2.

5m

by 0

.12m

dep

th.

372

C11

0E 7

5NC

ut o

f sha

llow

pit

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s ste

ep, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e ro

unde

d. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Fi

lled

with

C.3

73.

Trun

cate

d by

mod

ern

feat

ure.

M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.6m

by

0.15

m d

epth

.

76



373

110E

75N

Fill

of C

.372

Ligh

t m

ottle

d ye

llow

bro

wn

firm

san

dy c

lay.

Mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. M

easu

red

0.8m

by

0.6m

by

0.15

m d

epth

.37

4C

110E

85N

Cut

of

larg

e sh

allo

w

med

ieva

l pit

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

with

roun

ded

corn

ers.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

side

s gen

tle, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se c

onca

ve. O

rient

ated

N-S

. Fill

ed

with

C.3

75.

Trun

cate

d by

C.3

76.

Mea

sure

d 1.

5m b

y 1.

4m b

y 0.

2m d

epth

.37

511

0E 8

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

74D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n fir

m s

ilty

clay

. Mod

erat

e sm

all s

tone

and

cha

rcoa

l inc

lusio

ns. M

easu

red

1.5m

by

1.4m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

376

C11

0E 8

0NC

ut o

f la

rge

shal

low

m

edie

val p

it.Su

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es g

entle

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, ba

se c

onca

ve.

Orie

ntat

ed N

-S.

Fille

d w

ith C

.377

. Tru

ncat

es C

.374

and

C.3

94.

Mea

sure

d 1.

9m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

2m d

epth

.37

711

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

76Li

ght

grey

ish b

row

n fir

m s

ilty

clay

. A

nim

al

bone

, m

oder

ate

char

coal

fle

cks

inclu

sions

. M

easu

red

1.9m

by

1.8m

by

0.2m

dep

th.

378

C11

5E 7

5NC

ut

of

med

ieva

l w

aste

pit

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es s

teep

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

Gra

dual

on

E,

shar

p al

l oth

ers,

base

con

cave

. Orie

ntat

ed N

E-SW

. Fill

ed w

ith C

.379

and

C.4

14. T

runc

ated

by

C.3

80 a

nd C

.395

. Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 1.

1m

by 0

.6m

dep

th.

77



379

115E

75N

Fill

of p

it C

.378

Mid

bro

wn

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e,

Occ

asio

nal s

mal

l to

med

ium

sto

nes

and

char

-co

al fl

ecks

. Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

15m

de

pth.

380

C11

5E 7

5NC

ut o

f med

ium

size

d po

st-m

edie

val p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p, si

des

steep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

irre

gu-

lar.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W. F

illed

with

C.3

81. T

run-

cate

d by

C.3

82.

Trun

cate

s C

.378

. M

easu

red

2m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

4m d

epth

.38

111

5E 7

5NFi

ll of

C.3

80M

id b

row

n/gr

ey lo

ose

fine

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al

bone

, Occ

asio

nal s

mal

l to

med

ium

ston

es a

nd

char

coal

flec

ks. M

easu

red

2m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

4m

dept

h.38

2C

115E

75N

Cut

of

larg

e sh

allo

w

med

ieva

l pit.

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es st

eep,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

shar

p, b

ase

flat.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W. F

illed

with

C.3

83. T

runc

ated

by

C.3

95. T

runc

ates

C.3

80.M

easu

red

1.7m

by

0.4m

by

0.5m

/38

311

5E 7

5NFi

ll of

pit

C.3

82M

id b

row

n/gr

ey lo

ose

fine

sand

y sil

t. A

nim

al

bone

, fre

quen

t sm

all

stone

s an

d oc

casio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks.

Mea

sure

d 1.

7m b

y 0.

4m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.38

4C

110E

75N

Fill

of p

it C

.385

Dar

k br

own

firm

silt

y cl

ay. A

nim

al b

one

and

som

e sm

all s

tone

inclu

sions

. Mea

sure

d 0.

76m

by

0.7

3m b

y 0.

09m

dep

th. M

easu

red

0.76

m b

y 0.

73m

by

0.09

m d

epth

.

78



385

110E

75N

Cut

of s

mal

l circ

ular

pi

tSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it. B

reak

of

slope

top

gra

dual

, sid

es g

radu

al, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se

undu

latin

g, sl

opin

g sli

ghtly

from

S to

N. F

illed

w

ith C

.384

. M

easu

red

0.76

m b

y 0.

73m

by

0.09

m d

epth

.38

615

0E 9

0NR

e-de

posit

ed n

atur

al

fill o

f pit

C.3

38Ye

llow

firm

san

dy-c

lay.

Freq

uent

sm

all

stone

in

clusio

ns. M

easu

red

0.63

m b

y 0.

52m

by

0.8m

de

pth.

387

150E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.338

Ligh

t bro

wn

fria

ble s

andy

silt.

Occ

asio

nal c

har-

coal

flec

ks a

nd s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

24m

by

0.7

1m b

y 0.

79m

dep

th.

388

150E

90N

Fill

of p

it C

.338

Dar

k gr

ey lo

ose

sand

y sil

t. Ve

ry fr

eque

nt c

har-

coal

flec

ks a

nd p

iece

s. M

easu

red

1.16

m b

y 0.

74m

by

0.12

m d

epth

.38

914

5E 8

0NFi

ll of

med

ieva

l pi

t C

.392

Dar

k gr

ey lo

ose

clay

ey si

lt. A

nim

al b

one

frag

-m

ents

, occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd m

oder

ate

smal

l sto

nes.

Mea

sure

d 1.

93m

by

1.78

m b

y 0.

09m

de

pth.

390

145E

80N

Fill

of m

edie

val

pit

C.3

92M

ottle

d gr

eyish

yel

low

sof

t sil

ty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bo

ne, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l and

mod

erat

e sm

all

pebb

le in

clusio

ns. M

easu

red

1.76

m b

y 1m

by

0.22

m d

epth

.39

114

5E 8

0NFi

ll of

med

ieva

l pi

t C

.392

Mot

tled

yello

wish

gre

y so

ft sil

ty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bo

ne fr

agm

ents

, occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal a

nd m

od-

erat

e sm

all p

ebbl

es. M

easu

red

1.96

m b

y 1.

53m

by

0.2

6m d

epth

.

79



392

C14

5E 8

0NC

ut o

f med

ieva

l pit

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut.

Brea

k of

slo

pe t

op s

harp

on

W a

nd E

, gra

dual

on

N a

nd S

, sid

es v

ertic

al

and

steep

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase g

radu

al, b

ase fl

at.

Fille

d w

ith C

.389

, C

.390

, C

.391

. M

easu

red

1.99

m b

y 1.

8m b

y 0.

41m

dep

th.

393

110E

80N

Fill

of p

it C

.294

Dar

k br

own

loos

e sil

ty c

lay.

Occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

nes

and

root

act

ivity

. M

easu

red

0.99

m b

y 0.

94m

by

0.19

m d

epth

.39

4C

110E

80N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

itC

ircul

ar p

it cu

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

, gr

adua

l, sid

es c

onca

ve, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l, ba

se

irreg

ular

with

slig

ht i

nclin

atio

n to

E.

Fille

d w

ith C

.393

. Tr

unca

ted

by C

.376

. M

easu

red

0.99

m b

y 0.

94m

by

0.19

m d

epth

.39

5C

115E

75N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

was

te p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

shar

p,

sides

stee

p, b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp,

bas

e fla

t. Fi

lled

with

C.3

96. T

runc

ates

C.3

78 an

d C

.382

. M

easu

red

1.3m

by

0.4m

by

0.5m

dep

th.

396

115E

75N

Fill

of C

.395

Dar

k br

own

loos

e fin

e sa

ndy

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e an

d fre

quen

t sto

ne in

clusio

ns. M

easu

red

1.3m

by

0.4

m b

y 0.

5m d

epth

.39

7C

110E

80N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

oval

pit

with

rou

nded

cor

ners

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top

shar

p, s

ides

nea

rly v

ertic

al, b

reak

of

slope

ba

se g

radu

al,

base

rou

nded

. O

rient

ated

NE-

SW. F

illed

with

C.3

98. T

runc

ates

C.4

04 a

nd

C.4

07.

Mea

sure

d 1.

8m b

y 1.

2m b

y 0.

46m

de

pth.

80



398

110E

80N

Fill

of p

it C

.397

Dar

k br

own

silty

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e, o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

and

char

coal

flec

ks. M

easu

red

1.8m

by

1.2

m b

y 0.

46m

dep

th.

399

110E

80N

Fill

of p

it C

.400

Dar

k gr

eyish

bro

wn

soft

clay

ey s

ilt.

Ani

mal

bo

ne, m

oder

ate

char

coal

and

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sto

ne.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 0.

92m

by

0.24

m

dept

h.40

0C

110E

80N

Cut

of m

edie

val p

itSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

shar

p,

sides

ver

tical

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

fla

t. Fi

lled

with

C.3

99.

Trun

cate

d by

C.4

03.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 0.

92m

by

0.24

m d

epth

.40

111

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.4

03D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n so

ft sil

ty cl

ay. A

nim

al b

one

and

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

s. M

easu

red

1.36

m

by 1

.8m

by

0.28

m d

epth

.40

211

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.4

03D

ark

grey

sof

t sil

ty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bon

e, o

cca-

siona

l ch

arco

al a

nd 5

0% s

mal

l sto

nes.

Mea

s-ur

ed 1

.3m

by

1.6m

by

0.39

m d

epth

.40

3C

110E

80N

Cut

of p

ost-m

edie

val

pit

Sub-

rect

angu

lar

pit

with

ro

unde

d co

rner

s. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

sha

rp, s

ides

ver

tical

on

W

and

E, a

nd u

nder

cut

N a

nd S

, bre

ak o

f slo

pe

base

gra

dual

, bas

e fla

t. O

rient

ated

E-W

. Fill

ed

with

C.4

01 a

nd C

.402

. M

easu

red

1.81

m b

y 1.

43m

by

0.39

m d

epth

.

81



404

C11

0E 8

0NC

ut o

f pos

t-med

ieva

l pi

tSu

b-ci

rcul

ar p

it cu

t w

ith r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slop

e top

shar

p, si

des c

onca

ve, b

reak

of

slope

bas

e gra

dual

, bas

e und

ulat

ing.

Orie

ntat

ed

E-W

. Fill

ed w

ith C

. 405

and

C.4

06. T

runc

ated

by

C.3

97 a

nd C

.413

. Mea

sure

d 2m

by

1.8m

by

0.65

m d

epth

.40

511

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.4

04D

ark

grey

ish b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Ani

mal

bon

e,

no o

ther

inclu

sions

. Mea

sure

d 1.

25m

by

0.36

m

dept

h.40

611

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

pit

C.4

04m

ottle

d m

id b

row

nish

gre

y/ye

llow

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one

and

mod

erat

e sm

all t

o m

ediu

m st

ones

. Mea

sure

d 2m

by

1.8m

by

0.6

5m d

epth

.40

7C

110E

80N

Cut

of l

arge

med

ieva

l it

loca

ted

the

wes

tern

ed

ge o

f exc

avat

ion.

Sub-

circ

ular

pit

cut w

ith w

ell r

ound

ed c

orne

rs.

Brea

k of

slo

pe to

p sh

arp,

sid

es n

early

ver

tical

, br

eak

of sl

ope

base

shar

p, b

ase

flat.

Orie

ntat

ed

E-W

. Fill

ed w

ith C

.408

, C.4

09, C

.410

, C.4

11.

Trun

cate

d by

C.3

97. M

easu

red

1.85

m b

y 1.5

5m

by 1

.7m

dep

th.

408

110E

80N

Fill

of la

rge p

it C

.407

Mot

tled

yello

w/o

rang

e fir

m s

andy

-cla

y. O

cca-

siona

l sm

all l

imes

tone

peb

bles

. Mea

sure

d 1.

5m

by 0

.89m

by

0.38

m d

epth

.40

911

0E 8

0NFi

ll of

larg

e pit

C.4

07D

ark

brow

n fir

m s

ilty

clay

. Ani

mal

bon

e an

d oc

casio

nal

smal

l pi

eces

of

limes

tone

gra

vel.

Mea

sure

d 1.

56m

by

1.08

m b

y 0.

24m

dep

th.

82



410

110E

80N

Fill

of la

rge p

it C

.407

Mot

tled

oran

ge y

ello

w/d

ark

grey

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

sand

y cl

ay. A

nim

al b

one,

smal

l sto

nes,

mai

nly

loca

ted

at th

e ba

se. M

easu

red

1.75

m b

y 1.

5m b

y 0.

75m

dep

th.

411

110E

80N

Fill

of la

rge p

it C

.407

Dar

k gr

ey fr

iabl

e cl

ayey

silt.

Ani

mal

bon

e, fr

e-qu

ent

smal

l sto

nes

and

occa

siona

l ch

arco

al.

Mea

sure

d 1.

4m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

65m

dep

th.

412

110E

80N

Fill

of l

inea

r fe

atur

e C

.413

4.5m

x 0

.9m

x 0

.2m

dee

p

413

C11

0E 8

0NC

ut o

f lin

ear f

eatu

reLi

near

cut

. Br

eak

of s

lope

top

gra

dual

, sid

es

conc

ave,

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

grad

ual,

base

un-

dula

ting.

