Apuntes Curso Ingles Instrumental OK
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Transcript of Apuntes Curso Ingles Instrumental OK
UNIVERSIDAD DIEGO PORTALESFACULTAD DE INGENIERIAESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL Inglés Instrumental I
English for Industrial Engineers
A Compilation for Beginners
1
Index
Map of the book................................................................................ 3
One “Obamarama”............................................................................. 7
Two “Financial services” .................................................................... 10
Three “More service and support, please Mr. Dell” ................................ 13
Four “Financial Profile” ...................................................................... 16
Five “ Sales Terminology” ................................................................. 19
Six “Cristina’s Travails” ..................................................................... 23
Seven Wordcheck ............................................................................ 25
Eight “Retailers report dismal December sales” .................................... 28
Nine “Burris: I’m the legally appointed senator” ................................... 32
Ten “A day in the life of Bill Gates” ..................................................... 36
Eleven “Company problems” .............................................................. 42
Twelve “Scales and Graphs” .............................................................. 46
Thirteen “Alexander Graham Bell” ...................................................... 51
Fourteen “Job Adverts” ..................................................................... 59
Fifteen “The Inditex Group” ............................................................... 66
Sixteen “Optical Fibres” .................................................................... 70
Seventeen “Project Planning” ............................................................. 79
Eighteen “A Turnkey Project” ............................................................. 88
Students’ Notes ............................................................................... 94
Your Glossary................................................................................... 97
Annex 1 “False Cognates” ................................................................ 108
Annex 2 “Irregular and Foreign Plurals” ............................................. 113
Annex 3 “Irregular English Verbs” ..................................................... 116
2
Lesson Learning Outcomes Content Vocabulary ActivitiesOne“Obamarama”
Identifying central ideas
Cognates and False Cognates
Indefinite article a / an
Political Crisis. Brainstorming activity about familiar words in EnglishOrganising cognatesReading Comp.Writing main ideas
Two“Financial services”
Offering financial services
Word Order (Adjective + Noun)
Financial world. Deciding the correct orderReading Comp.
Three“More service and support, please Mr. Dell”
Stablishing goals for a market leader company
Plural Nouns Regular Irregular Foreign plurals
Production processes.
Forming the pluralsReading Comp.Finding plurals in contextMaking a glossary
Four“Financial Profile”
Writing a profile for a business corporation in the stock market
Compound Nouns (Noun + Noun)
Corporation, stocks and shareholders.
Finding Spanish equivalentsWriting technical collocationsReading Comp.
Five“Sales Terminology”
Writing definitions Is – Are It – They Definitions
Retail and wholesale.Communication (1).
Comprehension exerciseCompleting sentencesReading comp.Writing definitions
Six“Cristina’s Travails”
Stating strengths and weaknesses in a
There is / There are
Financial crisis, inflation and
Using structuresCompleting a
3
dispute. disputes. paragraphIdentifying central ideas
Seven“Wordcheck”
Making predictions No + Noun The adverb “no”
Communication (2)Wordcheck (previous lessons)
Reading comprehension.Making predictions.
Eight“Retailers report dismal December sales”
Writing short reports about sales
The ‘s Genitive Shopping itemsManagement positionsRetailers
Rewriting sentencesReading comp.Naming companies and related sales
Nine“Burris: 'I am the legally-appointed senator'”
Describing people’s positions and functions within a company
Word formation (1) Suffixes “ly” and “al” Prefixes “in” and “un”
Political positionsLegal words
Reading Comp.Matching columnsWriting exerciseCompleting a table
Ten“A day in the life of Bill Gates”
Describing job expectations and position obligations
The Present Simple
Frequency adverbs
Adjectives to qualify a job.Office habitsJob benefits
Reading Comp.Matching columnsWritingCompleting a table
Eleven“What are the biggest problems facing your company?
Reporting problems at work.
Studying a case
The Present Simple (negative form)
Words used to describe company problems.
Listing company problemsWorking with the dictionariesReading comp.Matching words and definitions
Twelve“Scales and Graphs”
Analysing scales, graphs and nomographs
Can / Can’t Percentile WagesThe language of scale and graphsRequests, offers and
Explaining variablesMatching columnsReading Comp.Writing
4
possibilities
Thirteen“A space shuttle disaster”
Writing a biography The simple Past Tense (Affirmative, negative, and interrogative)
The World Bank glossaryIrregular and regular verbs
Reading a timelineWriting a biography using a timelineCloze procedureStudying a chartWorking with the dictionary
Fourteen“Job adverts”
Comparing job offers
Commenting on a pie chart
The comparison of adjectives
Types of marketsA pie chart
Writing using comparatives and superlativesMatching columnsComparing job advertsDescribing productsReading comp.
Fifteen“The Inditex Group”
Writing a sales report
Drawing conclusions from a store-layout
Comparing permanent and temporary situations
The present continuous
Verbs of actionA store layoutBusiness development
Writing a reportMaking a glossary on a company growthCompleting sentencesIdentifying tense conceptsCompleting a business profile
Sixteen “Optical Fibres”
Reporting based on a diagram
Analyzing a sales report
How much / how many
Quantifiers Numbers,
numerals, proportions
Sales report vocabularyTechnical quantifiers
Writing a description about quantitiesCompleting sentencesWriting a short reportVocabulary check
5
Playing games with numbers
Seventeen“Project Planning”
“The role of an engineering consultant”
Organising time (Gantt Charts)
Understanding and writing a msn
Writing predictions based on the properties of materials
Future with Will Prepositions of
time If clauses type 1
(with will + simple present)
Engineering vocabulary.Properties of engineering materials.Stages of a consultancy.
Understanding a Gantt ChartReading Comp. Completing sentences using prepositions of timeWriting a msn in fullWriting predictions Answering questions.Making a glossary
Eighteen“A Turnkey Project” Describing the stages
of a project.
Verbs + prepositions
Nouns + prepositions
Glossary of a “turnkey project”
Completing sentences.Multiple choice.Reading ComprehensionMaking a glossary
6
Muchas palabras en Inglés son SIMILARES EN FORMA Y SIGNIFICADO a palabras en español. Por ejemplo, en la oración
Communication is a basic function of society
hay palabras o combinaciones de palabras muy fáciles de entender:
Communication ………………………………………………..
basic function …………………………………………………..
society ………………………………………………………………
Estas palabras se conocen normalmente como COGNADOS y facilitan la comprensión ya que tienen raíz semejante en inglés y español, aunque varían mucho en sus terminaciones, ortografía en general, y pronunciación. Entre otros muchos ejemplos se pueden citar:
Mathematics telephone universe reciprocalBotany oscilloscope pressure complexEngineering antenna hypothesis principalEconomics thermostat air directPhysics capital television programme
De acuerdo a algunas terminaciones, los cognados pueden agruparse en:
(a) Palabras que en INGLËS tienen terminación “-TION”y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-CIÓN”
organization = organización integration = integracióninformation = información invention = invención
(b) Palabras que en INGLÉS tienen terminación “-SION” o “-SSION”y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-SIÓN”
division = división expresion = expresióncohesion = cohesión depression = depresión
(c) Palabras que en INGLÉS tienen terminación “-TY”y que generalmente en ESPAÑOL terminan en “-DAD”
society = sociedad quantity = cantidadactivity = actividad specialty =
especialidadEn los siguientes ejemplos, del mismo tipo anterior, los sustantivos llevan el artículo A o AN; las palabras descriptivas (conocidas como adjetivos) no lo llevan.
Lesson One(1) Cognates
7
a base, a basis = una base a symbol = un símbolo basic = básico symbolic = simbólico
an experiment = un experimento a centenary = un centenarioexperimental = experimental centennial = centenario
Importante: existen los Falsos Cognados, es decir, palabras que en inglés y en español son muy PARECIDAS en FORMA, pero tienen DIFERENTE SIGNIFICADO.
Ejemplos de falsos cognados:
Actual = real,verdadero (current, present = presente, actual)
Alumnus = ex - alumno (student = alumno, estudiante)
Exit = salida (success = éxito)
Success = éxito (event = suceso, hecho, evento)
Tenant = arrendatario (liutenant = teniente)
(En el apéndice 1 se incluye una lista de los falsos cognados de uso más frecuente para utilizar como referencia.)
Exercise 1.1: Recognize and underline all the cognates you can find in the following text.
ObamaramaExtract form the Financial TimesPublished: December 29 2008 18:35 | Last updated: December 29 2008 18:35
“Oil prices going up and down. A year with the Obama-mania ended with the president-elect and his team at action stations, preparing themselves for government amid what looks to be the surprise of the decade.
The acute escalation of the financial crisis in the last weeks of the campaign has left little time for reflection on Mr Obama’s achievement. The world applauded as America, for the first time, sent a black man to the White House, but it is important to remember that the Democrats’ victory in November was arguably as much an expression of voter disgust with President George W. Bush and the Republican party as it was a reflection of the president-elect’s political skills.”
Exercise 1.2: Identify the central idea of the text and write it down.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1.3.. Traduzca estos cognados al español.
1. application 10. capacity
8
2. fission 11. equation
3. humidity 12. solution
4. destruction 13. lesion
5. definition 14. university
6. expression 15. alteration
7. ability 16. reduction
8. specialization 17. expulsion
9. expansion 18. function
Exercise 1.4.. Traduzca estos cognados al inglés.
