Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface...

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Archaeal cell walls Can be gram- positive or gram- negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein or glycoprotein (S- layer)

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Page 1: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Archaeal cell walls

Can be gram-positive or gram-negative

Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer

Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein or glycoprotein (S-layer)

Page 2: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Pseudomurein

Often found in gram-positive archaea

Similar to peptidoglycan

N-acetylalosaminuronic acid replaces NAM

Cross-bridges do not contain D-amino acids

Page 3: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Plasma membrane

Composed of lipids and proteins

Page 4: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Membrane lipids

Amphipathic molecules

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Page 5: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Membrane lipids

Amphipathic molecules

Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Allows lipids to interact with water on one end and each other on the other end

Formation of lipid bilayers

Page 6: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Archaeal lipids

Contain branched chain hydrocarbons attached to glycerol via ether links

Other cells have fatty acids attached to glycerol via ester links (bacteria and eukaryotes)

Page 7: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Archaeal lipids

Two glycerol groups can be linked to form a tetraether

Tetraether chains are usually 40 carbons long

Diether chains are usually 20 carbons long

Length of tetraethers can be adjusted by cyclizing the chain to form pentacyclic rings

Page 8: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Archaeal lipids

Various combinations of lipids can result in differences in rigidity and thickness of membrane

Page 9: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Sterols and hopanoids

Eukaryotic cell membranes often contain sterols

Also found in the membrane of some bacteria that lack a cell wall

Stabilize the membrane and add rigidity

Page 10: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Sterols and hopanoids

Hopanoids are sterol-like molecules that are found in bacterial membranes

Play similar role as sterols

Page 11: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Plasma membrane

Composed of two layers of lipids with hydrophobic ends in the interior of the membrane

Proteins can be peripheral or integral

Page 12: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Fluid mosaic model

Most widely accepted model for membrane structure

Lipid composition varies with temperature to maintain fluidity

Page 13: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Internal membrane systems

Mesosomes

Invaginations of membrane

Often in the form of vesicles, tubules or lamellae

Some believe they are artifacts generated during chemical fixation

Page 14: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Internal membrane systems

Photosynthetic prokaryotes

Often have extensive infoldings of the plasma membrane

In the form of flattened or spherical vesicles or tubules

May serve to provide larger surface area for metabolic processes

Page 15: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Cytoplasmic matrix

Page 16: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Cytoplasmic matrix

Area between the plasma membrane and the nucleoid

Composed largely of water

Specific proteins positioned at particular sites (e.g. poles or septum)

Page 17: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Inclusion bodies

Organic inclusion bodies usually contain glycogen or poly--hydroxybutyrate

Inorganic inclusion bodies can store phosphate or sulfur

Page 18: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Inclusion bodies

Magnetosomes

Iron containing inclusion bodies used to orient cell in the Earth’s magnetic field

Page 19: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Inclusion bodies

Gas vacuoles

Used by bacteria to regulate buoyancy

Composed of a collection of collapsible gas vesicles

Page 20: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Ribosomes

Can be free in the cytoplasmic matrix or loosely attached to the plasma membrane

Membrane-associated ribosomes synthesize proteins that are transported to the outside

Page 21: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Ribosomes

Are 70S vs. 80S

Are composed of a 50S and a 30S subunit

Page 22: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

The nucleoid

The region of the cell where the chromosome is located

Irregularly-shaped

Often appears to be attached to plasma membrane

Can rarely be bound by a membrane

Page 23: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

The nucleoid

Most prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome

Some bacteria have linear chromosomes

Some bacteria have two chromosomes

DNA-binding proteins associated with chromosome

Page 24: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Endospores

Dormant structures that are resistant to environmental stresses

Can remain viable for 100,000 years

Can survive boiling (must be autoclaved)

Page 25: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Endospores

True endospores are only found in gram positive bacteria

Page 26: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Endospores

Location of endospore in cell can aid in identification

Mother cell is called the sporangium

Page 27: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Endospores

Are complex structures

Covered by exosporium

Next layer is the spore coat (responsible for resistance to chemicals)

Page 28: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Endospores

Cortex is beneath the spore coat and contains peptidoglycan

Spore cell wall surrounds the core

Page 29: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Resistance of endospores

Large amounts of dipicolinic acid is complexed with calcium ions in the core

May aid in resistance

DNA-binding proteins, dehydration of core and DNA repair systems all contribute to resistance

Dipicolinic acid

Page 30: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Sporogenesis/sporulation

Page 31: Archaeal cell walls Can be gram-positive or gram-negative Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein.

Transformation into vegetative cells

Occurs in three stages

1. Activation

2. Germination

3. Outgrowth


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