Orie

ntat

ed E

-W.

Fille

d w

ith C

412.

Tr

unca

tes

pit C

.404

. Mea

sure

d 4.

5m b

y 0.

9m

by 0

.2m

dep

th.

414

115E

75N

Fill

of p

it C

.378

Mix

ed o

rang

e/ye

llow

/gre

y m

oder

ately

com

pact

gr

itty

silty

cla

y. A

nim

al b

one,

fre

quen

t sm

all

to m

ediu

m st

ones

. Mea

sure

d 1.

3m b

y 1.

1m b

y 0.

45m

dep

th.

83



C.6

C.1

92

C.1

42

C.1

43

C.1

48

C.1

50

C.1

44

C.1

53

C.1

51

C.1

41

C.1

64

C.1

62

C.1

93

C.1

59

C.1

C.1

56

C.1

63

C.1

47

C.1

61

C.1

49

C.1

52

C.1

54

C.1

55

C.1

60

KE

Y

Fill

Cut

D

epos

it/La

yer

W

all

15.2

A

ppen

dix

2: S

trat

igra

phic

Mat

rix

84



C.6

C.1

46

C.2

54

C.3

13

C.3

18

C.3

09

C.2

96

C.3

14

C.2

91

C.3

12

C.3

11

C.2

90

C.3

17

C.2

97

C.2

64

C.1

45

C.3

08

C.3

10

C.3

07

C.3

06

C.3

15

C.2

93

C.2

92

C.2

89

C.3

16

C.2

88

C.3

04

C.3

05

C.1

85



C.1

07

C.7

C.1

20

C.1

00

C.1

09

C.1

02

C.1

11

C.1

05

C.1

14

C.1

13

C.1

17

C.1

18

C.1

19

C.1

22

C.1

23

C.1

25

C.1

26

C.1

27

C.1

28

C.1

85

C.1

83

C.1

70

C.1

75

C.1

38

C.1

40

C.1

39

C.1

69

C.1

78

C.1

77

C.1

36

C.1

35

C.1

C.1

76

C.1

24

86



C.7

C.1

89

C.1

81

C.1

29

C.1

72

C.1

82

C.1

30

C.1

73

C.1

74

C.1

92

C.1

93

C.1

94

C.1

71

C.1

79

C.1

34

C.1

95

C.1

87

C.1

86

C.1

33 C

.259

C.2

03

C.2

60 C

.196

C.1

97

C.2

02

C.1

99

C.2

06

C.2

07

C.1

98

C.2

08

C.1

C.2

12

C.2

13

87



C.7

C.2

15

C.2

19

C.2

14

C.2

18

C.2

20

C.2

17

C.2

16

C.2

22

C.2

21

C.2

23

C.2

24

C.2

25

C.2

26

C.2

27

C.2

28

C.2

30

C.2

29

C.2

32

C.2

30

C.2

33

C.2

34

C.2

36

C.2

35

C.1

90

C.1

91

C.2

45

C.2

46

C.2

37

C.2

38

C.2

42

C.2

39

C.2

40

C.1

C.2

43

C.2

44

C.2

41

88



C.3

21

C.3

22

C.2

87

C.2

51

C.2

56

C.2

55

C.2

58

C.2

57

C.2

84

C.2

83

C.3

39

C.3

40

C.3

37

C.3

86

C.3

87

C.3

88

C.3

38

C.3

51

C.3

50

C.3

53

C.3

52

C.3

55

C.3

54

C.3

57

C.3

56

C.3

59

C.3

58

C.3

61

C.3

60

C.3

69

C.7

C.3

65

C.3

64

C.3

67

C.3

66

C.3

73

C.3

93

C.3

72

C.3

68

C.1

C.3

74

C.3

75

C.3

76

C.3

77

C.3

94

89



C.7

C.2

62

C.2

85

C.2

68

C.2

69

C.2

67

C.2

72

C.2

71

C.2

63

C.2

70

C.2

61

C.2

82

C.2

81

C.2

76

C.2

75

C.2

80

C.2

79

C.2

78

C.2

77

C.3

47

C.3

48

C.3

49

C.3

46 C

.286

C.3

42

C.3

41

C.3

44

C.3

43 C

.336

C.3

35

C.3

71 C

.363

C.3

70

C.3

62

C.3

31

C.3

32

C.3

45

C.3

34

C.3

33

C.1

C.2

73

C.2

74

C.3

20

C.3

19

C.3

29

C.3

28

90



C.7

C.3

84

C.3

85

C.3

89

C.3

90

C.3

91

C.3

92

C.4

12

C.4

13 C

.405

C.3

98

C.3

97

C.4

06

C.4

04

C.4

08

C.4

09

C.4

10

C.4

11

C.4

07

C.4

01

C.4

02

C.4

03

C.3

99

C.4

00

C.1

C.3

25

C.3

26

C.3

23

C.3

27

C.3

24

C.2

95

KE

Y

Fill

Cut

D

epos

it/La

yer

W

all

91



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:0:8 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:0:9 Clay Pipe Bowl c.165099E0757:2:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:2:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:2:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:4:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:4:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:4:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:4:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:4:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:6:1 Pottery Pearlware 19th99E0757:6:2 Pottery Glazed red earthenware: slip decorated 19th99E0757:6:3 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware: slip decorated 19th99E0757:6:5 Clay Pipe Stem L. 39mm, D. 9.4mm. Incomplete. 99E0757:7:1 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:8:1 Pottery Frechen 17th99E0757:8:2 Modern Pipe Drainpipe99E0757:8:3 Pottery Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:8:4 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware: slip decorated 19th99E0757:8:5 Possible Whetstone L. 10.5cm W.1.3cm D.1cm99E0757:8:6 Clay Pipe Stem L. 52.2mm, D. 8mm. Incomplete. 99E0757:8:7 Clay Pipe Stem L. 45.5mm, D. 7.7mm. Incomplete99E0757:11:1 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:2 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:3 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:4 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:5 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:6 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:7 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:8 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:9 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:10 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:11 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:12 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:13 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:14 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:15 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:16 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:17 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:18 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:19 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:20 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:21 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:22 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:23 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:24 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:11:27 Pottery Tin glazed earthenware 17th99E0757:11:28 Clay Pipe Stem L. 34.9mm, D. 8.5mm. Incomplete.99E0757:16:1 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:16:2 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:16:3 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:16:4 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:16:5 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:16:6 Pottery Westerwald L17th/18th99E0757:16:10 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:11 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:12 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:13 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:14 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:15 Glass DISCARDED Modern

15.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register

92



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:16:16 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:17 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:18 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:19 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:20 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:21 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:22 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:23 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:24 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:25 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:26 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:16:28 Clay Pipe Stem L. 72mm, D. 8.5mm. Incomplete. 99E0757:16:29 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:16:30 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:100:1 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:2 Pottery Minety-type 12th/ E 13th99E0757:100:3 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:4 Brick99E0757:100:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:11 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:100:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:18 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:100:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:100:22 Iron Nail Medieval99E0757:100:23 Iron Nail/Head of Iron bar Medieval99E0757:102:1 Iron Nail99E0757:105:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:105:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:105:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:108:1 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:108:2 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:108:3 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L 12th/14th99E0757:108:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:108:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:108:6 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th /14th99E0757:109:1 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th /14th99E0757:109:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:109:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:109:4 Brick99E0757:109:5 Brick99E0757:109:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:109:7 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:109:8 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:109:9 Slag99E0757:109:10 Slag99E0757:109:11 Possible Slate L. 12.6cm W. 11.6cm D.1.1cm99E0757:113:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:5 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

93



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:113:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:7 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:9 Pottery Rim Ham green B L12th/M13th99E0757:113:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:15 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:113:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:18 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:21 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:22 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:23 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:24 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:25 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:26 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:113:28 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:114:1 Crucible Fragment99E0757:114:2 Slag99E0757:117:1 Pottery Base Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:117:2 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:117:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L 12th/E 13th99E0757:117:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:8 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:117:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:11 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:12 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:117:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:14 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:21 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:117:22 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:23 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:24 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:25 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:26 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:117:27 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:28 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:117:29 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:30 Brick Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:117:31 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:117:32 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:117:33 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:119:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:2 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:119:3 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:119:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th

94



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:119:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:7 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:119:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:119:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:14 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:119:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:18 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:119:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:119:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:119:21 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:22 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:23 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:24 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:25 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:26 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:119:27 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:28 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:29 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:119:30 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:119:32 Iron Nail99E0757:119:33 Iron Nail99E0757:122:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:122:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:122:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:122:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:122:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:122:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:122:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:1 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:124:2 Slag Furnace lining99E0757:124:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:4 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:7 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:10 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:12 Pottery Merida-type 17th99E0757:124:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:19 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:124:21 Pottery Rim Mottled ware 18th99E0757:124:22 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:124:23 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:124:24 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:131:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:131:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:131:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:131:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th

95



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:131:5 Pottery Rim/Spout Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:131:6 Brick 99E0757:131:7 Slate99E0757:134:1 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:134:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:4 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:134:5 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:10 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:134:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:17 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:134:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:21 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:22 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:23 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:134:25 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:26 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:134:27 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:28 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:134:29 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:30 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:31 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:32 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:33 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:34 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:134:35 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:36 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:134:37 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:38 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:39 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:40 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:41 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:42 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:43 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:134:44 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:45 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:46 Pottery Unidentified medieval 13th/14th99E0757:134:47 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:48 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:134:49 Iron Fragment 134:49-134:51 originally all

one piece99E0757:134:50 Iron Fragment 134:49-134:51 originally all

one piece99E0757:134:51 Iron Fragment 134:49-134:51 originally all

one piece99E0757:134:52 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:134:53 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:134:54 Slag 99E0757:134:55 Slag99E0757:134:56 Slag99E0757:146:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

96



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:146:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:12 Pottery Unidentified medieval Medieval99E0757:146:13 Pottery Rim/Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:14 Pottery Rim/Spout Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:15 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:146:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware 13th/14th99E0757:146:17 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:146:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:169:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:169:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:169:3 Pottery Frechen 17th99E0757:169:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:169:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:169:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:169:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:171:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:171:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:171:3 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:171:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:171:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:171:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:173:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:173:2 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:173:3 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:176:13 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:177:1 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:177:1 Modern Pipe Drainpipe99E0757:177:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:177:3 Glass Shoulder fragment Modern99E0757:177:4 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:177:5 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:177:6 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:177:7 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:1a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:1b Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:179:2 Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:179:2b Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:179:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:3a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:3b Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:179:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:4a Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:4b Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:179:5 Pottery Tin glazed earthenware 17th99E0757:179:5a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:5b Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:179:6 Pottery Black glazed ware 18th/19th99E0757:179:6b Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:179:7 Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:179:7a Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:7b Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:8a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

97



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:179:8b Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:9a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:9a Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:9b Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:10a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:10b Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:11 Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:179:11b Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:12 Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:179:12a Pottery Rim/Spout Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:13 Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:179:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:16 Pottery Rim/Base Glazed red earthenware: slip decorated 19th99E0757:179:17 Pottery Rim/Handle Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:179:18 Glass Fragment Modern99E0757:179:19 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:179:19a Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:19b Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:179:20 Clay Pipe Bowl c.165099E0757:179:21 Clay Pipe Bowl c.1661-168199E0757:179:22 Clay Pipe Fragment of bowl99E0757:179:23 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:24 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:25 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:26 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:39 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:40 Clay Pipe Fragment of bowl c.1640-167099E0757:179:41 Clay Pipe Fragment of bowl c.1640-167099E0757:179:42 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:43 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:47 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:48 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:179:53 Slag99E0757:179:54 Slag99E0757:179:55 Slag99E0757:179:56 Slag99E0757:184:1 Pottery Base North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:184:2 Pottery North Devon gravel free 17th99E0757:184:3 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:185:1 Brick Baked clay99E0757:185:3 Pottery Rim North Devon gravel tempered 17th99E0757:185:4 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:185:5 Glass Fragment Modern99E0757:185:6 Tile DISCARDED Modern99E0757:185:7 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:185:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:185:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:185:10 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:187:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:187:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:190:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:190:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:190:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:190:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:190:5 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:190:6 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:190:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:190:9 Iron Nail99E0757:190:10 Slag99E0757:191:1 Pottery Base Stoneware L19th/20th

98



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:191:2 Pottery Rim Shell-edged ware 19th99E0757:191:3 Pottery Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:4 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:5 Pottery Rim Stoneware L19th/20th99E0757:191:6 Pottery Rim/Base Prattware 19th99E0757:191:7 Pottery Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:8 Pottery Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:9 Pottery Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:10 Pottery Rim/Base Prattware 19th99E0757:191:11 Pottery Rim Porcelain 19th99E0757:191:12 Pottery Rim Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:13 Pottery Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:14 Pottery Rim/Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:15 Pottery Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:16 Pottery Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:17 Pottery Rim/Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:18 Pottery Rim/Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:19 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:20 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:21 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:22 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:23 Pottery Rim/Base Shell-edged ware 19th99E0757:191:24 Pottery Rim/Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:25 Pottery Rim/Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:26 Pottery Base Shell-edged ware 19th99E0757:191:27 Pottery Rim Stoneware L19th/20th99E0757:191:28 Pottery Rim/Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:29 Pottery Base Shell-edged ware 19th99E0757:191:30 Pottery Rim/Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:31 Pottery Rim/Base Porcelain99E0757:191:32 Pottery Base Shell-edged ware 19th99E0757:191:33 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:34 Pottery Rim/Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:35 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:36 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:37 Pottery Base Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:38 Pottery Rim Pearlware 19th99E0757:191:39 Pottery Rim Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:40 Pottery Rim Stoneware L19th/20th99E0757:191:41 Pottery Rim/Base Black glazed ware 19th/10th99E0757:191:42 Pottery Rim/Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:43 Pottery Rim/Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:44 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:45 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:191:46 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:47 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:49 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:191:50 Pottery Base Shell-edged ware 19th99E0757:192:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:192:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:192:3 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:192:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:1 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:5 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:194:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:194:9 Wall tile Pearlware 19th99E0757:194:10 Wall tile Pearlware 19th