1. velocidad 10. dimensión
2. acción 11. adaptabilidad
3. conclusión 12. producción
4. densidad 13. relatividad
5. electricidad 14. reacción
6. observación 15. exposición
7. fricción 16. fidelidad
8. visión 17. reducción
9. identidad 18. dirección
Exercise 1.5. Escriba las palabras equivalentes en español.
1. a society 11. a stimulus
2. social 12. stimulant
3. a space 13. an individual
4. spacious 14. individual
5. a line 15. a movement
6. linear 16. movable
7. an experiment 17. a nucleus
8. experimental 18. nuclear
9. a specialty 19. a distance
10. special 20. distant
En Inglés la POSICIÓN de las palabras descriptivas (adjetivos) es distinta a la del español. Observe:
Lesson Two(2) Word Order
9
a Basic Function = una función básicaan Essential Social force = una fuerza social esencial
Exercise 2.1.Traduzca estas frases al español
1. Social organization
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Electric current
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. An energetic person
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. An adequate response
…………………………………………………………………………………
5. Physical contact ................................................................................
6. Nuclear physics .................................................................................
7. A relative difficulty ............................................................................
8. An evident result ...............................................................................
9. A collective stimulus ..........................................................................
10.Cellular biology .................................................................................
11.A linear program ...............................................................................
12.A simple linear equation .....................................................................
13.Descriptive statistics ..........................................................................
14.A stimulant discussion .......................................................................
15.A provisory solution ...........................................................................
16.Obligatory elementary education .........................................................
17.An experimental design ......................................................................
18.A complex social structure ..................................................................
19.Industrial Engineering ........................................................................
20.Financial crisis ..................................................................................
21.Political abilities ................................................................................
22.Election possibilities ..........................................................................
23.Democratic victory ............................................................................
Exercise 2.2.Reading Comprehension.
10
Communication is not a human invention. In its broadest sense, communication is a social force. Communication occurs everywhere in the universe, and is occurring always. It is a function of all matter.
Vocabulary:
In its broadest sense: en su sentido más amplio
Occurs everywhere: ocurre en todas partes
Always: siempre
Matter: materia
Según el texto:
(a) La comunicación es una creación humana. SI NO
(b) La comunicación es una función del hombre. SI NO
(c) La comunicación es una función constante de toda materia. SI NO
(d) La comunicación como fuerza natural se manifiesta en todo
el universo. SI NO
The theme or centra idea in the text is:
(a) human invention(b) the universe(c) communication(d) matter
In the text, communication is defined as:
(a) a natural force(b) a function of all matter(c) both (ambos) a force and a function(d) a human invention
Exercise 2.3.Reading Comprehension. Use your dictionary to find and underline all the “adjective + noun” combinations.
11
Financial Services1
Cooper Financial Services Ltd.
Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offers a vast range of financial solutions to suit the individual necessities of its clients. Today's investor has market comprehension and requires the tools to take advantage of knowledge. To that end, we provide advice based on our outstanding of information sources. Matching our knowledge-base with your understanding of individual markets can make you a big winner in the increasingly complex marketplace. Here are some of our offerings:
Historical fundamental equity database Strategic planning Comprehensive reports that permit industry-to-industry, company-to-industry and
company-to-company analysis. Report compilations detailing key items on market and industry performance Daily summary of stock market and industry tendencies (trends) Secure access to financial data on publicly traded companies Monthly reports that monitor company-to-peer performance
Exercise 2.4. Answer the following questions for general understanding
1. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?
__________________________________________________________________________
2. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?
__________________________________________________________________________
3. What does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. match its knowledge-base to?
__________________________________________________________________________
4. What type of planning does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. offer?
__________________________________________________________________________
5. What type of daily summary does Cooper Financial Services Ltd. provide?
__________________________________________________________________________
6. What do monthly reports monitor?
__________________________________________________________________________
1 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial2.htm> (Consulta: Enero 2009)
Lesson Three(3) Plural Nouns
12
El plural de los sustantivos en inglés se forma agregando “s” o “es” al singular como regla general.
Existen algunos casos especiales, los plurales irregulares, que no siguen la regla y que hay que memorizar. (Ver apéndice II)
Ejemplos:
SINGULARREGULAR PLURALS
SINGULARIRREGULAR PLURALS
A class Classes A man MenAn example examples A woman WomenA society Societies A foot FeetAn activity Activities A tooth TeethA church Churches A (PC) mouse (PC) mousesA dish Dishes A mouse (animal) MiceA car Cars A child ChildrenAn auction Auctions A goose Geese
Observa que el sustantivo en PLURAL se expresa SIN artículo A/AN ya que éste indica singular. (A/AN = 1)
Exercise 3.1. Forme el plural correspondiente.
1. an organization__________________________________
2. a function______________________________________
3. a university_____________________________________
4. an oscilloscope__________________________________
5. a division_______________________________________
6. an ability_______________________________________
7. an engineer_____________________________________
8. a business______________________________________
9. a company______________________________________
10. a problem______________________________________
Observe, en los siguientes ejemplos, que el adjetivo en inglés se mantiene INVARIABLE, sea
cual sea el número del sustantivo. Ejemplos:
Singular: a chemical reaction an important datum (*)
Plural: chemical reactions important data
Exercise 3.2. Cambie estas frases al plural. Recuerde consultar el anexo 2 para plulares extranjeros e irregulares.
1. A primitive man. ____________________________________________
13
2. A modern communication system. ______________________________
3. A long-distance telephone call. _________________________________
4. A chemical analysis (*). ______________________________________
5. A basic criterion. (*). ________________________________________
6. An interesting phenomenon. (*)________________________________
7. A financial crisis. (*) _________________________________________
(*) “Plurales extranjeros” .
Exercise 3.3. Complete la tabla de singulares y plurales. Encuentre el par faltante en el siguiente texto.
More service and support please, Mr DellBy Michael Schrage Published: May 9 2006 20:00 | Last updated: May 9 2006 20:00Extract from the “Financial Times”
““We’re not going to be missionaries for innovation,” said Kevin Rollins, Dell’s chief executive. “We only want to go into a market where the product or service is definable, standardisable, simplifiable and repeatable . . . We don’t count on our margins existing because the technology is proprietary or because the customer is stupid.”
Indeed, the Dell production model remains as flexible, adaptable and opportunistic as when Mr Dell launched it in 1983 from his college dormitory. But market competition has relentlessly eroded vital elements of that model’s value proposition. Dell’s cost and price advantages have become less significant as Hewlett-Packard and Lenovo have retooled their own supply chains and production processes while becoming more innovative.
More serious for Dell, however, is that the perceived locus of value is evolving away from what the company does best. As prices have relentlessly dropped, customers increasingly appear less interested in the most cost-effective buy than in “convenience”, “ease of use” and “support”. Service matters more than ever.
As more people become more reliant and dependent on their personal computers, printers, servers and networks, they demand ever-higher quality of service and support. Managing expectations and execution around service-related “process innovation” has proven far more difficult and expensive than Dell expected – particularly for its cheapest and least profitable machines. The economics of support are hard.
So just as customers of all kinds were thrilled to have more computer for less money, they also expected more service and support for less, as well. For years, Dell enjoyed a top reputation for customer service and support. But as product portfolios and their inherent software complexity increase, Dell’s production challenge of “build to order” is giving way to the challenge of “service to order”. That is apparently not a natural extension.”
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
14
missionary innovations
executives year
interviews markets
margins products
customers element
models dormitories
advantage costs
chain prices
process
loci companies
computer printer
server network
qualities expectation
machine
portfolio kind
complexities extensions
Exercise 3.3. Lea nuevamente el texto y haga un glosario. Use un diccionario.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
Lesson Four(4) Compound Nouns
15
Cualquier palabra que se encuentre en POSICIÓN DE ADJETIVO califica o describe al sustantivo que le sigue, aunque dicha palabra funcione normalmente como sustantivo. Ejemplos:
NOUN COMPOUND NOUN (N + N)
An animal + a society = An animal society
Life + mechanisms = Life mechanisms
Esta combinación de sustantivo + sustantivo es muy usada en inglés y se conoce como “Compound Nouns” (N+N)
Exercise 4.1.Escriba estas frases en correcto español.
1. energy transmission _________________________________________________
2. life requirements ____________________________________________________
3. animal memory _____________________________________________________
4. animal communication system _________________________________________
5. a space station _____________________________________________________
6. group response _____________________________________________________
7. time concepts ______________________________________________________
8. an insect community _________________________________________________
9. TV production methods _______________________________________________
10. a telegraph message _________________________________________________
11. aerobic exercise ____________________________________________________
12. preliminary hyothesis _________________________________________________
13. universal studios ____________________________________________________
14. industrial engineering ________________________________________________
15. metal structure ______________________________________________________
16. telephone line ______________________________________________________
17. air conditioning _____________________________________________________
18. plastic figure _______________________________________________________
19. human society ______________________________________________________
20. radio antenna ______________________________________________________
Exercise 4.2. Match columns A and B to form compound nouns.