99



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:194:11 Wall tile Pearlware 19th99E0757:194:12 Wall tile Pearlware 19th99E0757:194:13 Iron Strip/Bar Medieval 99E0757:194:14 Iron Strip/Bar Medieval 99E0757:196:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:196:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:6 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:196:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:10 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:196:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:196:14 Pottery Rim/Spout Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:1 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:5 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:10 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:11 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:198:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:199:1 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:2 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:3 Pottery Rim/Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:4 Pottery Rim/Base/Handle Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:6 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:7 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:8 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:9 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:10 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:11 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:12 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:13 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:14 Pottery Base Tin glazed earthenware 17th99E0757:199:15 Pottery Tin glazed earthenware 17th99E0757:199:16 Pottery Westerwald L17th/18th99E0757:199:17 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:18 Pottery Handle Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:19 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:20 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:21 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:22 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:23 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:24 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:25 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:26 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:199:27 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:28 Pottery Rim Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:29 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:30 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:31 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th

100



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:199:32 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:199:33 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:34 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:35 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:36 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:199:37 Pottery Handle Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:199:38 Brick 99E0757:199:39 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:199:54 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:199:55 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:199:56 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:199:57 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:199:58 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:199:59 Glass Bottle Post-Medieval99E0757:199:60 Glass Bottle Post-Medieval99E0757:199:61 Glass Bottle Post-Medieval99E0757:199:62 Glass Bottle Post-Medieval99E0757:199:63 Glass Window fragment Post-Medieval99E0757:199:64 Glass Window fragment Post-Medieval99E0757:199:65 Glass Window fragment Post-Medieval99E0757:199:66 Glass Bottle fragment? Post-Medieval99E0757:199:67 Iron Nail99E0757:199:68 Iron Nail99E0757:199:69 Slag99E0757:199:70 Slag99E0757:199:71 Slag99E0757:199:72 Slag99E0757:200:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:200:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:7 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:200:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:200:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:12 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:13 Pottery Rim/Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:14 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:15 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:16 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:200:18 Clay Pipe Fragment of Bowl99E0757:200:19 Iron 2 Nail fragments Medieval 99E0757:213:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:217:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:217:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:217:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:217:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:217:3 Pottery Glazed red earthenware? 19th99E0757:219:1 Baked Clay DISCARDED99E0757:219:2 Iron Nail99E0757:221:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:4 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:5 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:6 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

101



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:224:9 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:224:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:13 Pottery Redcliffe? M13th/14th99E0757:224:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:224:15 Slag99E0757:224:16 Slag99E0757:224:17 Slag99E0757:224:18 Stone99E0757:225:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:225:2 Brick 99E0757:225:3 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:225:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:225:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:227:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:227:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:227:3 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:227:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:230:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:230:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:230:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:230:4 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:230:5 Copper Alloy Strip Medieval 99E0757:231:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:231:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:231:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:231:4 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:231:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:231:6 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:231:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:231:8 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:233:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:1 Brick 99E0757:235:2 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:5 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:235:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:10 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:12 Pottery Handle Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:235:13 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:16 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:235:17 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:235:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:19 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:235:20 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:235:21 Pottery Late local ware 15th/16th99E0757:235:22 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:23 Tile99E0757:235:24 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:25 Brick Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:27 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:235:28 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:235:29 Pottery base Late local ware 15th/16th99E0757:235:30 Pottery Base Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:235:31 Clay Pipe Stem

102



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:235:33 Iron Nail? Medieval 99E0757:237:1 Pottery Base Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:237:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:237:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:239:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:246:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:246:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:246:4 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:248:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:249:1 Pottery Base Bristol/Staffordshire slipware99E0757:249:3 Flint Split f lint pebble99E0757:250:1 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:250:2 Pottery Rim Tin glazed earthenware 17th99E0757:251:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:251:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:251:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:251:4 Copper Alloy Fragment 251:4-5 originally one piece

Medieval99E0757:251:5 Copper Alloy Fragment Medieval 99E0757:252:1 Pottery Flemish redware M13th/M14th99E0757:252:2 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:252:3 Brick 99E0757:253:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:254:1 Pottery Handle Mottled ware? 18th99E0757:255:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:2 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:255:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12thE13th99E0757:255:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12thE13th99E0757:255:7 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:255:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:257:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:257:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:257:3 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12thE13th99E0757:257:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12thE13th99E0757:257:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:257:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:1 Brick 99E0757:260:2 Brick 99E0757:260:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:7 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:260:8 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:10 Brick 99E0757:260:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:14 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/`14th99E0757:260:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:17 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:21 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

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NMI Material Description Date99E0757:260:22 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:23 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:24 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:25 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:26 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:27 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:28 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:29 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:30 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:31 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware E12th/E13th99E0757:260:32 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:33 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:34 Brick 99E0757:260:35 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:36 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:37 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:260:38 Slag99E0757:261:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:6 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:261:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:267:1 Pottery Ham green B L12th/M13th99E0757:267:1 Pottery Ham green B L12th/M13th99E0757:267:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:267:3 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:267:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:267:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:269:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:272:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:272:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:272:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:272:4 Decorated Stone Silt stone or slate for illustration99E0757:276:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:278:1 Brick 99E0757:278:2 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:278:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:278:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:278:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:279:1 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:279:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:279:3 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:279:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:279:5 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:279:6 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:279:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:282:1 Pottery Rim Merida-type 17th99E0757:282:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:282:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:282:4 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:282:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:284:1 Pottery Ham green B L12th/M13th99E0757:285:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:286:1 Copper Coin Irish copper penny- Elizabeth I dated 160199E0757:289:1 Glass DISCARDED Modern99E0757:289:2 Slag99E0757:289:3 Slag99E0757:290:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:291:2 Clay Pipe Stem

104



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:295:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:295:2 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:296:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:296:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:296:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:296:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:296:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:296:6 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:296:7 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:309:1 Copper alloy Sheet fragment 99E0757:309:2 Copper Fragment99E0757:309:3 Copper Fragment99E0757:309:4 Copper Fragment99E0757:314:1 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:314:3 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:314:4 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:317:1 Pottery Rim/Handle Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:317:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:2 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:2 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:3 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:4 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:317:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:6 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:10 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:11 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:12 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:317:13 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:2 Pottery Miscellaneous French L12th/E13th99E0757:319:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:5 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:319:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:9 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:319:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:18 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:19 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:21 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:319:23 Iron Nail Medieval 99E0757:321:1 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:324:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:324:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:324:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:324:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:325:1 Pottery Glazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:325:2 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:326:1 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:328:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:328:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:328:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:328:7 Copper alloy Token Medieval?99E0757:330:1 Pottery Rim/Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

105



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:330:2 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:330:3 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:330:4 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:330:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:330:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:332:2 Roof tile99E0757:332:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:8 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:332:9 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:333:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:333:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:1 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:335:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:4 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:335:9 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:7 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:21 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:337:22 Pottery Pearlware 19th99E0757:337:23 Glass Fragment Post Medieval99E0757:339:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:339:2 Pottery Frechen 17th99E0757:339:3 Pottery Rim/Base Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:342:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:342:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:342:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:342:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:342:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:342:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:343:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:3 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:4 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:5 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

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NMI Material Description Date99E0757:343:6 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:9 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:13 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:15 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:17 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:19 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:20 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:21 Pottery Unglazed99E0757:343:22 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:343:23 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:347:1 Pottery Unidentified post-medieval Post Medieval99E0757:347:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:347:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:347:4 Pottery handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:358:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:358:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:360:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:360:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:360:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:360:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:1 Slag99E0757:369:2 Slag99E0757:369:3 Slag99E0757:369:4 Slag99E0757:369:5 Slag99E0757:369:6 Slag99E0757:369:7 Pottery Rim/Spout Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:8 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:369:9 Pottery Merida-type 17th99E0757:369:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:11 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:13 Pottery North Devon gravel tempered 17th99E0757:369:14 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:18 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:19 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:369:20 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:369:21 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:23 Pottery Leinster cooking ware L12th/14th99E0757:369:24 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:25 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:26 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:369:27 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:369:28 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:369:29 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:30 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:369:31 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:376:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:376:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:376:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:379:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th

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NMI Material Description Date99E0757:379:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:379:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:380:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:380:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:380:3 Brick 99E0757:380:4 Brick 99E0757:380:5 Slag99E0757:380:6 Slag99E0757:380:7 Slag99E0757:380:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:380:9 Brick 99E0757:380:10 Brick 99E0757:380:11 Brick 99E0757:380:12 Brick 99E0757:380:13 Iron Nail Medieval99E0757:380:14 Slag Furnace lining99E0757:383:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:383:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:383:4 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:383:5 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:383:6 Iron Nail Medieval99E0757:389:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:389:2 Pottery Rim Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:389:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:389:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:389:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:389:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:389:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:391:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:394:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:394:2 Pottery Ham green B L12th/M13th99E0757:394:3 Pottery Rim Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:394:4 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:398:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:398:2 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:398:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:398:4 Pottery Unidentified post-medieval Post Medieval99E0757:398:5 Pottery Unidentified post-medieval Post Medieval99E0757:398:6 Pottery Unidentified post-medieval Post Medieval99E0757:398:7 Slag99E0757:398:8 Slag99E0757:398:9 Slag99E0757:398:10 Slag99E0757:399:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:399:2 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:401:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:401:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:401:3 Pottery Merida-type 17th99E0757:404:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:1 Pottery Rim/Handle Merida-type 17th99E0757:404:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:2 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:404:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th

108



NMI Material Description Date99E0757:404:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:7 Brick 99E0757:404:7 Pottery Rim/Handle Merida-type 17th99E0757:404:8 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:8 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:404:9 Pottery Leinster cooking ware E12th/14th99E0757:404:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:404:19 Pottery Rim/Handle Merida-type 17th99E0757:404:21 Pottery Unidentified post-medieval Post Medieval99E0757:404:22 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:407:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:407:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:407:3 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:407:4 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:407:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:407:6 Slag Furnace lining99E0757:409:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:409:2 Pottery Handle Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:409:3 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:409:4 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:411:1 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:411:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:411:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:411:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:411:5 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:411:6 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:411:7 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:1 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:2 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:3 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:4 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:5 Pottery Glazed red earthenware: slip decorated 19th99E0757:415:6 Pottery Base Unglazed red earthenware 19th99E0757:415:7 Pottery Base Transfer printed ware 19th/20th99E0757:415:8 Clay Pipe Stem99E0757:415:9 Clay Pipe Decorated bowl99E0757:415:10 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:11 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:12 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:13 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:14 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:15 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:16 Pottery Kilkenny-type ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:17 Pottery Kilkenny-type coarse ware L12th/E13th99E0757:415:18 Pottery Saintonge green glazed 13th/14th99E0757:415:19 Pottery Base Kilkenny-type cooking ware 13th/14th99E0757:415:20 Pottery Spout Ham green B L12th/M13th

109



15.4 Appendix 4: Pottery Report

Report on the pottery from 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny (99E0757)

Clare McCutcheon MA MIAI

A total of 860 sherds of pottery were recorded from the site. Following some reassembly within and between contexts this was reduced to 823 of which 719 (87.36%) are medieval in date. A number of fragments of brick and drainpipe were also present and these have been included in the archive Table 3 but are not further discussed. Other non-ceramic items are also identified in the archive table for the sake of clarity.

Fabric type Sherds MNV MVR Form DateHam Green B 5 - 1 Jug L12th/M13th

Minety-type 1 - 1 Tripod pitcher 12th/E13th

Redcliffe? 1 - 1 Jug M13th/14th

Leinster Cooking Ware 47 - >6 Cooking pots, jug, dripping

dish

L12th/14th

Kilkenny-type coarseware 45 1 >3 Dripping dish, jugs L12th/E13th

Kilkenny-type ware 496 3 >7 Jugs, money-box, roof tile 13th/14th

Kilkenny-type cooking ware 97 - >3 Cooking pots 13th/14th

Miscellaneous French 1 - 1 Jug L12th/E13th

Saintonge green glazed 23 - 1 Jug 13th/14th

Flemish redware 1 - 1 Jug M13th/M14th

Unidentified 2 - 2 MedievalTotal medieval 719 3 26

Table 1: Medieval pottery, 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny (99E0757)

110



Fabric type Sherds MNV MVR Form DateLate medieval local ware? 1 - 1 Jug 15th/16th

Frechen 3 - 2 Jugs 17thWesterwald 2 - 2 Jugs L17th/18th

Merida-type 5 - 2 Costrel 17th

North Devon gravel free 8 - 1 Bowl 17thNorth Devon gravel tempered 2 - 1 Storage pot 17th

Tin glazed earthenware 5 - 2 Chamberpot, plate 17th

Black glazed ware 2 - 1 Bowl 18th/19th

Bristol/Staffordshire slipware 1 - 1 Cup 18th

Mottled ware 2 - 1 Tankard 18th

Porcelain 2 - 2 Saucers 19th

Glazed red earthenware 19 2 3 Serving dish/platter,

2 chamberpots

19th

Glazed red earthenware:

slip decorated

4 - 2 Platter, green glazed bowl 19th

Unglazed red earthenware 1 - 1 Flowerpot 19th

Pearlware 23 - 8 Side plate, saucer, bowl, 2

cups, 2 dinner plates, wall

tile

19th

Transfer printed ware 13 - 7 Saucer, chamberpot,

2 bowls, 3 plates,

19th/20th

Shell-edged ware 3 - 3 Jar, 2 platters 19th Prattware 1 - 1 Saucer 19th

Stoneware 3 - 2 Jar, washbowl L19th/20th

Unidentified 4 - 2 Post-medievalTotal post-medieval 104 2 44

Table 2: Late medieval and post-medieval pottery, 11 Patrick Street, Kilkenny (99E0757).

111



Pottery archive:The sherds are identified as to type by context in numerical order. The letters R, S, B, H and RH correspond to the diagnostic features of Rim, Spout, Base, Handle and Rim/Handle respectively. Where there is no letter this indicates a body sherd.

Context Fabric type Finds number2 Kilkenny-type 1-34 Kilkenny-type 1-56 Glazed red e’nware: slip deco-

ratedPearlwareBrick

23®1

7 Pearlware 1®8 Frechen

Glazed red e’nware: slip deco-ratedTransfer printed wareDrainpipe

14(B)32

11 Tin glazed earthenwareStoneBone

2725(discarded)26(discarded)

16 WesterwaldGlazed red earthenware

61+2(B), 3®, 4, 5®

100 Minety-type

Kilkenny-type ware

Kilkenny-type cooking ware

Saintonge green glazed

Brick

2

1(H), 5-8, 10, 12-14, 16, 17+19, 20

3(B), 9, 15

11+F119:7, 18

4

112



105 Kilkenny-type ware

Bone

1(B), 2, 4

3(discarded)108 Leinster Cooking Ware



Glazed red earthenware

3, 6

4, 5

1

2109 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


Brick

1®

3

2, 6

4, 5113 Ham Green B

Kilkenny-type ware



9®

1, 3, 4, 5(B), 6, 7(H), 8, 10-12, 14, 16, 17, 18(B), 19-26

2, 13


Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type ware



1(B), 2, 8, 26®

3, 21, 28, 30

4-7, 10, 11(B), 13, 14®, 15-20, 22-25, 27, 29, 31

9



Kilkenny-type ware



Stone

14, 18, 26®, 29

9, 19, 20

1, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21®, 22(H), 23(H), 24, 25

5, 12, 16, 27, 28, 30®

2, 3, 7+F100:11

31(discarded)122 Kilkenny-type

Stone

1-6, 8

7(discarded)

113



124 Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type ware



Merida-type

Mottled

20

3, 4(B), 5, 6, 7(B), 8, 9, 10(B), 11, 13, 14, 16-18, 22(B)

15, 19®

1

12

21®131 Kilkenny-type ware


Brick

1-3, 5(RS)

4



Kilkenny-type ware



Unidentified medieval

1, 23, 26, 36®

34, 43(B)

3, 5(B), 7-9, 11-16, 18-22, 25, 27, 29, 31, 30®, 32(B), 33, 35,

37(B), 38(B), 39-42, 45, 47, 48

2, 6, 44

4, 10, 17, 28



Kilkenny-type ware

Unidentified medieval

15, 17

16

1-11, 13(RH), 14(RS), 18


Kilkenny-type ware


Frechen

4, 5

1, 2

6, 7



Kilkenny-type ware

3

1

2, 4-6173 Kilkenny-type ware


1

2

114




Drainpipe

1®, 2



Kilkenny-type ware


Tin glazed earthenware

North Devon gravel free

Black glazed ware


Glazed red e’ware: slip decorated

19®

4b

1a, 3, 3a, 4, 4a(B), 5a, 8, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10, 10a, 11b, 12a(RS),

14, 19a, 19b®

1, 7a, 7b, 9, 9a, 10b®

5

2, 5b, 7+13, 11, 12

6

1b+2b+3b®, 6b, 17(RH)

16(RB)184 North Devon gravel free 1(B), 2185 Kilkenny-type ware

North Devon gravel tempered


Baked clay

Bone

4(H), 8, 9

3®

7(B)

1

2(discarded)187 Kilkenny-type coarseware


2


Kilkenny-type ware

Bone

4

1(B), 2, 3, 5(B), 6®, 7

8

115



191 Glazed red earthenware

Porcelain

Black glazed ware

Pearlware

Transfer printed ware

Shell-edged ware

Prattware

Stoneware

45®

11®, 31(RB)

41(RB)

4+35®, 7, 8, 9+15+37(B), 13(B), 16, 17(RB), 19®, 20®, 21®,

22®, 24+30(RB), 25(RB), 28(RB), 34(RB), 38®

3, 12®, 14(RB), 18(RB), 33+36+46(B), 39®, 42(RB), 43(RB),

44, 47(B), 49(B)

2®, 23(RB), 26+29+32+50(B)

6+10(RB)

1(B), 5+27®, 40®192 Kilkenny-type 1(B), 2, 3(B), 4194 Kilkenny-type ware


Pearlware

1®, 2-4, 6-8

5

9-12 (wall tile)196 Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type ware


1, 6(B)

2-5, 7-9, 11-13, 14(RS)



1-3, 5®, 6-9, 10(B), 12, 14

4, 11®, 13199 Kilkenny-type ware

Westerwald

Tin glazed earthenware


Brick

26(B), 32, 36

16

14(B), 15

1(B), 2®, 3(RB), 4(RBH), 6(B), 7, 8(B), 9, 10-13, 17, 18(H),

19®, 20-22, 23(B), 24, 25(B), 27®, 28®, 29, 30(B), 31, 33-35,

37


Kilkenny-type ware


2, 9, 10

1, 3-6, 11, 13(RH), 14+15(H), 16(B), 17

7(B), 8, 12®

116



213 Kilkenny-type ware 1217 Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type ware


Glazed red earthenware?

2

1-3

1

3219 Baked clay/stone? 1(discarded)221 Kilkenny-type ware 1224 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


Redcliffe?

9

8, 10-12, 14

2, 3, 4®, 5+6(B), 7


Kilkenny-type ware

Brick

3

1(B), 4, 5

2227 Kilkenny-type ware 1(B), 2, 4®230 Kilkenny-type coarseware


1, 3(B)

2, 4®231 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type coarse ware

Kilkenny-type ware

6

7

1(B), 2, 3, 4(H), 5233 Kilkenny-type cooking ware 1235 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


Late local ware


Tile

Brick

Bone

Stone

5, 12(H), 17®, 19, 27

2(H), 3, 4, 6-9, 10(H), 13(B), 14, 15, 18, 22, 24, 28®

25

21+29(B)

16, 20, 30(B)

23

1

26(discarded)

11(discarded)

117




Kilkenny-type ware


1(B)

3

2239 Kilkenny-type ware 1246 Kilkenny-type ware 1(B), 2248 Kilkenny-type ware 1249 Bristol/Staffordshire slipware 1(B)250 Tin glazed earthenware


2®

1251 Kilkenny-type 1-3252 Kilkenny-type ware

Flemish redware

Brick

2(B)

1

3253 Kilkenny-type 1254 Mottled ware? 1(H)255 Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type



4, 6

7(H), 8, 10+11

1, 3, 5, 9

2257 Kilkenny-type coarse ware

Kilkenny-type ware


3®, 4

1, 2

5, 6260 Leinster Cooking Ware


Kilkenny-type ware



Brick

14

31

3-6, 8®, 9+30, 11+13, 12, 15, 16, 17(H), 18-22, 24(H), 25®, 27,

29, 33(B), 35(B), 36, 37

23, 26, 28, 32

7

1, 2, 10, 34

118





2, 4, 8-10

1, 3, 6®267 Ham Green B

Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware

1

3

2, 4, 5269 Kilkenny-type ware 1272 Kilkenny-type ware 1(B), 2, 3276 Kilkenny-type coarse ware 1278 Kilkenny-type ware

Brick

2(B), 3-5


Kilkenny-type ware



Stone

3, 6®

1(H), 4, 7

2

5

8(discarded)282 Kilkenny-type ware


Merida-type

3, 4(B), 5

2

1®284 Ham Green B 1285 Kilkenny-type ware

Bone

1

2(discarded)290 Kilkenny-type ware 1291 Stone 1(discarded)295 Kilkenny-type ware


1

2296 Kilkenny-type ware 1-5, 6(H)314 Glazed red earthenware 1

119





Kilkenny-type ware


4

1(RH)

2(B), 1+3+6+10+11+12+13(B), 5, 8

2®, 7, 9319 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


Miscellaneous French


Bone

5

1, 3, 6, 7, 11-16, 18(B), 19(B)

8, 21®

2

9

10, 17, 20321 Glazed red earthenware 1324 Kilkenny-type ware 1(B), 2-4325 Glazed red earthenware 1328 Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type ware

1

2, 3330 Kilkenny-type ware


1(RH), 2, 4(B), 5, 6


Kilkenny-type ware


Roof tile

1(B)

5, 6, 8®, 9(B)

3, 4, 7

2333 Kilkenny-type ware 1, 2335 Kilkenny-type ware


2, 3, 4®, 5-8, 9®



Pearlware

1-4, 6, 7(H), 8-21

5


Kilkenny-type ware

Frechen

3(RB)

1

2

120




Kilkenny-type ware


6(B)

1, 3-5



Unglazed

1, 2, 3®, 4(H), 5(B), 6®, 8-12, 13(B), 14, 15(B), 16, 17(B), 18-

20, 22(B), 23

7


Kilkenny-type ware

Unidentified post-medieval

2, 3

4(H)



1



5

1, 2, 4369 Leinster Cooking Ware


Kilkenny-type ware


Merida-type

North Devon gravel tempered

Bone

19®, 20®, 23

8(B), 26®, 27, 28

7(RS), 11®, 14®, 15-17, 21, 24, 25, 29

10, 12, 18, 30, 31®

9

13

22(discarded)376 Kilkenny-type ware 1-3379 Kilkenny-type ware


3

1, 2380 Kilkenny-type ware

Brick

1, 2, 8

3-4, 9-12383 Leinster Cooking Ware



Stone

4

5(B)

2, 3

1(discarded)

121




Kilkenny-type ware

2®

1, 3+7, 4, 5+6391 Kilkenny-type ware


3-5

1+2, 6+7394 Ham Green B

Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


2

4

1

3®398 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


2

1, 3

4+5, 6399 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware

2



Merida-type

Stone

2

1

3

4(discarded)404 Leinster Cooking Ware

Kilkenny-type ware


Merida-type

Brick


2, 8, 9

2-6, 4-6, 10, 22(lug)

1, 3, 8

1+7+19(RH)

7

21

122



407 Kilkenny-type coarse ware

Kilkenny-type ware


2

1+4(B), 3(B)

5409 Kilkenny-type ware 1+3+4(B), 2(H)411 Kilkenny-type coarseware

Kilkenny-type ware

1(B)

2, 3, 4(B), 5(B), 6, 7®415 Ham Green B


Kilkenny-type ware



Unglazed red earthenware

Glazed red e’ware: slip decorated

Transfer printed ware

20(S)

17

1-4, 10-16

19(B)

18

6(B)

5

7(B)

Table 3: Pottery identification by context

123



Site information: Table 4The following table lists the contexts containing pottery by area as they appear in the stratigraphic report. The quantity of sherds in each fabric type is also listed, indicating the number of sherds following reassembly rather than the original number found on the site. The date range suggested is only the date range of the pottery found in each context and does not attempt to be prescriptive for the suggested dating of any particular context.