Example:
16
A research program
Reasearch methods
A B
Program productionTransmission research (investigation)Society populationMethods organizationTheory probabilitySystem insectOrganization vectorIndustry communicationAnalysis spaceFatigue metalDistribution relativity
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.3. Find and underline the compound nouns in the text. Then write them in Spanish using your dictionary.
17
Financial Profile: ViewSonic Computers Financial Profile 2
ViewSonic computers is a publicly traded corporation actively traded on the NASDAQ. The company was launched in 1999 with an IPO raising $70 million. Shareholders own more than 80% of the company while upper level management and employee stock options own the remaining 20%. ViewSonic is located in Denver, Colorado with manufacturing plants in Taiwan and Indonesia. The total cash flow during 2000 was $365 million. While total operating expenses for the past fiscal year totalled $180 million resulting in a pre-tax profit of $175 million. ViewSonic Computers market share in the US domestic market has grown from 2% to 5% during the past 18 months. Future plans include the development of a line of laptop computers to export to the Chinese Market. CEO, Kevin Connery, was optimistic in his vision of the future. While other computer manufactures are loosing market share, we are increasing our market share at over 100% annually. ViewSonic offers consumers computers that are made to meet their specific requirements, while pricing these computers at mass market prices. This unique combination ensures ViewSonic will be a major market player in the near future.
Exercise 4.4. Answer the comprehension questions about the text.
Which market is ViewSonic traded
on? ..................................................................................................
How much money did the IPO
raise? ..................................................................................................
Who owns 80% of stock?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……….……………
Where are ViewSonic manufacturing plants
located? .................................................................................................
.
How much has market share grown over the past 18
months? .................................................................................................
.
How much did ViewSonic spend on operating
expenses? ..............................................................................................
....
Which market is ViewSonic trying to enter with its new line of laptop
models? ..................................................................................................
2 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/library/business/bl_read_financial1.htm > (Consulta: Enero 2009)
18
IS (forma del verbo “be”) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y
DESCRIPCIONES EN SINGULAR.
Observe estos ejemplos:
A computer IS an electronic instrument.It IS a component of modern communication systems.
En la segunda oración, it reemplaza a computer – su antecedente en este caso – y evita su repetición.
ARE (otra forma del verbo “be”) se usa para expresar DEFINICIONES Y
DESCRIPCIONES EN PLURAL.
Observe estos ejemplos; compárelos con los de arriba:
Computers ARE electronic instruments.They ARE components of modern communication systems.
En la segunda oración, they reemplaza a computers – su antecedente - y evita su repetición.
Exercise 5.1. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.
1. The molecule ________ the smallest unit of a compound.
2. Economics ________ a science. It _______ a social science.
3. Physics and Chemistry ________ sciences. They ________ natural
sciences.
4. Telstar ________ a satellite. It _________ a communication satellite.
5. Early Bird and Telstar ________ satellites. They ________ communication
satellites.
6. Ants ________ insects. They ________ social insects.
7. Sun and planets __________ in physical communication.
8. The principal characteristics of life _________ movement, change and
growth.
Lesson Five(5) Is – Are
19
9. Botany _________ the study of plants. Zoology _______ the study of
anumals. They ________ branches of biology.
10. Measurement ________ a valuable and essential part of scientific
research.
Exercise 5.2. Complete these sentences using IT or THEY.
REMEMBER : IT = singular ............. (things, animals, plants)
THEY = plural ........... (things, animals, plants)
1. Metals are good conductors. _________ transmit energy.
2. Water is a chemical compound. ___________ is essential to life.
3. Adaptation is a characteristic of all living matter. __________ is essential
for survival.
4. Inflation and overpopulation are serious problems. ________ have
economic and social repercussion.
5. Mechanics is the study of the properties and motions of particles and
rigid bodies. _________ is a branch of physics.
6. Artificial satellite are man-made objects. ____________ are used for
scientific exploration, navigation, communication and military reconossaince.
7. Communication is a natural force. ________ occurs everywhere in the
universe.
8. All types of communication require a force, a signal and a receiver.
_______ are the three essential elements in the process.
9. Gravity is an exchange of energy in space. _________ is an example of
physical communication.
10. Verbal and non-verbal are other types of communication. ________ are
two basic kinds of communiation among humans.
Exercise 5.3. Comprehension Exercise.
All animals are capable of some type of communication. In simple form, animal communication is a response to a stimulus. The stimuli are, in some cases, simple changes or modifications in the environment of the animal. When the response to these changes is a modification of behaviour on the part of the animal or animal species, a type of “ecological” communication is complete.
20
The annual migration of some species of birds is an example of a group response to changes in the environment. These changes are information to the birds: ‘It is time to migrate’. The birds are “in communication” with their environment, and a perceptible and characteristic pattern of behaviour is the result.
Choose the best alternative.
1. Animal communication is a :a. simple form of stimulusb. response to a stimulusc. change in the environmentd. modification of behaviour
2. The stimulus, in some cases, is :a. some type of communicationb. a simple form of responsec. a change of animal behaviourd. time for migration
3. The modification of behaviour on the part of the animal species is a type of:
a. animal communicationb. animal responsec. ecological stimulusd. ecological communication
4. The annual migration of birds is esentially a:a. reaction to changes in the environmentb. change in the pattern of behaviour of birdsc. type of information to the birdsd. perceptible and characteristic communication
Exercise 5.3. Complete these sentences using IS or ARE.
Sales Terminology 3
Julian: I'm new to this job, could you explain some of the terminology? Jack: That ________ what I'm here for. Shoot.
Julian: What _______ the difference between retail and wholesale?Jack: Wholesale _________ to distributors. Retail to consumers.
Julian: Distributors? Consumers?Jack: Distributors ________ stores that sell our merchandise. Consumers ________ the people who buy the products.
3 About.com: English as a second language < http://esl.about.com/od/businessreading/a/d_salest.htm > (Consulta: Enero 2009)
21
Julian: Oh, I see. What __________ a bill of lading? Jack: The bill of lading __________ the list of shipped the merchandise. It ________ in every shipment or delivery.
Julian: I get what pre-paid means. That means the merchandise has been paid for. But, what ____________ C.O.D.?Jack: Cash on delivery.
Julian: What does that mean?Jack: Exactly what it says: cash is paid upon receiving the goods. Of course, it could be a credit card or a check, as well.
Julian: Oh, I understand. What _________ a delivery fee?Jack: The delivery fee __________ an extra charge that the customer pays to have the goods delivered.
Julian: I think I'm beginning to understand now.
Exercise 5.4. Answer True or False and check for understanding.
(a) Individuals usually buy from retailers. TRUE FALSE(b) Distributors sell merchandise. TRUE FALSE(c) Shipments include a bill of lading TRUE FALSE(d) You pay COD before your goods arrive. TRUE FALSE(e) Delivery fees raise the price of a shipment. TRUE FALSE
Exercise 5.5. Now rewrite the definitions included in the text.
Example: “The delivery fee is an extra charge.
__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Lesson Six(6) There is - There are
22
There is expresa existencia en singular (un, una, uno)
There are expresa existencia en plural(dos o más)
Observe estos ejemplos:
There is one (1) star in the solar system; the sun There are eight (8) planets.in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Exercise 6.1. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.
1. ______________ a primitive indigenous civilization in Australia.
2. ______________ approximately 900,000,000 people in China.
3. ______________ responses for all stimuli.
4. ______________ women everywhere in the universe.
5. ________________ an element of reality in the human imagination.
6. ________________ a new oscillograph in Lab 2.
7. ________________ two electronic microscopes in Lab 1.
8. ________________ communication among various animal and insect
species.
9. ________________ psychological conflicts between impulses and reason.
10. ________________ speculation on the necessity of lunar experimentation.
11. ________________ 32 natural satellites or moons in the solar system.
12. ________________ five theories on the origin of the solar system.
13. ________________ always an exchange of energy in one form or another in
the universe.
14. ________________ more children in America than in Europe.
15. ________________ salmon in every Chilean lake.
16. ________________ a financial crisis going on.
Exercise 6.2. Complete with THERE IS or THERE ARE.
Cristina’s travails (Adapted from The Financial Times Limited 2008)
23
________________ a new president in Argentina, Cristina Fernández, a surprising
victory of sorts. And _______________ controversial plans approved by legislators
and _____________ new export tariffs coming soon. But her difficulties are not
over by any means.
First, ________________ last minute concessions to farmers made by the
goverment that reduce the expected revenues from the new tariffs. Second,
_________________farm leaders who are still planning to resist the bill in the
Senate, where ________________discussion (in committee) starting on Monday.
Third, _________________the political alliance that has backed Ms Fernández as
well as the presidency of her husband, Néstor Kirchner, and which is seriously
divided. Finally, __________________an enormous political cost for taking such a
hard line in the dispute, with her poll ratings going down. Obviously,
______________ this loss of popularity which will be abundantly clear in next
year’s mid-term congressional elections.
All of this shows that _______________an overriding necessity for Ms Fernández
to adopt a more conciliatory approach as she refocuses on urgent economic
difficulties from which the farm conflict has diverted attention.
_______________inflation, which is one problem, and _____________ another
problem, how to deal with the $6.4bn in defaulted debt to the Paris Club of
Western creditor nations.
Original text by Jude Webber.