Area Context Context description Fabric-type & quantity Date (cen-

tury)A+B 7 Overburden Pearlware (x1) 19thA+B 100 Pit

Sherd link C119

Minety-type (x1)

Kilkenny-type ware (x12)

Kilkenny-type cooking ware (x3)

Saintonge green glazed (x2)

Brick (x1)

13th

A+B 105 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x3) 13thA+B 122 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x7) 13thA+B 124 Pit Kilkenny-type coarseware (x1)



Saintonge green glazed ware (x1)

Merida-type ware (x1)

Mottled ware (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

A+B 134 Fill of pit (C133) Leinster Cooking Ware (x4)

Kilkenny-type coarseware (x2)




Unidentified medieval (x1)

13th

A+B 102 Fill of pit (C193) Kilkenny-type ware (x4) 13th

124








Brick (x4)

13th

A+B 187 Fill of pit (C186) Kilkenny-type coarseware (x1)


E13th




Glazed red earthenware? (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

A+B 231 Pit Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)



13th

A+B 246 Fill of pit (C245) Kilkenny-type ware (x2) 13thA+B 237 Pit Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)



13th

A+B 261 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x5)


13th

A+B 267 Re-cut of pit (C261) Ham Green B (x1)

Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)


13th

A+B 269 Fill of re-cut (C267) Kilkenny-type ware (x1) 13thA+B 285 Second re-cut of pit (C261) Kilkenny-type ware (x1) 13thA+B 279 Shallow feature Leinster Cooking Ware (x2)




13th

A+B 276 Fill of shallow feature (C275) Kilkenny-type coarseware (x1) E13thA+B 278 Fill of shallow feature (C277) Kilkenny-type ware (x4)

Brick (x1)

13th

A+B 282 Fill of shallow feature (C281) Kilkenny-type ware (x3)


Merida-type ware (x1)

13th

125



A+B 113 Pit Ham Green B (x1)




13th




Brick (x2)

13th






13th

A+B 119 Fill of pit (C120)

Sherd link C100






13th



13th

A+B 177 Fill of pit (C178) Kilkenny-type ware (x2)

Drainpipe (x1)

13th




Frechen (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

A+B 179 Ditch Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)




Tin glazed earthenware (x1)

North Devon gravel free (x5)

Black glazed ware (x1)

Glazed red earthenware (x3)

Glazed red earthenware: slip deco-

rated (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

126



A+B 198 Linear pit Kilkenny-type ware (x11)


13th


Westerwald (x1)

Tin glazed earthenware (x2)


Brick (x1)

18th

A+B 219 Fill of pits (C218 & C220) Baked clay (unidentifiable)A+B 191 Pit Glazed red earthenware (x1)

Porcelain (x2)

Black glazed ware (x1)

Pearlware (x16)

Transfer printed ware (x11)

Shell-edged ware (x3)

Prattware (x1)

Stoneware (x3)

19th



Saintonge green glazed (x1)

13th



Pearlware (x4) wall tiles

13th dis-

turbed?



13th




13th

A+B 184 Fill of linear ditch (C183) North Devon gravel free (x2) 17thA+B 185 Fill of linear ditch (C183) Kilkenny-type ware (x3)

North Devon gravel tempered (x1)


Baked clay (x1)

18th

A+B 272 Fill of linear feature (C271) Kilkenny-type ware (x3) 13th

127



C 251 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x3) 13thC 284 Sandy clay fill of pit (C283) Ham Green B (x1) L12th-M13thC 358 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x1)


13th

C 360 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x1)


13th

C 380 Shallow feature Kilkenny-type ware (x3)

Brick (x6)

13th

C 379 Fill of shallow feature (C378) Kilkenny-type ware (x1)


13th

C 383 Fill of shallow feature (C382) Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)



L12th/E13th

C 389 Fill of pit (C390) Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)


13th

C 391 Fill of pit (C390) Kilkenny-type ware (x3)


13th

C 376 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x3) 13thC 394 Pit Ham Green B (x1)




E13th

C 399 Fill of pit (C400) Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)


13th

C 401 Fill of pit (C403) Kilkenny-type ware (x1)


Merida-type (x1)

13th

C 404 Circular feature Leinster Cooking Ware (x3)



Merida-type (x1)

Brick (x1)

Unidentified post-medieval (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

128



C 369 Fill of shallow feature (C368) Leinster Cooking Ware (x3)




Merida-type (x1)

North Devon gravel tempered (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

C 321 Fill of pit (C322) Glazed red earthenware (x1) 18thC 398 Fill of pit (C397) Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)



13th dis-

turbed?

C 257 Pit Kilkenny-type coarseware (x2)



13th

C 255 Re-cut of pit (C257) Kilkenny-type coarseware (x2)




13th

129



D 235 Ditch Leinster Cooking Ware (x5)



Late local ware (x1)


Tile (x1)

Brick (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

D 233 Fill of pit (C234) Kilkenny-type cooking ware (x1) 13thD 342 Fill of curvilinear feature

(C341)




13th

D 343 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x21)


Unglazed (x1)

13th

D 332 Fill of pit (C331) Kilkenny-type coarseware (x1)



Roof tile (x1)

13th

D 225 Fill of pit (C226) Leinster Cooking ware (x1)


Brick (x1)

13th

D 227 Fill of pit (C228) Kilkenny-type ware (x3) 13thD 224 Fill of pit (C223) Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)



Redcliffe? (x1)

M-L13th



13th

D 337 Fill of pit (C338) Kilkenny-type ware (x20)


Pearlware (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

D 339 Fill of pit (C340) Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)


Frechen (x1)

13th dis-

turbed

D 213 Fill of pit (C212) Kilkenny-type ware (x1) 13th

130






13th dis-

turbed

D 221 Furrow Kilkenny-type ware (x1) 13thD 239 Furrow Kilkenny-type ware (x1) 13th

131



E 6 Overburden Glazed red earthenware : slip deco-

rated (x1)

Pearlware (x1)

Brick (x1)

19th

E 146 Pit Leinster Cooking Ware (x2)



Unidentified medieval (x1)

13th

E 192 Organic soil infill (C168) Kilkenny-type ware (x4) 13thE 254 Cobblestone surface Mottled ware? 18thE 317 Pit Leinster Cooking Ware (x1)




13th

E 296 Fill of pit (C297) Kilkenny-type ware (x6) 13thE 290 Pit Kilkenny-type ware (x1) 13thE 314 Layer sealing pit (C290) Glazed red earthenware (x1) 18th

Table 4: Suggested date range of pottery by context.

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15.5 Appendix 5: Faunal Remains Report

By: Margaret McCarthy, MA, MIAIDepartment of Archaeology, University College Cork

Introduction

Evidence for habitation at Patrick Street comprised layers of refuse containing ceramics and other material finds which placed the deposition of the associated faunal material into three main phases; medieval, late-medieval and post-medieval. The medieval animal bone samples were recovered entirely from pits used for the disposal of domestic waste in this area of the town. Most of the bones originated from late medieval pit and ditch fills and a relatively small assemblage of animal bones was recovered from features of post-medieval date.

Methods

All fragments were identified to species, or as nearly as possible, using the reference collection of mam-mals, birds and fish at the Department of Archaeology, University College Cork. Data were recorded onto the Archaeological Services Unit’s faunal sheets, which include categories for butchery, ageing and sexing as well as species and element identification. Identifications were taken to species level where possible while fragments not identifiable to taxon were grouped into size categories: large mam-mal (cattle, horse or red deer), medium mammal (ovicaprid or pig) and completely unidentifiable. The separation of ovicaprid material relied on comparison with reference material and to the discussion in Boessneck (1969) and Prummel-Frisch (1983). Very few definite elements of goat were recognised and those postcranial bones that allow for discrimination between the two species were all identified to sheep. Ageing data were determined using procedures outlined by Silver (1971) for long bones and Grant (1975) for mandibles. The relative proportion of all the species present was assessed using the total fragments count (NISP) and for the three main livestock animals, the minimum number of in-dividuals (MNI) was also calculated. Measurements were taken according to the recommendations of von den Driesch (1976). Estimates of the original length and weight of the fish represented in the sam-ples were made by matching the archaeological material against modern comparative collections from specimens of known length and weight in the Department of Archaeology, University College Cork.

Condition

In common with most contemporary urban bone assemblages the faunal material from Kilkenny sur-vived in a good condition. Preservation was generally better in the pit and ditch fills while that from surface deposits and the linear features was classified as fair. A higher proportion of bones from the post-medieval features was noticeably weathered and eroded which suggested that meat waste was left

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exposed on the occupation surface for some time before being sealed by other layers or redeposited into pits. Fragmentation rates throughout were high resulting in large numbers of bones that could only be classified as large and medium mammal remains. The overall high rate of fragmentation in all three phases is attributed to food preparation and butchering techniques involving maximum use of the carcass. There were occasional charred and burnt bones throughout the various features. Some of these specimens were barely scorched while more displayed the characteristic blue/grey appearance of bone that has been in contact with fire for a considerable period of time. The scorched bones may relate to various joints of meat being roasted over a fire while the totally calcined specimens probably represent small items of food waste that were swept into a hearth as a means of disposal. The incidence of burnt bone was quite low for all of the periods investigated and there was a general distribution across all features with no major concentrations suggesting particular activities.

Analysis

Animal remains were hand collected from a total of 79 contexts representing pit fills, ditch fills, lin-ear features and surface layers and deposits. In selecting material for analysis, all contaminated finds were disregarded and only those bones that could be dated with confidence to a particular period of activity were examined. The archaeozoological material has been divided into three period groupings, which span almost 400 years of occupation in Kilkenny. A list of the identified species for each period of activity is given in Table 1 and the results are described below by individual period. Details of all measurements taken are provided in Table 2.

Medieval Period

Animal bones from 43 different pit fills were examined totalling 1643 fragments, 823 of which were identified to species. The largest individual samples came from C113 (169), C260 (190) and C337 (148). The remainder of the pits all contained less than a hundred individual fragments of bone. The greater part of the identified assemblage was made up of domestic livestock mammals. The pre-dominant species was cattle being represented by 486 specimens from at least fifteen individuals. All parts of the skeleton were present although vertebrae and the meat-bearing upper limb bones pre-dominated. There were sufficient peripheral elements however to indicate that cattle were brought to this area of the town on the hoof and slaughtered nearby. Epiphyseal fusion data showed that 68% of the remains originated from animals that were slaughtered between three to four years of age and from this it would seem that meat provisioning was not the sole priority for farmers living in the rural hinterland of the town. Fifteen mandibles provided ageing evidence and these again indicated that mature cattle accounted for 71% of the sample. It would seem that cattle were deliberately kept to a stage when they reached their maximum potential in terms of secondary products such as milk, hide and horns. There were some bones from animals under two years of age and two complete metapodia belonged to calves under six months old. Measurements on ten complete long bones showed that the cattle derived from beasts that had a mean shoulder height of 122cm. The cattle were short horned beasts similar in size and type to the cattle present in other regions of the country during the medieval period (McCarthy 2003). Evidence of dismemberment was present on many of the bones including

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horizontal chops along the proximal joint surfaces of the upper limb bones and fine knife marks on the joint surfaces of metapodia associated with severing the lower limbs from the meat-bearing upper regions of the carcass.After cattle, sheep were the next most commonly represented animals with 236 identified fragments originating from a minimum of ten individuals, the MNI being estimated on the basis of upper ra-dius. In common with the cattle remains, most parts of the skeleton were recognised indicating local slaughter and butchery of the animals. Analysis of ageing evidence from suitable long bones indicated that over 72% of the sheep remains were from individuals that had reached at least three years of age before slaughter. Seven mandibles were sufficiently well preserved to estimate age using tooth wear as a guide and these suggested adult animals around three years of age. A small amount of juvenile animals (1-2 years) were represented and seven lamb bones were identified. Butchery marks were observed on many of the upper limb bones and ribs and knife marks associated with skinning and meat removal were common. The quantity of measurable bone was small in general but mean Withers Heights for metacarpals and metatarsals were 54.1cm and 55.7cm respectively.Pig remains were somewhat scarce numerically but at least four individuals were estimated from proxi-mal radius. Of the 74 bones identified, over 35% came from the region of the skull and the other body parts represented the major limb bones, scapula, pelvis and vertebral fragments. Some of the bones showed signs of having been butchered and ageing evidence obtained from long bone epiphyseal fusion data indicated that most pigs had not reached adulthood at slaughter. The medieval pits produced a relatively large sample of horse bones in comparison to other contempo-rary urban sites and a number of these displayed butchery traces consistent with the eating of horse-flesh. A total of twelve bones were identified, mostly representing loose teeth and limb bone fragments. A midshaft fragment of a tibia from C109 was crudely smashed open while single femur fragments from C260 and C394 bore knife marks associated with skinning and meat removal. The horse teeth were from animals over ten years of age based on the comparative wear curves of Levine (1982).Non-edible domestic mammals from the medieval pits included a few remains of dog and cat. Two fills (C260 & C337) each yielded a single dog bone, identified as a portion of a mandible and a lower molar. The mandible bore no teeth but the overall size and condition of the specimen indicated a small terrier-sized adult individual. The only identified cat bone was a complete left mandible from C380 and this belonged to an adult individual. Domestic fowl was identified from two bones, a complete coracoid from C360 and a lower leg bone from C405. Also present were the remains of a single adult goose identified from a tibiotarsus in C260 and three duck bones in C230 and C285. Marine species included two head bones of a cod, Gadus morhua identified as a posttemporal and a basioccipital. The wild mammal component consisted of two species, red deer, Cervus elaphus and hare, Lepus capen-sis. The midshaft portion of a metatarsus of an adult deer was recovered from C401. The bone did not display any butchery marks but it is assumed to represent an individual that was hunted locally and subsequently sold in the town for its venison. Hare was attested by the recovery of three metapodial bones from C339.