Exercise 6.3. The central idea in the text “Cristina’s Travails” is:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________
Lesson Seven(7) No + NOUN
24
NO, en Inglés, indica cantidad o número cero (0), es decir, AUSENCIA DE, tanto en singular como en plural.
There is NO atmosphere on the moon.No hay atmósfera en la luna.
There are NO seas on the moon, but “maria”.No hay mares en la luna, sino “maría”.
Exercise 7.1. Lea estas oraciones y escriba si indican “existencia” o “ausencia” de.
EXISTENCE ABSENCE1. There are maria but there is no
water on the moon surface maria water2. There is a problem but there is no
solution stated in the report.3. The researchers have advanced
different hypotheses but there are no results yet.
4. Students have many exercises to complete but there is no time to do them.
5. There are more and more cases of VIH but there is no cure for it.
6. There is inflation all over the world, but there are no real measures to prevent a financial disaster.
7. There are elections coming soon, but there is no appropriate candidate.
8. There is a lot of delinquency, but there are no sufficient prisons.
9. There is a real necessity for work, but there are no opportunities for young professionals.
10. There are many political conflicts, but there is no social concern.
Exercise 7.2 Lea esta oración en Inglés.
“Where there is no communication among social groups, there is obvious social dissolution”
25
Esta oración significa:
(a) La comunicación entre los grupos no es necesaria para la cohesión social.
(b) Si falta comunicación entre los grupos que forman la sociedad, no hay disolución social.
(c) Donde no hay disolución social evidente, no hay tampoco necesidad de comunicación entre los grupos.
(d) La disolución social evidente es el resultado de la falta de comunicación entre los grupos de una sociedad.
(e) Hay pocas sociedades en donde la falta de comunicación afecta de manera evidente la propia cohesión social.
Exercise 7.3 Reading Comprehension Exercise.
“Communication is a basic function of society. It is a force of social organization. Where there is social organization there is communication. Where there is little communication, there is evident social dissolution. Where there is no communication, there is no society.”
Complete estas oraciones según el párrafo anterior.
1. Communication is:a) a social forceb) societyc) social dissolutiond) a function of social dissolutione) social organization
2. Social organization is based upon:a) no communicationb) little communicationc) communicationd) dissolutione) none of the above
3. Where there is little communication:a) there is no social cohesionb) there are problems of social integrationc) social disintegration is impossibled) no social dissolution is improbablee) social unity is automatic
4. Where there is no communicationa) social unity is automaticb) social dissolution is impossiblec) no social disintegration is possibled) there are no problems of social integratione) there is no social cohesion
26
Exercise 7.4 Writing negative predictions. (Group work sharing information to the class.)
Example: There is no chance that Chile avoids the world recession.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
1. El genitivo –‘s generalmente indica posesión y se usa con:
- nombres propios Lincoln’s monument
Lesson Eight(8) The ‘S Genitive
27
(de personas o geográficos) Dr. Burn’s student
London’s transport
Europe’s future
- personas my sister’s book
the boys’ room (*)
- sustantivos colectivos the government’s policy
the nation’s social security
- animales superiores the horse’s tail
the lion’s hunger
Otros usos del genitivo –‘s incluyen
2. GENITIVE OF ORIGIN
- Torricelli’s theory the theory that Torricelli developed
- Ohm’s law the law that Ohm developed
3. DESCRIPTIVE GENITIVE
- a women’s college a college for women
- a doctor’s degree a doctoral degree / a doctorate
- the school’s library (**) the history of the school
- science’s influence (**) the influence of science
4. GENITIVE OF TEMPORAL MEASURE:
- a moment’s thought the thought that lasted a moment
- ten days’ absence the absence lasted ten days
28
(*) Cuanto el sustantivo termina en S, normalmente el genitivo agrega solamente el apóstrofe
(**) Generalmente el genitivo ‘S se usa con sustantivos que corresponden a seres animados; por extensión, se usa también con sustantivos de especial interés para la actividad humana.
NOTE: You should still use the genetive case when talking about things that belong to other
things.
For example:-
The door of the car.
The content of the website.
Tip - If you aren't sure what to use stick to (of the).
Exercise 8.1 Write the –‘s GENITIVE which could be related to the following sentences as in the example:
Example: WOMEN HAVE RIGHTS WOMEN’S RIGHTS
1. The world has problems. ___________________________
2. Europe has art treasures. ___________________________
3. Neruda wrote poetry. ___________________________
4. Einstein formulated the relativity theory.
____________________________________________________
5. The government has an international policy.
____________________________________________________
6. A school for girls. ___________________________
7. The work took a year. ___________________________
8. A planet has mass. ___________________________
9. The mean distance of the earth from the sun.
____________________________________________________
10.The total solid weight of the brain. ________________________
11.The general development of the mind.
____________________________________________________
12.Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation.
____________________________________________________
29
Exercise 8.2. Find all the genitive cases in the text.
Retailers report dismal December salesAdapted from the text written by ANNE D'INNOCENZIO, AP Retail Writer Anne D'innocenzio, Ap Retail Writer.AP – Pedestrians walk past Generations Menswear on 8th Ave. in New York Wednesday, Jan. 7, 2009. Retailers …
RELATED QUOTES
ANF 22.25 -1.49
COST 51.61 +1.49
GPS 12.85 -0.71
JCP 22.04 +0.54
LTD 9.95 -0.75
NEW YORK – Retailers reported dismal sales figures for December on Thursday as even Wal-Mart
Stores Inc., one of the bright spots in the industry, finally buckled under the pressures of the
deteriorating economy.
Among the many retailers that reported steep sales declines were Sears Holdings Corp., which
operates Kmart and Sears stores, luxury retailer Saks Inc. and Gap Inc. But the biggest surprise
came from Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, which posted a smaller sales gain than what Wall
Street expected and cut its fourth-quarter earnings outlook.
"This suggests that the lower income group is feeling the pinch more than we thought and this is
clearly reflected in the lower-than-expected numbers at Wal-Mart," said Ken Perkins, RetailMetrics
LLC research company’s president. "I think it says the economy is in more dire straits than we
thought."
"The current economy remains challenging for all businesses, and retailers have already seen
customers pull back on discretionary spending," Wal-Mart's Chief Financial Officer Tom Schoewe
said in a statement. "Consumers are very focused on value and necessities."
Wal-Mart noted that health and wellness items were the categories that primarily fueled sales.
Electronics sales were solid, while the apparel and jewelry business was weak.
Given the disappointing sales and higher-than-anticipated expenses, Wal-Mart said it now expects
to earn 91 cents to 94 cents per share in the fourth quarter from continuing operations. That's down
from its previous projected range of $1.03 per share to $1.07 per share. Analysts surveyed by
Thomson Reuters expected $1.06 per share.
Discount rival Target Corp., which has been stumbling because its merchandise focuses more on
nonessentials like trendy clothes, announced a 4.1 percent decline in same-store sales, better than
the 9.1 percent drop that Wall Street analysts predicted.
30
Among department stores, Sears Holdings said its December same-store sales dropped 7.3
percent, weighed down by a 12.8 percent drop at domestic Sears stores. The company, whose
brands include Kenmore and Craftsman, said Kmart same-store sales fell 1.1 percent.
Macy's Inc. reported that same-store sales fell 4 percent in December, less than the 5.3 percent
decline that analysts had expected. For the combined November-December period, same-store
sales were down 7.5 percent. But the department store chain cut its fourth-quarter and full-year
earnings outlook due to heavy markdowns and announced plans to close 11 underperforming
stores. The chain operates more than 840 Macy's stores.
J.C. Penney Co.'s same-store sales within its department store division fell 8.1 percent, better than
the 10.3 percent decline analysts had expected.
"Customers waited until late in the month to shop and we faced a highly competitive promotional
environment," said Gap's Chief Financial Officer Sabrina Simmons.
Kitchen gadget chain Williams-Sonoma Inc., which didn't break out December figures, said its
same-store sales dropped more than 24 percent for the eight-week period ended Dec. 28 and
warned its fourth-quarter profit will likely come in at the low end of expectations.
Exercise 8.3. Name the business companies which reported declines in their earnings. (Also, list the most/least-sold items for Christmas and the positions associated to the financial world)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Una manera muy común de formar palabras en inglés es la de agregar PREFIJOS (al comienzo) o SUFIJOS (al final) de las palabras. Estudiando estas reglas de formación de palabras podrá aumentar su capacidad de reconocimiento de vocabulario.
Lesson Nine(9) Word Formation
31
1. Agregando el SUFIJO –“AL” a algunos sustantivos se forma el correspondiente adjetivo. Por ejemplo:
SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVOInstruction instructionALChemistry chemicALExperiment experimentALVision visual
Observe que, en algunos casos, ADEMÄS DEL SUFIJO, hay un cambio en la ortografía del sustantivo.
2. Anteponiendo el PREFIJO “IN” o “UN”, a algunos adjetivos se los hace negativos y expresan lo opuesto. Ejemplos:
A soluble solution An INsoluble solutionAnimate objects Inanimate objectsA stable economy An Unstable economyReliable data Unreliable data
3. Agregando el SUFIJO “LY” a cualquier adjetivo, se forma el correspondiente adverbio.
ADJETIVO ADVERBIOExact exactLYEssential essentialLYPosible possibLYNecessary necessariLY
Exercise 9.1. Complete el par correspondiente, agregando o quitando el sufijo “AL”. Use your dictionary to help you.