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Late Medieval Period

The late medieval assemblage forms the largest component of animal bones retrieved from the site. The material came from a variety of features mostly from pits but also from ditch fills and linear and curvilinear cut features. A total of 1933 bone specimens were examined and the identified specimens included eight species of mammal, domestic fowl, goose, duck and two fish species. The samples in general were highly fragmented containing many small unidentifiable fragments from the long bones of large and medium sized animals. Of the 1983 fragments examined, 1138 were positively identified and domestic species made up the major part of the assemblage. Cattle were the most frequent taxon by number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals. Their remains accounted for 44% of the identified as-semblage and at least 18 individuals were determined based on meatapodia. The majority of the cat-tle bones came from the upper region of the body particularly scapulae, humerii and tibiae and the remaining elements were identified as various skull fragments, metapodia and vertebrae. All parts of the skeleton were recognised except the calcaneum, sesamoid bones and phalanxes which may indicate that the lower extremities of the carcass were removed with the hide to a tannery. Ageing evidence in-dicated that the cattle bones all represented mature individuals over 2.5-3 years of age. Very few bones had unfused epiphyses suggesting that most of the cattle had reached maturity before slaughter. The mandibular wear stage of 12 mandibles suggested that these individuals were also mature at death, probably around three years old. Evidence of butchering was not extensive, and the only bones to show chop marks and knife cuts were femora, tibiae, scapulae and a few skull fragments. Midline splitting of the long bones was common in all samples and the consumption of marrow was apparently significant in the diet. Two mandibles had been chopped through suggesting that the lower jaw had been removed to gain access to the tongue.Sheep remains were more common than in the previous medieval period with a minimum of twelve individuals being established from a sample of 381 bones. All parts of the sheep skeleton were present although upper meat-bearing limb bones were more frequent than those from other areas of the skele-ton. In common with the cattle remains, ageing data indicated that there was a high incidence of adult animals consistent with the exploitation of sheep both for their meat and their secondary products. Twelve mandibles had fully erupted tooth rows, which yielded Grant age values between 30-35 and this indicated that most individuals were slaughtered after they had reached their prime meat-produc-ing age. Epiphyseal fusion data from long bones showed a similar pattern of age distribution with 64% of the bones belonging to individuals that were slaughtered at over three years of age. A small number of limb bones with unfused epiphyses were found and four complete metapodia belonged to lambs under six months of age. Some of the bones bore fine knife marks associated with skinning and the removal of meat from the shoulder bone. There were several instances of crude chopping on the sheep bones as well efficient midline splitting of the vertebrae resulting in the division of the carcasses into two halves. Medial splitting of metapodia for marrow extraction was also recorded.Pig was the least frequently occurring of the three main livestock animals accounting for just 13% of the identified assemblage and representing five individuals. The total sample amounted to 147 frag-ments and the most numerous elements were loose teeth, pelves, scapulae, tibiae and skull fragments.

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Other parts of the skeleton were sufficiently well represented to indicate local slaughter and consump-tion of pigs. In common with other medieval urban assemblages, the longbone fusion evidence indi-cated that pigs were slaughtered before they reached adulthood as this species has no other economic function other than the provision of meat. The recovery of seven neo-natal bones indicates that pigs were bred in the town and there was evidence for the occasional consumption of suckling pig through the recovery of two radius fragments. Many of the bones showed signs of having been butchered and all skulls had been smashed open, presumably to extract the brains. Other domestic animals present were horse, dog and cat. A total of 24 horse bones were identified, 14 from various pit fills and 10 from the fills of ditches. The bones came from all parts of the skeleton including tibia, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, scapula and mandible and a minimum of two adult individuals was established from metapodial bones. There were cut marks on five bones to indicate that horses were occasionally slaughtered for their meat. Two metatarsals were split medially for the extraction of marrow and chop marks on femora and a pelvis were consistent with dismemberment and filleting.The late medieval sample also included four dog bones all of which were recovered from the ditch fills; a mandible and loose tooth from C185 and a tibia fragment and complete metatarsus from C235. The bones were all fully mature and from an individual about the size of a modern sheepdog. In addition, there were six cat bones from three pit fills (C192, C196 & C199). These were identified as mandible, femur, ulna, radius, lower molar and a fragment of a skull and collectively they represented a single adult individual.The wild mammal component consisted of two species, hare, Lepus capensis, and rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus. The proximal portion of an ulna of a hare was recovered from C328, a pit fill while single finds of rabbit were found in a ditch fill (C185) and a pit fill (C198).Domestic fowl, goose and duck were the only identified bird species and of these, fowl bones were most common including a single sample of 39 bones from C139, three of which came from laying females. In all, 64 domestic fowl bones were identified and these were scattered across 13 features. Skeleton element analysis indicated that the sample contained almost complete carcasses of five individuals, including laying females and juvenile fowl. The eight goose bones belonged to adult birds that were probably kept for egg and down production. The identified elements included carpo-metacarpus, ster-num, coracoid, tibiotarsus and skull fragments. Two juvenile duck bones were found in C199, which suggested that domestic ducks were bred in the town. The sample of fish bones included a haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, cleithrum from C196 and a ling, Molva molva, parasphenoid from C255. The bones were slightly larger than modern specimens in the Archaeological Services Unit from fish measuring 55cm in length.

Post-Medieval

A small quantity of animal bones was recovered from features that were associated with post-medieval activity in this area of the town. These were found in a variety of features including pits, ditches, a fur-row, a cobbled surface and other surface deposits. In all, 369 bones were examined of which just 24% could be taken to species level. The material was noticeably less well preserved than the two earlier

137



phases of activity and fragmentation rates were high resulting in a large amount of indeterminate frag-ments. Identification of the bones indicated that the three main livestock species were all represented as well as rabbit and domestic fowl. In common with the earlier phases, cattle dominated the assemblage with their remains accounting for 72% of the identified sample. Most of the skeletal elements repre-sented prime meat-bearing bones from the upper regions of the body. There were, however, sufficient quantities of peripheral elements such as phalanges, skull fragments and metapodia to indicate that the sample of cattle bones represents the remains of complete carcasses, not prepared meat joints. Age-ing evidence from the major limb bones and two mandibles suggested slaughtering of cattle at 2.5 to 3 years. Cut and chop marks occurred on several cattle bones including tibia, humerus, scapulae and skulls. Many cattle metapodia, femora and tibiae were split down the midline for the extraction of marrow and skulls were split open presumably to gain access to the brains.A total of 19 sheep bones were identified including upper and lower limb bones, loose teeth and skull fragments. The bones mostly represented older individuals although the recovery of a few lamb bones and individuals under two years of age suggested that meat did not always originate from older stock. Butchery evidence included the medial splitting of two long bones and fine knife marks on a pelvis and scapula.Other species present in the post-medieval sample were pig, rabbit and domestic fowl. Pig was identi-fied from three limb bones and a lower canine from an adult boar. A rabbit tibia was found in a pit fill (C289) and the cobbled surface (C254) produced a lower leg bone of domestic fowl.

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Conclusions

The animal bones recovered during excavations at Patrick Street were characteristic of domestic rub-bish consisting largely of food debris but also including the remains of working animals and pets. For all three periods bone material appears to have deliberately discarded into pits dug especially for refuse disposal. Other material became scattered in a less specialised manner across the surface of the site and into ditch fills. The largest samples of bones were from layers and features that contained medieval and late-medieval pottery although the ceramic evidence indicated that the bulk of the recovered bones were associated with late-medieval activity. This report has focused on the exploitation of animals, birds and fish by the population of the town and the general conclusions drawn are typical of medieval and post-medieval urban assemblages in Ireland. Large domestic mammals, not surprisingly, formed the bulk of the identified assemblage and of these, cattle remains were the most frequent elements. The samples from the three main phases of activity are characterised by a high frequency of cattle and it is clear that beef played an important dietary role. By fragment count and number of individuals present cattle were consistently the most prominent species represented with sheep occupying a constant secondary place. The quantity of pig bones was negligible indicating that animal husbandry in the hinterland of Kilkenny was directed more towards the rearing of cattle and sheep. The proportion of sheep increased in the late-medieval period linked perhaps to the expanding wool trade in Ireland at this time. Ageing data indicated a high kill-off of adults that would have provided between three to four fleeces before death and wool production seems to have been the primary aim of sheep husbandry in the region. The majority of the cattle bones represented mature beasts kept for their secondary produce such as milk, hides and horns prior to being slaugh-tered for food. The occasional consumption of veal was recorded through the recovery of limb bones from individuals under six months old with very little in the way of juvenile animals. Similar ageing patterns have been seen elsewhere in Irish urban assemblages (McCormick 1997, McCarthy 2003) where it is noted that the provision of wool, hides and other by-products of cattle and sheep was appar-ently more significant than the supply of tender meat to the urban market. At Kilkenny, there was very little evidence for young animals, certainly not in quantities to suggest large scale consumption of veal and lamb. The sample of pig bones on the other hand belonged to individuals that were slaughtered between one to two years of age and the meat would certainly have made for good eating. In addition, there were some foetal and neo-natal fragments indicating that pigs were bred within the town. Analysis of element representation showed an equal balance of meat bearing and peripheral fragments indicating that slaughtering and primary butchery were undertaken somewhere in the vicinity of the site. This indicates that livestock animals were driven into the town on the hoof and then slaughtered and butchered at various locations in the town. The size of the animals present showed that sheep and cattle were comparable in stature to those from other contemporary urban sites (McCarthy 2003). There is a suggestion from the small quantity of measurements taken that improvements were made in the overall size of stock from the medieval to the post-medieval period due to a combination perhaps of new breeds being introduced from the Continent or improved husbandry techniques. The skull frag-ments show that most of the cattle remains were of a short-horned variety although fragments of two long horn cores from the post-medieval period represented a breed of cattle introduced into Ireland

139



from Britain and the continent during the 18th century. The faunal sample also included a relatively high proportion of horse bones and sufficient butchery marks were observed on the limb bones to suggest that these animals were exploited from time to time for their food value, perhaps in times of need when they had outlived their usefulness as traction animals. The eating of horseflesh was banned in the Early Medieval period and while the occasional consumption of horses has been documented, their remains typically account for a very small propor-tion of urban food refuse assemblages (McCarthy 2003). Domestic fowl were the most popular species of poultry and these birds were kept in the town as indi-cated by the recovery of immature specimens in the assemblage. Due to the small number of measure-ments no significant trends in the different breeds of birds could be shown but the recovery of three femora with clear calcium deposits laid down in the shaft of the bone (medullary bone) indicates that female hens were kept to provide eggs. The goose bones all belonged to adult individuals and these would have been useful providers of eggs and down. The few duck bones included adult and juvenile individuals suggesting that domestic ducks were kept on a small scale in the town. Fish seem to have contributed to the menu from time to time also and although the sample amounted to just four bones, it provided evidence for the consumption of cod, haddock and ling by the occupants. The few cat and dog bones in the assemblage are interpreted as the remains of discarded pets that had died. They may also simply have been scavengers that roamed around the town in search of food waste. Finally, the wild mammal component from Patrick Street consisted of a few bones each of red deer, rabbit and hare. Hares and rabbits were hunted in the fields surrounding the town although from the small number of bones recovered it is clear that these animals did not play an important role in the meat supply to the population of the town. The few deer bones represent animals that were probably captured in local areas of woodland though deer meat was not an important source of protein. At this time venison may have been regarded as food for the wealthy and the hunting activities would cer-tainly have been restricted to the upper classes.

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Bibliography

Boessneck, J. 1969 ‘Osteological differences between sheep and goat’ In D.R. Brothwell and E. Higgs (eds), Science in Archaeology, a survey of progress and research. Bristol.

Grant, A. 1975 ‘The Animal Bones’ and ‘Appendix B: The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic animals’ In: B. Cunliffe (ed), Excavations at Portchester Castle, Vol. 1: Roman. 378-408, 437-50. London.

McCormick, F. 1991 ‘The effect of the Anglo-Norman settlement on Ireland’s wild and domesticated fauna’ In: P.J. Crabtree and K. Ryan (eds), Animal Use and Cultural Change. Pennsylvania.

McCormick, F. 1997 ‘The Animal Bones’ In: M.F. Hurley and O.M.B. Scully. Late Viking Age and Medieval Waterford: Excavations 1986-1992.819-53. Waterford.

McCarthy, M. 2003 ‘Section 11: The Faunal Remains’ in R.M. Cleary and M.F. Hurley (eds) Excavations in Cork City 1984-2000, 375-391, Cork City Council.

Silver, I.A. 1971 ‘The Ageing of domestic animals’ In: In D.R. Brothwell and E. Higgs (eds), Science in Archaeology, a survey of progress and research. Bristol.

Von den Driesch, A. 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Bulletin 1, Peabody Museum, Harvard University.