1. organization
12. universe
2. theoretical 13. Natural3. integration 14. Serial4. information 15.instrument5. material 16. conditional6. function 17. Social7. essential 18.physics8. principal 19. Additional9. motion 20.event10. hypothetical 21. Habitual11. gravitation 22.part
Exercise 9.2. Use el prefijo “IN” para negar estas ideas.
32
1. An adequate example. _______________________________________
2. Human conditions. __________________________________________
3. Direct communication. _______________________________________
4. A complete report. __________________________________________
5. Material causes. ____________________________________________
6. Essential information. ________________________________________
7. A correct response. __________________________________________
8. Accurate results. ____________________________________________
9. A frequent error. ____________________________________________
10.Valid conclusions. ___________________________________________
Exercise 9.3. Use el prefijo “UN” para negar estas ideas.
1. Natural causes. ______________________________________________
2. A sophisticated model. ________________________________________
3. Important effects. ____________________________________________
4. A clear explanation. __________________________________________
5. Interesting hypothesis. ________________________________________
6. Solved problem. _____________________________________________
7. A necessary change. _________________________________________
8. Successful experience. _______________________________________
9. A true statement. ___________________________________________
10. An able person. __________________________________________
Exercise 9.4. In the following text, find and underline all words using prefixes “in” and “un”, and suffixes “al” and “ly”. Then complete the table below.
Burris: 'I am the legally-appointed senator'
Adapted from (CNN) -- CNN's Wolf Blitzer spoke
Monday with Roland Burris, picked by Illinois Gov.
Rod Blagojevich to fill President-elect Barack
Obama's U.S. Senate seat. Below is a partial
transcript of the interview:
33
Mr. Burris, thanks very much for readily joining us here in The Situation Room.
Roland Burris, former Illinois attorney general: It is my pleasure. To all the CNN listeners, happy New Year.
Blitzer: Thank you very much. And happy New Year to you. All right.. We know that under Illinois law and
constitutional law that the secretary of state can in no way veto legal action of the governor. So that signature
is only ceremonial to put the seal on it. Tell us what your intention is?
Burris:: Well, Wolf, I intend to be sworn in. I will present myself to the Senate tomorrow. And should they turn
me away, I will then proceed to leave and then my lawyers will have to assess what the next course of action
will be.
But we have no intention to be confrontational. We're in contact with Sen. Durbin's people, and naturally we're
in touch with the sergeant-at-arms in the United States Senate.
Blitzer: Because yesterday Sen. Durbin, the senior senator from Illinois, and the Senate majority leader, Harry
Reid, they both said they were open to, quote, "negotiating" with you on this. So tell me what there is to
negotiate?
Burris: Well, I am the legally-appointed senator. And we've been trying to get everyone to recognize that the
governor of Illinois has incredible problems. God knows he has problems, but he is still the governor. And
based on that, I'm hoping that the Senate of the United States will honor that. I mean, it's just that simple.
All the people have to do is recognize that we now have a junior senator who is ready, willing, Wolf, and able to
go to work on behalf of the 13 million of our great state.
Blitzer: Some of the pundits in Chicago and in Illinois have suggested, rather informally, one of the things they
could negotiate, referring to you and the Senate majority leader, perhaps making an unbelievable commitment
only to serve for two years and not seeking a formal election in 2010. Is that unreasonable from your
perspective?
Burris: Well, Wolf, if you look at my record, I won four times statewide in Illinois. And I never lost a race to a
Republican. The races that they're talking about are Democratic primary races where you got the party
apparatus at work and thereby we don't have Republicans and independents voting in the Democratic primary.
Blitzer: So at least at this point, you're flatly rejecting this notion of making a commitment right now not to seek
election in 2010?
Burris: My friends and supporters said to me: "Roland, we don't need somebody to warm the seat. You know,
you have a statewide base, you've been elected statewide four times. So yes, we want you to run in 2010."
Blitzer: All right. One quick question on the issue of race. Is there a racial overtone involved in this whole
uproar right now?
Burris: Wolf, I have never in all of my years in public service injected race into any of my campaigns. I was
elected, I ran up and down this state, I was the first black elected, even when they -- remember they told
Barack Obama he was really out of his mind to be running for president? That the white folks weren't going to
vote for him?
34
Well, in 1977, they told me the same thing. Can you imagine, 1977? And here it's 2008? Well, I got that same
type of a reception, primarily from blacks. If I'd have listened to them, I never would have been elected.
Now complete the table using the underlined words and your dictionary.
Meaning Stem Word Prefix Suffix1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.
El SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE tiene solamente dos formas: La base (BASE) y la forma con –“s” (-S FORM)
BASE occurs with all persons EXAMPLES:(I, you, we, they) except third Most planets HAVE satellites.Except third person singular. Satellites REVOLVE around the planets.
Mercury and Venus CLASSIFY as “inner”Planets.
-S FORM occurs only with third Mars HAS two satellites.person singular (he, she, it) The moon REVOLVES arount the earth.
Jupiter CLASSIFIES as an “outer”planet.
En ESP, el SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE se usa para expresar GENERALIZACIONES: hipótesis, leyes, ideas centrales y hechos que los corroboran.
Lesson Ten(10) The Present Simple
35
Examples:
Exercise 10.1. In the following texts, identify all the BASE and –S FORMS. 4
A. Well, what matters to me is a high salary, long holidays and helpful colleagues. I only have two of these in my present job!
B. Bill wants to be a salesman, so what’s important for him is a company car, a mobile phone, and a laptop computer of his own.
C. Janet expects a friendly boss, travel opportunities, oh, and a large office.
D. I need fast promotion, flexible hours, and some sports facilities, because I play tennis and football.
Exercise 10.2. (A) What do people want from work? Read the texts again and make three compound nouns they use from the words in each box.
1. high colleagues
long salary
helpful holidays
2. Friendly office
Travel opportunities
Large boss
4 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2004, p14.
HYPOTHESIS A “cloud” of comets CIRCLES the sun at a distance of more
than one light-year.
PRINCIPLE Every object REMAINS at rest or MOVES at a constant speed
in a straight line unless made to change because of some
outside push or pull. (Newton’s principle of inertia).
CORE IDEA and All objects in the universe EXERT a force of attraction upon
each other. This force is called gravitation.
SUPPORTING FACTS Gravitation KEEPS the stars in their courses and the planets
in their orbits. It also KEEPS people and common objects
anchored to the surface of the earth
36
3. company phone
Mobile computer
Laptop car
4. fast facilities
Flexible promotion
Sports hours
(B) Match some compound words from exercise A to their meanings 1 to 6.
1. a lot of money high salary
2. a lot of time away from work..................................................................
3. good people to work with.......................................................................
4. the chance to go to different places on business .......................................
5. move quickly to a higher position at work................................................
6. you can change the times when you start and finish work...........................
(C) What are your job expectations? Write a short paragraph.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Exercise 10.3. “A day in the life of Bill Gates” 5
The average day in the life of Bill Gates consists of attending meetings and reading e-
mail. He has three monitors in his office that contain his inbox, the current e-mail he
is reading, and a browser, respectively. Gates receives about 100 e-mails per day that
he reads, but his personal assistant filters out many unknown e-mails. For a man that
runs one of the most powerful companies in the world, that may not be as many as
you would have thought. Nevertheless, he still runs into information overload.
Staying focused is one issue; that's the problem of information overload. The other
problem is information underload. Being flooded with information doesn't mean we
have the right information or that we're in touch with the right people.
What is a man to do when there is more news than there is time? If that man is Bill
Gates, he turns to SharePoint.
5 1one Microsoft way < http://arstechnica.com/journals/microsoft.ars/2006/4/4/3461 > [Consulta, Enero de 2009]
37
SharePoint puts me in touch with lots of people deep in the organization. It's like
having a super-website that lets many people edit and discuss—far more than the
standard practice of sending e-mails with enclosures. And it notifies you if anything
comes up in an area you're interested in.
When the day has come and gone, Gates puts the kids to bed, and, get this, he reads
his e-mail! There's no better way to relax than by reading e-mails that may have
slipped past you during the day, right?
Now that you have an idea of how Microsoft's head honcho lives out his day, do you
feel that you can relate? I do. Like a lot of us, his day is filled with meetings and
technology. That's just the way the IT industry works whether you are providing tech
support or managing a multi-billion dollar company.
(A) Now answer the questions about Bill Gates’ life.
1. How many e-mails does Bill Gates receive everyday?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Does he read all of them ?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Who “cleans” his infobox?
_______________________________________________________________
4. How does he solve his problem of not having time for everything?
_______________________________________________________________
5. How many monitors does he have in his office and for what purpose?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Does the author think of Bill Gates as a “normal” person? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
7. What company does Bill Gates own?
_______________________________________________________________
8. What do you think Bill Gates’ marital status is?
_______________________________________________________________
9. How much is Bill Gates’ company worth?
_______________________________________________________________
(B) Vocabulary. Match the columns. Relate the two columns according to their meaning.
38
Words in the text New words1. Be in touch A Direct an enterprise2. Underload information B Honorary secretary3. Run a company C Download data4. Honcho D Be present at a reunion5. Attend meetings E Be in contact
When we want to say how often something happens, it is common to use frequency adverbs. It is possible to use them when referring to the past, present or future:
The following list shows the most common adverbs of frequency, with the one that refers to things that happen most often at the top, and least often at the bottom:
Always Usually Frequently Often Sometimes Occasionally Rarely Seldom Hardly ever Never
I always brush my teeth before I go to bed. (=every night) I usually have toast for breakfast. (=happens most days) I frequently watch
the news before dinner. (=it's common) I often go to the park with my dog. (=many times) I sometimes see him down at the shops. (=at particular occasions but not all
the time) I occasionally visit the capital. (=not happening often or regularly) I rarely smoke cigars. (=it is not common) I seldom have a chance to go to the theatre. (=almost never) I hardly ever travel abroad. (=almost never) I never work on the weekend. (=not at any time or not on any occasion)
Adverbs of frequency can occupy different positions in the sentence. With most verbs, the normal position is between the subject and the verb. With the verb "to be", the adverb normally comes after the verb:
Pedro occasionally visits us on Sundays. She is often ill in winter.
Exercise 10.4. According to the reading and based on the grammar focus
above decide how often Bill Gates does the following things.
Grammar Focus: Frequency Adverbs
39
1. Have lunch at home
_______________________________________________________
2. Attend school meetings
_______________________________________________________
3. Put his kids to bed
_______________________________________________________
4. Check his infobox
_______________________________________________________
5. Have money problems
_______________________________________________________
6. Depend on his personal assistant
_______________________________________________________
7. Turn to SharePoint
_______________________________________________________
Exercise 10.5. Read the following interviews and complete the table below. Interview 1. (I. Interviewer/ R. Rosalinda)I. What do you do when you get to work?R. I always check my e-mail.I. Where do you have lunch?R. I usually have lunch at home because it’s close to my work.I. How often do you travel on business?R. I go to Italy one a month to meet customers.I. Where do you come from?R. Well, I am from Bolivia, originally.
Interview 2. (I. Interviewer/ Is. Isabella)I. What do you do when you get to work?Is I usually look in my diary. Then I have a coffee.I. Where do you have lunch?Is. I often have a sandwich at my desk.I. How often do you travel on business?Is. I never travel on business.I. Where do you come from?Is. I was born in Italy, but we moved to Wales years ago.
Interview 3. (I. Interviewer/ S. Steven)I. What do you do when you get to work?S. I always say hi to my colleagues. Then I check my e-mails.I. Where do you have lunch?S. I usually have lunch in the cafeteria with my colleagues.
40
I. How often do you travel on business?S. Twice a year I go to sales conferences in Europe and the U.S.I. Where dio you come from?S. I’m Australian.
Rosalinda(Bolivia)
Isabella(Italy)
Steven(Australian)
1. What do you do when you get to work?
2. Where do you have lunch?
3. How often do you travel on business?
4. Who do you have lunch with?
5. Where do you come from?
In the simple present tense, negative and question forms are made using the auxiliary verb "do".
Forming a negativeNegatives in the simple present are formed by adding don't or doesn't before the simple form of the verb:
Subject Auxiliary Example
I don't I don't sing
You don't You don't sing
He doesn't He doesn't sing
She doesn't She doesn't sing
It doesn't It doesn't sing
We don't We don't sing
Lesson Eleven(11) The Present Simple Negative
41
They don't They don't sing
Exercise11.1. Our agency interviewed four people about the biggest problems their companies are facing. Here are the answers:6
Match the answers in Exercise A with an appropiate heading. Use your dictionary.
A) changes at work
B) space problems
C) money problems
D) difficult people
Find words in the replies which mean the following.
6 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2004, p 24
Only THIRD PERSON SINGULAR subjects (he, she and it) use DOESN’T – the rest use DON’T
B
CB
“We pay a lot of rent for an office floor in the city centre. There isn’t enough room for all our staff. Everyone is crowded into small offices. We really need a spacious office. We want to move outside the city centre a.s.a.p.”
“There are a lot of modifications in our company at the moment, and staff are worried about losing their jobs. They aren’t very happy. They don’t come to work on time and often leave early”
“One of our sales team is not
a team player. He doesn’t
work well with colleagues.
He doesn’t attend meetings.
He never helps anyone, and
he doesn’t send reports on
time. He isn’t very popular”
“Our biggest problem is that we spend too much money. We need to cut costs because we are having difficulties paying
our bills. We have a problem with our cash flow”
A
42
1. the money you pay regularly to use a building (reply 1) ____________
2. when a place is too full of people (reply 1) ___________3. large, with a lot of space (reply 1) __________4. unhappy about something (reply 2) ___________5. someone who works well with other members of a group (reply 3)
________6. people you work with (reply 3) ___________7. a piece of paper showing how much you have to pay for
something (reply 4) ________8. amount of money coming into and going out of a company (reply
4) ______
Exercise 11.2.: Study the Case, and list the problems that the companies involved are facing. (Use the Negative forms of the verbs)
DETROIT (AP) - February 4, 2008 -- A dispute between Chrysler LLC and parts supplier Plastech Engineered Products Inc. forced Chrysler to shut down or cancel a shift at five factories Monday, and the automaker said it could idle all 14 of its assembly factories. In its lawsuit filed Friday, Chrysler claimed Plastech no longer can meet its production demands.
Plastech has 36 facilities and 7,600 employees in the United States and Canada and supplies Chrysler with about 500 plastic interior, exterior and powertrain components for nearly all of its vehicles, according to a lawsuit Chrysler filed Friday in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Detroit. Chrysler terminated its contracts with the Dearborn-based supplier on Friday, before Plastech filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
Plastech's contracts with the automaker were worth about $200 million, Plastech spokesman Kelvin Scott said. Plastech does about $1.3 billion in total business, he said.
Faced with stiff competition and a shrinking market, many suppliers are willing to take on work if it means getting contracts, said Craig Fitzgerald, a partner in Plante & Moran's Strategy and Global Services Group.
Fitzgerald said Monday. "Production values are declining, there is high debt, weak earnings and cash flow, and difficulty in getting credit."
Although Chrysler has an inventory of vehicles made by the plants, it will not benefit from any plant closures, said Aaron Bragman, an auto industry analyst for the consulting company Global Insight. "When a plant is idle, you're not making any money. You've got people standing around, so it's just a cost," he said.
CASE STUDY: “ DETROIT ... WE HAVE A PROBLEM “
43
The shutdowns are having a ripple effect as auto parts maker Dana Corp. canceled Monday night's second-shift at its modules plant in Toledo. About 150 people work at the plant, which supplies drivetrain parts for Chrysler's Toledo Jeep plant.
Chrysler employees will be notified of return-to-work schedules from plant officials or through local media, the automaker said. Chrysler's work shutdown should last no more than a week or two, Fitzgerald said.
"I think they will not have any problems filling the void," he said. "There is a lot of excess capacity. Chrysler would do everything to get up and run."
Adapted from a report made by Corey Williams Associated Press Writer on the Net.Example: They don’t benefit from plant closure.
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En inglés existe un grupo de verbos DEFECTIVOS (también llamados MODALES) – muy usados en el lenguaje corriente – con el significado de poder, deber, querer. Estos verbos no se conjugan en todos los tiempos y presentan algunas características especiales.
Su infinitivo NUNCA va precedido de TO como los verbos comunes (to go, to read, to play, etc). Son iguales para todas las personas En las formas negativa e interrogativa se comportan como el verbo auxiliar be. No llevan la s en la tercera persona del presente (he, she, it). CAN significa poder, ser capaz de, saber (tener capacidad física o conocimiento suficiente para hacer algo). Se utiliza tanto para el afirmativo como para el interrogativo y SIN auxiliares: CAN'T es la forma contraída o reducida de CANNOT (nunca se escribe separado):
Can I swim very well?
Yes, I can swim. No, I cannot swim.
You can swim.
Can you swim very well?
Yes, you can.
She can swim.
Can she swim very well?
Yes, she can.
Can he swim very well?
No, he can't. He can't swim.
Can we swim very well?
No, we can't. We can't swim.
Can you swim very well?
No, you can't. You can't swim
Can they swim very well?
No, they can't. They cannot swim.
Exercise 12.1 Choose the correct answer.
1. She can’t ___________ Italian.
Lesson Twelve(12) Can / Can’t (cannot)
45
a. speak b. to speak c. speaking
2. ________ play chess?
a. Does he can b. Is he can c. Can he
3. We ________ go to the party ?
a. don’t can b. aren’t can c. can’t
4. Can you help me ? Sorry, I ___________
a. don’t b. can’t c. ‘m cannot
5. __________ I see the doctor tomorrow, please?
a. Can b. Am c. Do
6. Can he swim ? Yes, he _________
a. do b. can c. is
Exercise 12.2 Mix and Match the columns. Draw an arrow.
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Exercise 12.3 Decide whether the following uses of can refer to
requests, offers or possibilities..
Exercise 12.4 Read the following passage in your own time. Use your dictionary to help you. Then answer the questions.