141



Tabl

e 1:

Rep

rese

ntat

ion

of sp

ecie

s

Cat

tleS/

GG

oat

Pig

Hor

se

Dog

Cat

Har

eR

abbi

tR

ed D

eer

Bird

Fish

Med

ieva

l Pits

486

236

74

122

1

1

62

Late

Med

ieva

l Pits

348

331

12

616

6

11

71

2La

te M

edie

val D

itche

s14

246

20

104

1

3

Late

Med

ieva

l Fur

row

Late

Med

ieva

l Lin

ear

feat

ures

63

1

Late

Med

ieva

l Cur

vi-li

near

fe

atur

e1

1

Post-

med

ieva

l Pits

5512

4

1

Post-

med

ieva

l Ditc

h2

Po

st-m

edie

val F

urro

w2

Po

st-m

edie

val C

obbl

e su

rfac

e

1

Post-

med

ieva

l Dep

osit

67

TO

TAL

1048

636

022

538

67

13

181

4

142



Table 2: Non Livestock from 11 Patrick’s Street Kilkenny 99E0757

SPECIES C. NO. ELEMENT NO COMMENTS PHASEHORSE C100 Tooth 1 MED C109 Tib 1 Crudely smashed MED C112 Tooth 1 MED C227 Tooth 1 MED C260 Fem 1 Chopped MED Pat 1 MED Ast 1 MED C276 PH2 1 MED C285 C Vert 1 MED Skull 1 MED C337 Rad 1 MED C343 Pelvis 1 MED C394 Fem 1 Chopped MED C402 Tooth 1 MED C405 Tooth 1 MED PH2 1 MED C415 Tooth 2 MED Pelvis 1 Chopped LM MT 1 MG& LM MT 1 MNI 2 LM C185 Tib 1 D7 DF LM Splint 1 LM MT 1 MG& LM Calc 1 LM C235 MT 1 Chopped LM Fem 3 Chopped LM Mandible 2 LM C190 PH1 1 ND Tib 1 Chopped ND Fem 2 Chopped ND Pelvis 1 ND C194 Tooth 1 ND PH3 1 NDGOAT C194 HC 1 Female NDDOG C185 Tib 1 LM Tooth 1 LM C190 Tib 2 ND C235 Tib 1 LM MP 1 LM C260 Tib 1 MED C337 MT 1 MEDCAT C192 Mand 1 Adult LM Fem 1 Adult LM C196 Ulna 1 Adult LM Rad 1 Adult LM C199 Tooth 1 LM Skull 1 Adult LM C380 Mand 1 Adult MEDRED DEER C190 Scap 1 Chop marks Y ND C401 MT 1 HARE C117 Tib 1 ND C190 MP 5 ND

143



SPECIES C. NO. ELEMENT NO COMMENTS PHASE C200 Skull 2 MED C328 Ulna 1 LMRABBIT C185 Tib 1 LM C198 Tib 1 LM C289 Tib 1 MEDGOOSE C134 Carpo 1 LM Ster 1 LM Tib Tars 1 LM C185 Tib Tars 1 LM C199 5 LM C260 Tib Tars 1 MEDFOWL C134 Carpo 1 LM C169 1 LM C175 2 ND C179 1 LM C185 2 LM C196 39 Two female LM C199 19 LM C360 1 MED C405 1 MEDDUCK C199 2 LM C230 1 MED C285 2 MEDCOD C117 PST 1 ND C200 1 MED C319 1 MEDHADDOCK C196 CL 1 LMLING C255 PARAS 1 LM

ND=No Date

144



14.6 Appendix 6: Plant Remains from Patrick Street, Kilkenny 99E757

By Mary Dillon

The site is located in Patricks Street in the town of Kilkenny. It consisted of late Medieval and Post-medieval features including eighty pits with a small number of linear features and post-medieval struc-tural elements also being present on-site.This report deals with the charred plant remains retrieved from the site and looks at the information produced on environment, agricultural practices and diet.

Methodology

Bulk soil samples were collected on site and were processed post-excavation using a simple flotation method. Each sample was saturated in water to allow the carbonised plant material to float, this was then poured off into a series of sieves (1mm and 250µm), trapping the ‘flot’ (floating material) which was air-dried and stored in air-tight plastic bags. The flots were sorted and scanned for plant material and charcoal using a low-powered binocular microscope (magnification x10 to x 40). Nomenclature and taxonomic orders follows Stace (1997). All twenty-five samples were scanned for botanical mate-rial.

Results

Twelve samples were scanned and all were found to have plant remains. Four samples were Medieval in origin and eight were Post-medieval. The medieval samples came from the following contexts; Pit C100 (Area A+B); deposition layer C371 (Area D); fill C401 from pit C403 (Area C) and fill C411 from pit C407 (Area C).Medieval pottery of various types, animal bone, metal objects, slag and charcoal were found in the Medieval contexts.The Medieval samples were rich in cereals. They contained a majority of wheat (37%), with oat (34%) also abundant. Rye and barley made up 5% and 3% respectively (Table 1, Fig. 1). A large amount of weed seeds, including many from the knotgrass, goosefoot, daisy, sedge and legume families were present.

Barley, 3%

Rye, 5%

Indet. cereals 21%

Oat, 34%

Wheat, 37%

Fig. 1 Pie chart showing percentage frequency of cereals from the Medieval samples

Five samples came from Post-medieval contexts, all of which were fills of pits; C388 from C338 (Area D); C109 and C117 from C102, C113, C118, C120, C176 and C229 (a group of pits in Area A+B); C291 from C290 (Area E) and C289 from C288 (Area E). The Post-medieval samples were also rich in cereals. They contained a majority of barley (34%), with wheat (24%) also abundant. Oat is less important at (16%). Rye made up 3% of the cereal assemblage (Table 1, Fig. 2). However, barley was only dominant in one sample (C289 in Area E), from which 385

145



grains were recovered. In the other samples barley is not highly represented. A large amount of weed seeds, including many from the knotgrass, goosefoot and legume families were present. Interestingly two flax boles were identified.

Three samples (from C2, C135 and C196) were of unknown date. The latter two contexts were fills of pits from Area A+B. C196 was the richest of the samples and contained a majority of wheat, with oat also dominant.

Rye, 2%

Barley, 34%

Wheat, 24%

Oat, 16%Indet. cereals

24%

Fig. 2 Pie chart showing percentage frequency of cereals from the Post-medieval samples

Discussion

The plant remains were predominantly cereals (wheat, oat, barley and rye) and a variety of weed seeds that are associated with growing among crops. It is useful to compare the Medieval samples with the Post-medieval samples. The medieval samples yielded a majority of wheat, followed by oat, with barley and rye making up small percentages, while the Post-medieval samples yielded a majority of barley, followed by oat and wheat. This is a somewhat opposite trend to what has been noted elsewhere. For example, in excavations car-ried out for the Dungarvan Sewerage Scheme in Dungarvan the medieval samples yielded a majority of oat, followed by barley and wheat, while the Post-medieval samples yielded a majority of wheat, followed by barely and oat (Dillon and Johnston, 2006).However, apart from one sample (C289) from a pit in Area E, barley is not dominant in the samples, and therefore there are only slight differences in the Medieval and Post-medieval samples. Overall it seems that oat and wheat were of equal importance with barley also significant. Rye was not highly represented, but consistent throughout many of the samples. Some of the wheat from Patrick St. could be identified as bread wheat. In the Breatha Déin Chécht bread wheat was more esteemed than spelt wheat and emmer wheat. This was probably because bread wheat has a high gluten content, which produces good quality bread (Kelly, 1998, 220), it is a free-threshing cereal, making it easier to process and it is less common than other cereals as it is intolerant of damp and wet weather. Only a small amount of wheat was recovered in a survey of early Christian sites in Munster (Monk et al. 1998). However, wheat gets more common in the later medieval period, e.g. at Kilferagh, Co Kilkenny the excavation of a 13th to 15th century kiln site produced a high inci-dence of bread wheat in comparison to other cereals (Monk 1987).Oat is listed as the least prestigious cereal in the 8th Century law text Breatha Déin Chécht. The low value of oat appears to be based upon the quality of bread that can be obtained from the grain (Kelly, 1998). However, bread was not the only food that was made from cereals, as they were also used for making meals, porridges, gruels and soup bases (Sexton, 1998). Oat occurs frequently in samples from the early medieval period; in several Munster sites it was the most frequent cereal (Monk et al., 1998). In other sites in Ireland, oat occurs frequently, although it is not always the most common (Monk, 1985/86). Oats identified from sites in Ireland include the cultivated variety (Avena sativa), wild oats

146



(A. fatua) and the bristle pointed oats (A. strigosa/brevis). Oat species are difficult to distinguish on the basis of their grains, and chaff fragments are normally required before identifications can be made. At Patrick Street the oats could not be identified to species, as no characteristic chaff was found. Barley was well represented in the Patrick Street samples. Is the most frequent cereal from sites in the Early Historic period and remains popular into the medieval period. Barley is a resilient crop suited to Irish soil and climate (Monk et al. 1998). Although it can be difficult to distinguish between two-row and six-row barley, the latter variety appears to be more common from Irish early Christian sites (Monk, 1985/86). Some chaff fragment from Patrick Street were found to be six-row barley.Rye is consistently present in most of the samples, though is small amounts Archaeobotanical evidence also suggests that rye cultivation started in Ireland in the early Christian period (Monk, 1985/86). It has a more northerly range than other cereals. It is suitable for autumn sowing, and can be winter harvested. The grains can be ground for flour and the straw is the traditional thatching material used in the west of Ireland. Kelly suggests that, on linguistic grounds, some rye was introduced to Ireland with Christianity as the Old Irish word, secal, is borrowed from post-Classical Latin (Kelly, 1998). Low incidences of rye were recorded from a limited number of Munster early Christian rural sites (Monk et al., 1998). However, it is found quite widely, many sites producing at least a few grains. For example, samples from sites such as Lisleagh, Co. Cork, Lackenavorna, Co. Tipperary, Oughtymore, Co. Derry and Lough Faughan crannog, Co. Down, contained small amounts of rye grains (Monk 1985/86). It continues in popularity into the Post-medieval period. A large number of weed seeds were recovered from the samples. Most of these came from weeds that grow along side crops and were harvested with the cereals. The weed assemblage was dominated by weeds from the knotgrass and goosefoot family, with legumes, plantain and cleavers also present. Legumes would have provided a valuable source of protein in the medieval diet and may have been de-liberately gathered. The presence of weed seeds, together with cereal chaff indicates that these samples were unprocessed at the time of charring. The weed seeds in the Medieval and Post-medieval samples did not differ substantially. However, the one Post-medieval sample (C388) had one pea and one large bean, indicating the presence of legume crops and the use of such in the diet. Two flax bolls were found in sample C117. Flax was domesticated before 6000BC for the food value of the oily seeds, but in time became more valued for its fibres, from which cloth could be made. Flax may have come to Ireland from Roman Britain and was a very important crop by the 18th and 19th century (Feehan, 2003, 163). Flax for making cloth is harvested when its still green, before the seeds have ripened. Both the flax bolls found were from mature plants, indicating that it may have been grown here as a foodstuff.

Summary

The samples from Patrick Street excavations are rich in plant remains. There is little difference in the cereal assemblages from the Medieval and Post-medieval times, in contrast to sites around the rest of the country. Wheat, oat and barley form the majority of the assemblage, with rye being consistently present in small amounts. The weed seeds are characteristic of cultivated ground. The presence of culti-vated legumes and flax in the Post-medieval samples gives us an indication of the agricultural practices as well as the wider social traditions in Kilkenny at the time.

147



References

Dillon, M. and Johnston, P. 2006 Plant remains from Killeen Castle Demense, Co. Meath. Report produced for M. Gowen LtdFeehan, J. 2003 Farming in Ireland - History, Heritage and Environment. UCD, DublinKelly, F. 1998 Early Irish Farming. Dublin, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.Mitchell, G F 1951 ‘Studies in Irish Quaternary deposits’. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 53B, 111-206Monk, M. 1985/86 Evidence from macroscopic plant remains for crop husbandry in prehistoric and early historic Ireland: A review. Journal of Irish Archaeology 3Monk, M. 1987 ‘Appendix II Charred seeds and plant remains from Kilferagh, Co. Kilkenny’, pp. 98-99 in Cleary, R.M. Hurley, M.F. and Twohig E.A. (eds.) Archaeological Excavations on the Cork-Dublin Gas Pipeline (1981-82). Cork, Department of ArchaeologyMonk, M. Tierney, J. and Hannon, M. 1998 Archaeobotanical studies and early medieval Munster. In Monk M. and Sheehan J. (eds.) Early Medieval Munster Archaeology, History and Society. Cork, Cork University PressSexton, R. 1998 Porridges, gruels and breads: the cereal foodstuffs of early medieval Ireland. In M. Monk and J. Sheehan (eds.) Early Medieval Munster Archaeology, History and Society. Cork, Cork University PressStace, C.A. 1997 New Flora in the British Isles (2nd edition), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

148



149



Tabl

e 1

Site

: Pat

rick’

s Str

eet

Con

text

411

100

401

371

388

289

291

117

109

135

219

6In

dete

rmin

ate

seed

s fro

m th

e go

osef

oot f

amily

(Che

nopo

diac

eae)

11

4

12

Prob

able

She

ep’s

sorr

el (R

umex

cf a

ceto

sella

L.)

2

Inde

term

inat

e se

eds f

rom

the

Kno

tgra

ss fa

mily

(Pol

ygon

acea

e)

7

51

W

ild ra

dish

(Rap

hanu

s rap

hani

strum

L.)

caps

ule

2

Bean

s (Ph

aseo

lus/

Vig

na/V

icia

/Fab

a)

1

Pe

a (P

isum

spec

ies)

1

Smal

l see

ds fr

om th

e Le

gum

e fa

mily

(Fab

acea

e)

21

4

155

2

1

4La

rge

seed

s fro

m th

e Le

gum

e fa

mily

(Fab

acea

e)

111

1

45

63

5Fl

ax se

ed fr

agm

ents

(Lin

um L

. spe

cies

)

Pl

anta

in (P

lant

ago

L. sp

ecie

s)

2

Fl

ax b

ole

(Lin

um L

. spe

cies

)

2

N

ippl

ewor

t (La

psan

a co

mm

unis

L.)