SCALES AND GRAPHS. 7
In engineering it is often necessary to describe quantities and relationships. We can give a pictorial representation of vector quantities by using vectors. Scalar quantities are simply described by giving their magnitude in a suitable unit of measurement. For example, we can describe the mass of a body as a quantity of grammes, the capacity of a container as a number of cubic metres and a period of time as so many seconds. We can also illustrate scalar quantities by points or divisions on a scale. Thus, a clock is a scale for measuring time and the clock hands indicate the passage of time. Similarly
7
You can do it!
47
a metre stick is a scale for measuring length and a thermometer is a scale for measuring heat.
Scales can also be used to make calculations. For example, engineers use slide-rules for quick multiplication and division. The slide-rule consists of two
logarithmic scales.
When there is a relationship between two sets of observations, we can often express this as a mathematical formula. We can also use a graph. A graph gives a visual representation of the relationship. This is often more easily understood than a law. For example, if we make a graph to compare the safe working loads of steel ropes with the circumference of the ropes, it is easy to see how the safe working load varies with the circumference. In addition, we can use the graph as an information store, rather like a simple computer. In this way a graph can present at a glance the information contained in a law or a collection of tables.
A more complex kind of graph is the nomograph. This can show the relationship between more than two variables. A simple monograph can consist of a number of scales arranged in a special shape. For example, three scales could be placed parallel to each other or in the form of the letter N, or even in curves. Such a nomograph is read by drawing a straight line to cut through all three scales. With a nomograph of this type an engineer could relate information on the horse-power of a motor, its speed, and the diameter of driving
shaft necessary to transmit the motor’s power.
More complex monographs are made on special graph paper and may even be in three dimensions.
1. What is a vector used for ? __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. How can we describe a scalar quantity ? _______________________________
?GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 22p.
48
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3. In what way is a thermometer a scale ? ________________________________
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4. Name two uses of scales. ___________________________________________
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5. What is a slide-rule and what is it used for ? _____________________________
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6. Name two ways in which a relationship between two variables can be shown. __
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7. Describe the advantages of a graph. ___________________________________
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8. Give one difference between a graph and a monograph. ___________________
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Exercise 12.5 Study the following graph and then explain all the variables.
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El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se usa para describir acciones que
han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:
She cleaned her house.
I broke the window.
Observa que la estructura de la oración es similar a la del Presente Simple:
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
I worked Did I work ? I did not (didn’t) work
You worked Did you work ? You did not (didn’t) work
He worked Did he work ? He did not (didn’t) work
She worked Did she work ? She did not (didn’t) work
It worked Did it work ? It did not (didn’t) work
We worked Did we work ? We did not (didn’t) work
You worked Did you work ? You did not (didn’t) work
They worked Did they work ? They did not (didn’t) work
En las formas interrogativa y negativa se usa el auxiliar DID (que es la forma
pasada del verbo "TO DO") y el verbo principal va en su forma infinitiva. En las
negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contraída de DID NOT o sea DIDN'T. En
el cuadro superior se eligió el verbo work a modo de ejemplo.
Lesson Thirteen(13) Simple Past
50
Forming the simple past tense (with regular verbs)With most verbs, the simple past is created simply by adding -ED. However, with some verbs, you need to change the ending a little. Here are the rules:
Verbs ending in...How to make the simple
pastExamples
e Add -Dlive - lived
date - dated
Consonant + yChange y to i, then add
-EDtry - triedcry - cried
One vowel + one consonant (but NOT w or y)
Double the consonant, then add -ED
tap - tappedcommit -
committed
[anything else] Add -EDboil - boiledfill - filled
hand - handed
The three most important irregular verbsThe three most important irregular verbs are BE, HAVE, and DO. BE is the most difficult, because its forms are different depending on the subject:
Pronoun Verb
I was
You were
He / she / it was
We were
They were
HAVE and DO are more simple:
Base form Past Tense
have had
do did
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Other irregular verbsOther irregular verbs fall into three main categories:
Category Examples
Verbs which don't changecut - cuthit - hitfit - fit
Verbs which change their vowelget - gotsit - sat
drink - drank
Verbs which change completelycatch - caughtbring - broughtteach - taught
Exercise 13.1 Reading Comprehension.
Read and then do the exercises below.
A SPACE DISASTER 8
The wife of an Israeli astronaut who perished in the Columbia space shuttle disaster today paid tribute to the crew of "angels" who died onboard.Rona Ramon said she was consoled by the fact her husband Ilan had died chasing his dream and "with people he loved in a place that he loved".And she spoke of the comfort relatives of the Columbia crew gave each other."We are one big family," she said. "What unites us is the knowledge they really enjoyed being there and loved being with each other. They are all angels and will remain that way."The children are not saying much. They are trying to get used to the fact that he is no longer here." Rona revealed her last contact with Ilan was via email moments before the shuttle prepared for landing. He also sent emails to former US President Bill Clinton and ex-Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres who decided in 1995 to send an Israeli astronaut into space. Rona choked back tears as she recalled the moment she realised her husband was dead: "Just like at the lift-off, we counted back from 10, but we got to zero and nothing. "No sign - the shuttle wasn't drawing near, nor did we hear the sonic booms that we knew would be heard before the landing."There was an odd, terrible quiet...As the minutes passed we already knew that there was nobody to wait for and nothing to wait for."
QUESTIONS
1. Answer the following questions using your own words.
a. According to the text, who is comforting the widow right now?
8 http://www.miguelmllop.com/practice/intermediate/readingcomprehension/shuttle.pdf
A
BA
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_______________________________________________________________
b. How many e-mails did the astronaut send before the shuttle exploded and who to?_______________________________________________________________
2. Are the following statements true or false?
a. Bill Clinton decided to send an Israeli astronaut into space in the nineties. ____b. Bill Clinton sent an e-mail to Shimon Peres in 1995. _____
Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is similar in meaning to:
STAY: ________________ APPROACHING:________________
SHIP: ________________ TEAM:_______________________
DIE : ________________ HOMAGE:____________________
Choose a, b or c in each question below. Only one choice is correct.
1. Rona Ramon was comforted because her husband had died doing what he liked.
a. Yes.b. No.c. Possibly.
2. The astronauts on the shuttle got on with one another.a. Yes.b. No.c. Sometimes.
3. The children are getting used to:a. Their father’s absence.b. The shuttle.c. Their mother’s tears.
4. The noise that is heard before the landing was:a. None.b. Very low.c. Very loud.”
CA
DCA
E
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Look at the chart below, which shows the distribution of the World Bank lending various sectors in Fiscal Year 1982. 9
Note: Urbanization: the word ‘urban’ refers to cities.Sewerage: a sewer is an artificial conduit or channel (usually underground) for the disposal of waste matter.Rural Development: the word ”rural” refers to the countryside.Nonproject and Structural Adjustment: this sector consists of lending for special purposes not covered by the other categories; for example, lending for rehabilitation after natural disasters.
Now answer these questions.
1. Which sector received the largest amount of World Bank assistance in 1982? _______________________________________2. Approximately, what proportion of total lending went to that sector ?_______________________________________3. How much did the World Bank lend for Nonproject and Structural Adjustment ? _______________________________________4. Did the loans extended to Development Finance Corporation come to just under $1 billion ? __________________________________________5. Which sector received about one-tenth as much assistance as Energy ?
_______________________________________________________6. Why do you think Energy received so much assistance?
_______________________________________________________
Cloze Procedure. Alexander Graham Bell. As you read, choose the best alternative to complete the ideas.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and became a very famous man. He also wrote an article which he presented in 1883. His research paper was about deaf people.In his article, Dr. Bell explained why there were so many deaf children. He believed that when deaf adults married each other, they would have deaf children. He thought that this was bad. Bell blamed the schools for the deaf for causing marriages between deaf people. He did not like the idea of these intermarriages and tried to think of ways to stop them. He
9 CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English, 1984, R3.2.
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would have preferred that deaf children be taught at hearing schools. He did not ____1______ schools for the deaf. Bell felt that deaf people would not mix with hearing people if they went to _____2_____ schools.
Bell was ____3______ about other things, too. He noticed that deaf people socialized with other deaf people. He felt that socializing with other deaf people was bad. Deaf people should socialize with hearing people, he thought. Bell tried to start a new law that would make it illegal for deaf people to marry each other. He ____4______ up his idea when he realized that such a law could not be enforced.
Bell also had strong feelings about the ____5______ of deaf children. He wanted deaf children to be with hearing children in school. He thought that the deaf children could learn normal behavior from the hearing children. Bell was against the use of deaf teachers, too, because he thought this added to the ____6______ of a deaf "race" in America.
Bell had another theory which he never proved. He believed that deaf children who signed would not have good English skills. He could never prove this, and now many people have tried to prove the opposite! A lot of new research shows that many deaf children whose parents sign (and are deaf) do _____7_____ schoolwork than deaf children who do not sign at home!
1. Bell did not ___________ schools for the deaf.
a. observe b. describe c. support d. visit e. study
2. Bell felt that deaf people would not mix with hearing people if they went to
_________ schools.
a. larger b. nicer c. worse d. older e. separate
3. Bell was _________ about other things, too.
a. selfish b. upset c. shy d. careless e. unsure
4. Bell ________ up his idea when he realized that such a law could not be
enforced.
a. fixed b. gave c. wrote d. talked e. printed
5. Bell also had strong feelings about the ________ of deaf children.
a. discipline b. health c. safety d. effort e. education
6. Bell was against the use of deaf teachers, too, because he thought this
added to the _________ of a deaf “race” in America.
a. ability b. lossc. problem d. success e. cost
7. A lot of new research shows that many deaf children whose parents sign
(and are deaf) do _________ schoolwork than deaf children who do not
sign at home!