5

2

Cle

aver

s (G

aliu

m a

pari

ne L

.)

1

3

112

In

dete

rmin

ate

seed

s fro

m th

e pi

nk fa

mily

(Car

yoph

ylla

ceae

)

1

In

dete

rmin

ate

daisy

fam

ily se

eds:

mar

igol

d ty

pe (A

ster

acea

e)1

7

2

In

dete

rmin

ate

seed

s fro

m th

e da

isy fa

mily

(Ast

erac

eae)

1

Inde

term

inat

e se

eds f

rom

the

sedg

e fa

mily

(Cyp

erac

eae)

2

1

4

Oat

gra

ins (

Aven

a L.

spec

ies)

67

15

520

148

15

3

115

Poss

ible

oat

gra

ins (

cf A

vena

spec

ies)

7

Barle

y gr

ains

(Hor

deum

vul

gare

L.)

3

10

538

5

11

13

1Ba

rley

rach

is in

tern

odes

(6-r

ow)

33

Nak

ed b

arle

y (H

orde

um n

udum

)

1

Po

ssib

le b

arle

y gr

ains

(cf H

orde

um v

ulga

re)

2

Oat

/Bar

ley

grai

ns (A

vena

/Hor

deum

)

2

Ry

e gr

ains

(Sec

ale

cere

ale)

25

814

Poss

ible

rye

grai

ns (c

f Sec

ale

cere

ale)

1

5

Poss

ible

Rye

rach

is in

tern

odes

(cf S

ecal

e cer

eale)

2

Free

thre

shin

g w

heat

(Tri

ticum

aest

ivum

L./t

urgi

dum

Des

f./du

rum

L.)

990

2949

150



Site

Patr

icks

Str

eet

Con

text

411

100

401

371

388

289

291

117

109

135

219

6Pr

obab

le fr

ee th

resh

ing

whe

at (T

ritic

um c

f aest

ivum

L./t

urgi

dum

Des

f./du

-ru

m L

.)5

34

Brea

d w

heat

rach

is in

tern

odes

(Tri

ticum

aest

ivum

L.)

2

46

Whe

at g

rain

s (Tr

iticu

m L

. spe

cies

)24

329

2218

620

368

31

232

Whe

at/R

ye g

rain

s (Tr

iticu

m/S

ecal

e)

2

1065

5

In

dete

rmin

ate

cere

al g

rain

s6

42

5679

166

529

1

319

Rac

his i

nter

node

s fro

m in

dete

rmin

ate

cere

als

3

12

1

Smal

l gra

ss se

eds (

Poac

eae)

3

Inde

term

iant

e gr

asse

s, Av

ena

type

1

3

8

9

Inde

term

inat

e gr

ass s

eeds

(Poa

ceae

)

13

371

61

In

dete

rmin

ate

wee

d se

eds

3

5

4

11

Stra

w c

ulm

nod

es

5

25

151



15.7 Appendix 7: Catalogue of Clay Pipes

Described by Sara Camplese

Stems

Stem (99E0757:11:28) L. 34.9mm, D. 8.5mm. Incomplete.

Stem (99E0757:235:31) L. 38.4mm, D. 9mm. Incomplete.



Stem (99E0757:177:6)) L. 27.5mm, D. 8.1mm. Incomplete.




Stem (99E0757:179:25) L. 31mm, D. 6.3mm. Incomplete.



Stem (99E0757:108:8) Fragment. L. 20.06mm. Incomplete.






Stem (99E0757:8:6) L. 52.2mm, D. 8mm. Incomplete.


152




















Bowls*

Bowl (99E0757:200:18) Fragment. L. 22mm, W. 11.4mm.

Bowl (99E0757:179:22) Fragment. L. 35.5mm, W. 6.5mm. Bulbous with rouletting decoration near the rim.

Bowl (99E0757:179:40+41) L. 39.7mm, D. 15.6mm. Incomplete (broken). Lip present. Slightly bulbous with plain rim. Date: 1640-1670 (Lane 1997 366 Fig. 12:1:32).

153



Bowl (99E0757:179:21) L. 41.7mm, W. 14.2mm. Incomplete. Lip present. Spur present. Bulbous with rouletting decoration near the rim. Spur large and flat. Date : 1661-1681 Bristol type 9B (ibid., 368 Fig. 12:1:19)

Bowl (99E0757:0:9) L. 50.08mm, D. 13.5mm. Complete. Lip slightly damaged. First part of stem present. Bulbous with rouletted rim. Spur untrimmed. Date: c. 1650 (ibid., Fig. 12:1:25).

Bowl (99E0757:179:20) L. 73.5mm, D. 18.3mm. Incomplete. Spur present. Part of the stem present. Bulbous, flat-based, heavily ‘chinned’. Date: c. 1650 (ibid., Fig. 12:1:13).

* The diameter considered is the maximum diameter of the bowl. When the bowl lip is present the diameter is taken on the rim of the bowl.

Bibliographic References

Lane 1997. Lane S., The clay pipes, section 12:I, in “Late Viking Age and medieval Waterford – Excavations 1986-1992”, Waterford 1997 (pages 366-374).

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15.8 Appendix 8: Catalogue of Metal Artefacts


Nails

Nail (99E0757:100:22) Fe. L. 42.9mm, Th. (of shank) 9.1mm. Small iron nail. Head missing. Possibly originally headless. Shank slightly curved. Conserved.

Nail/Head of Iron Bar (99E0757:100:23) Fe. L. 42.1mm, Th. (of shank) 18.2mm, W. of head 48.1mm. Head of large iron bar, split at the end to create head. Possibly a large nail-like artefact. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:176:13) Fe. L. 37.3mm, Th. (of shank) 11.2mm. Circular-cross section. Slightly bent. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:200:19) Fe. Two fragments. One enlongated strip and one rounded. Possibly a flattened nail. Larger piece: L.34.3mm, Th. (of shank) 12.7mm. Smaller piece: L. 20.2mm, Th. (of shank) 16.5mm. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:231:8) Fe. L. 32.5mm, Th. (of shank) 8.4mm, W. (of head) 7.9mm. Rectangular in section. Flat rectangular head. Slightly bent. Incomplete. Conserved.

Nail? (99E0757:235:33) Fe. L. 46.4mm, Th. (of shank) 7.4mm. Possible broken nail. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:246:4) Fe. L. 41.1mm, Th. (of shank) 24.2mm, W. (of head) 20.1mm. Rectangular in section. Large flat rectangular headed. Shank slightly bent. Incomplete. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:296:7) Fe. L. 31.2mm, Th. (of shank) 6.2mm. Headless. Rectangular in section. Incomplete. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:319:23) Fe. L. 33.3mm, Th. (of shank) 12.6mm, D. (of head) 14.3mm. Rectangular in section. Flat sub-circular headed. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:113:28) Fe. L. 54.3mm, Th. (of shank) 10mm, W. (of head) 15.6mm. Rectangular in section. Sub-rectangular headed. Shank slightly bent. Complete but broken in two pieces. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:383:6) Fe. L. 47.2mm, Th. (of shank) 7mm, D. (of head) 19.6mm. Square in section. Large flat sub-circular headed. Complete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:380:13) Fe. L. 49mm, Th. (of shank) 10.07mm, D. (of head) 17.6mm. Rectangular in section. Large flat sub-circular headed. Shank slightly bent. Complete. Not conserved.

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Nail (99E0757:117:32) Fe. L. 81.4mm, Th. (of shank) 6.5mm, D. (of head) 17.7mm. Square in section. Flat sub-circular headed. Complete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:117:33) Fe. L. 31.2mm, Th. (of shank) 6.8mm. Portion of the shank. Headless. Rectangular in section. Incomplete. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:134:52) Fe. L. 42.6mm, Th. (of shank) 6.7mm, D. (of head) 15.3mm. Rectangular in section. Rounded sub-circular headed. Incomplete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:134:53) Fe. L. 47.4mm, Th. (of shank) 9.8mm. Portion of the shank. Headless. Rectangular in section. Incomplete. Conserved.

Nail (99E0757:124:23) Fe. L. 31.9mm, Th. (of shank) 8.3mm, W. (of head) 17.1mm. Rectangular in section. Flat rectangular headed. Incomplete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:124:24) Fe. L. 56.6mm, Th. (of shank) 6.9mm, D. (of head) 18.3mm. Rectangular in section. Flat sub-circular headed. Complete but broken. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:219:1) Fe. L. 47.3mm, Th. (of shank) 7.8mm. Headless. Rectangular in section. Incomplete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:102:1) Fe. L. 44.6mm, Th. (of shank) 9.4mm, D. (of head) 10.1mm. Rectangular in section. Rounded sub-circular headed. Shank bent. Complete but broken. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:190:9) Fe. L. 30mm, Th. (of shank) 5.5mm, D. (of head) 9.8mm. Fragment of a small nail. Part of rounded circular head present. Rectangular in section. Incomplete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:199:67) Fe. L. 66.7mm, Th. (of shank) 6.9mm, D. (of head) 18.4mm. Flat sub-circular headed. Rectangular in section. Shank bent. Complete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:199:68) Fe. L. 52.8mm, Th. (of shank) 6.5mm, D. (of head) 12.4mm. Flat sub-circular headed. Rectangular in section. Rectangular in section. Shank slightly bent. Complete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:119:32) Fe. L. 71.3mm, Th. (of shank) 6.7mm, W. (of head) 14.4mm. Square in section. Flat square headed. Shank straight. Complete. Not conserved.

Nail (99E0757:119:33) Fe. L. 47.1mm, Th. (of shank) 7.2mm. Headless. Rectangular in section. Shank bent. Incomplete. Not conserved.

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Other Artefacts

Fragment (99E0757:134:49) Fe. L. 4.92mm, W. 3.51mm. Flat. Conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:134:50) Fe. L. 22.1mm, W. 13.9mm. Flat. Conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:134:51) Fe. L. 12.9mm, W. 11.3mm. Small corrosion product piece. Conserved.

Strip/Bar (99E0757:194:13) Fe. L. 62.2mm, W. 13.1mm. Flat bar with rectangular-cross section. Conserved.

Strip/Bar (99E0757:194:14) Fe. L. 53.2mm, W. 7.1mm. Flat bar with rectangular-cross section. Conserved.

Strip (99E0757:230:5) Cu.alloy L. 35.3mm, W. 7.8mm. Thin strip with a small hole/perforation at one end. Conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:251:4) Cu.alloy L. 27.1mm, W. 22.2mm. Flat rounded fragment. Conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:251:5) Cu.alloy L. 26.9mm, W. 8.1mm. Thin strip. Conserved.

Coin (99E0757:286:1) Cu. D. 18.3mm. Irish copper penny – Elizabeth I, dated 1601. Intact. Conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:309:1) Cu.alloy L. 76.6mm, W. 32.4mm. Flat sheet. Slightly curved at edge. The other edge is the actual edge of object. Conserved.

Token? (99E0757:328:7) Cu.alloy D. 26.2mm, Th. 0.4mm. Flat and rounded with shiny silver-coloured surface. Inscription revealed, but only partially legible. Two sections: 1. NRD 2. IHIBI. Centre shows a button-like stamp. Conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:309:2) Cu. L. 35.6mm, W. 28.2mm. Flat sub-rectangular fragment. Not conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:309:3) Cu. L. 46.1mm, W. 28.5mm. Flat triangular fragment. Not conserved.

Fragment (99E0757:309:4) Cu. L. 23.3mm, W. 6.5mm. Flat rounded fragment. Not conserved.

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15.9 Appendix 9: Catalogue of Stone Artefacts


Slate (99E0757:131:7) L. 81.1mm, W. 56mm, Th. 5.3mm. Incomplete. Dark greenish gray (From 10Y, 3/1 to 5GY, 4/1). Broken with sub-circular perforation.

Unidentified (99E0757:109:11) L. 133.7mm, W. 109.6mm, Th. 11.7mm. Incomplete. From dark gray (10YB, 4/1) to dark grayish brown (10YB, 4/2). Broken, squre-shaped.

Unidentified (99E0757:8:5) L. 100.5mm, W.13mm, Th.10mm. Incomplete. Possible whetstone? Trapeizodal in shape. One face very flat and smoothened, other face rounded.

Decorated stone (99E0757:272:4) L. 134.8mm, W. 62.4mm, Th. 26.7 mm. Siltstone or slate. Incomplete. Triangular-shaped with an incomplete circular perforation (D. 6.3mm). Decoration is impressed and consists in four five-petal flowers in a row plus another circular symbol.

Flint (99E0757:249:3) L. 39.1mm, W. 29.2mm, Th. 17.4mm. Split flint pebble, 40% covered with cortex. Possibility that flakes have been struck from distal end with two probable flake scars.

Archaeological Report - Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny (Ireland)

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Transcript of Archaeological Report - Stratham’s Garage, Patrick Street, Kilkenny, Co. Kilkenny (Ireland)