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a. more b. easier c. slower d. better e. quieter
Using the timeline below, choose the most important facts to write a biography of Marco Polo. You can also use your
dictionary to help you.
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Lesson Fourteen(14) The comparison of adjectives
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We compare two people or things with comparative forms of adjectives We compare three or more people or things with superlative forms of adjectives
Monosyllabic adjectives are compared with -er, -est.
positive comparative superlative
strong stronger strongest
small smaller smallest
late later latest
nice nicer nicest
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
fat fatter fattest
London is bigger than Vienna.
Disyllabic adjectives ending with y, er, ow, are compared with -er, -est.
positive comparative superlative
easy easier easiest
happy happier happiest
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
What is the easiest exercise?
All the other adjectives are compared with more, most.
positive comparative superlative
careful more careful The most careful
expensive more expensive The most expensive
difficult more difficult The most difficult
tired more tired The most tired
terrible more terrible The most terrible
Which dress is more expensive? Which dress is the most expensive?
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Irregular forms
positive comparative superlative
good better best
bad worse worst
much more most
many more most
little less least
(not) as ... as -
Ann is as tall as Mary I think tomorrow it will be as hot as today. This test was not as difficult as the last one.
Exercise 14.1 Reading Comprehension. Identify all the comparative and superlative forms in the text.
Los Angeles10
Los Angeles, also known as L.A., is the second largest city in the United States (after
New York). Most immigrants to the United States arrive in Los Angeles and many of
them stay here. The city is also famous for its two Olympic Games (1932 and 1984).
Hollywood
Hollywood is a district of Los Angeles and for a long time it was nothing more but the
name of a ranch. In the early 1900s, however, movie companies decided to move from
New York and New Jersey to California where they had more space and better
weather. Nestor Studios were the first to settle in the area. But more and more
followed and now Hollywood is famous all over the world for its movie studios and
stars.
On the Walk of Fame (along Hollywood
Boulevard and Vine Street) more than 2,000
prominent celebrities are honored with a star.
Disneyland (Anaheim, California)
10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR ON LINE ... the fun way to learn English > http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/usa/tour/los-angeles#exercises > [Consulta: Enero 2009]
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Disneyland is situated in Anaheim, just a little south of the City of
Los Angeles. The park opened on July 17, 1955 and was the first
Disney Park in the world. It has been visited by more than
500,000,000 people and has several theme parks:
Adventureland
Critter Country
Fantasyland
Frontierland
Main Street U.S.A.
Mickey’s Toontown
New Orleans Square
Tomorrowland
Grammar Exercise on the Text. Put the adjectives into the correct form.
1. Los Angeles is (large) ____________than Chicago.
2. But New York is (large) ___________city of the United States.
3. The weather in Hollywood is (good) ____________in New York or New Jersey.
4. Nestor Studios is (old) ____________movie company in Hollywood.
5. Disneyland is (interesting) _____________ any other amusement park.
6. Disneyland is (old) ________________ Disney park in the world.
7. Anaheim is (small) _______________ Los Angeles.
8. Doris Day was one of the (famous) _____________ actresses in the 60’s.
9. Mickey is (cute) _______________ mouse in the world.
10. Fantasilandia (in Chile) is (small) _______________ Fantasyland in L.A.
Grammar exercise. Write the correct form of the comparative or superlative.
1. A cheetah is ________________than a horse. (fast)
2. Susan’s hair is ________________than Betty’s. (short)
3. The Mt Blanc is ________________than the Großglockner, the Mt Everest is
the _______________mountain. (high)
4. June is ____________than May, but July is the______________. (hot)
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B
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5. Table tennis is __________than tennis but badminton is the___________.
(easy)
6. French is _____________than English, but Chinese is the ____________
language. (difficult)
7. "Airforce One" is the _______________film I have ever seen. (interesting)
8. No, I don’t think so. "Contact" is ________________than "Airforce One".
(interesting)
9. Hot dogs are ________________________than hamburgers. (good)
10. This is the _______________chocolate cake I have ever eaten. (good)
11. Skiing is as _______________________as riding a bike. (easy)
12. Carol sings as ___________as Mary, but Cindy sings____________. (beautiful)
13. Tennis is ______________than skiing, but football is the ______________ .
(popular)
14. Detective films are as _________________as western films. (boring)
15. No, I don’t think so! Romantic films are ____________than western films,
but nature films are the ____________films I have ever seen. (boring)
16. The United States are ______________than Mexico, but Russia is the
________________. (large)
17. A mouse is as ___________as a hamster, but a rat is _____________ than a
mouse. (clever)
18. A canary is __________ than an eagle, but a parrot is _____________.
(colourful)
19. Peter is as _____________as George. (clever)
20. January is as ________________ as February. (cold)
Exercise 14.2. Read the following job adverts in the UK
Commercial Manager
Employer: Harvey Nash plc Posted: 12 Jan 2009 Reference: HN4277TOL Contact: Dorota Fila Location: North West Industry : Engineering and
Manufacturing – Utilities Position Type: Permanent Position : Commercial Manager Salary: Up to £75k + benefits
Technical Sales Manager / Business Development Manager
Employer BMS Posted 13 Jan 2009 Reference SE030908 Contact Patrick McKinney Location Reading Industry Engineering and Manufacturing, Sales Position Type Permanent Position Technical Sales Manager / Business
Development Manager Salary £30000 - £30000 pa
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(taken from the London’s Times) and compare them. (Use adjectives like interesting, important, challenging, permanent,well-paid, profitable, growing, attractive, declining, etc.)
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UK General Manager
Employer: CRIPPS SEARS & PARTNERS Posted: 13 Jan 2009 Location: St Albans Industry: Energy - Non-Renewable, Energy - Renewable,
Engineering and Manufacturing - Environmental, Engineering and Manufacturing - Leadership/Management, Engineering and Manufacturing - Public, Engineering and Manufacturing - Utilities, Engineering and Manufacturing - General, Engineering and Manufacturing - Sales
Position Type: Contract Position: UK General Manager Salary: £ Executive Package
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Match the beginning of the sentences 1 to 5 with their endings a) to e)
1. Coca-Cola is a mass market product; it
a) is a small but often profitable market
2. Selling special interest holidays is a niche market; it
b) is outside the producer´s country.
3. Rolex watches sell in a luxury market; they are
c) is in the producer´s country.
4. An export market d) high quality and expensive goods
5. A home market e) sells to large numbers of people
Now think of 4 products you know and write about their types of market, just like in exercise C.E.g. Puma shoes sell in a mass marketOmega watches are a luxury market product.
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____________
Take a look at the pie chart at the right.What can you conclude ? Write a small
paragraph.
C
D
E
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ACTIVITY: Lower-level and higher level generalisations11
Statements which contain higher-level items are more general than statements which contain lower-level items. Look at the following example:
Statement (a) is the most general statement. When statement (a) is true, statements (b), (c), and (d) must also be true.Study the following sentences. Column (a) contains statements with lower-level items. Column (b) contains more general statements with higher-level items. Match each lower-level statement with a general statement from column (b).Example : Iron rusts. Metals corrode.
A B1. Iron rusts.
2. Bronze contains copper and tin.
3. A square metre is made by multiplying a
metre by a metre.
4. Chromium makes steel corrosion-resistant.
5. A load of five tonnes compresses a
concrete column.
6. Zirconia heat shields withstand
temperatures over 2000° C.
7. Vinylite can be shaped in a lathe.
8. Railway lines extend in hot weather.
9. Four-stroke internal-combustion engines
Engines consume fuel.
Metallic elements are added to steel to improve
its properties.
Compressive forces shorten bodies.
Metals corrode.
Derived units are products of basic units.
Alloys are mixtures of metals.
Ceramics can resist high temperatures.
Plastics can be machined.
11 GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 19p.
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burn petrol, diesel oil, and gas.
Metals expand when heated.
We use the present continuous to talk about temporary actions and situations that are happening now.The factory is working seven days days a weekWe are selling in 72 different countriesWhat is Gates doing? He is checking his e-mail The present continuous is formed with be and the –ing form of the main verb.
Complete these sentences with the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1. BMW _______________ (sell) Minis in China now.
2. People _______________ (work) in the factory 51 weeks a year.
3. I _________________ (call) about a problem.
4. Many English people _______________ (learn) Chinese.
5. She ______________ (attend) a course on presentation.
6. He ______________ (not work) in the office today.
7. They ______________ (entertain) some foreign guests.
8. Janet ______________ (research) a project. She _____________ (use) the
Internet a lot.
9. Loreto _________________ (do) an MBA course.
10. Chrysler Co. _____________ (develop) a new model.
11. DKNY __________________ (launch) a new parfum.
12. They _________________ (start) the project.
Complete the article about the food group Angus Steak House. Use
the present continuous form of the words in italics.
increase export plan expand translate
The number of Angus Steak Houses ____________ not only in London, but also in
other parts of the UK. At present, Angus Steak House ____ _________ its overseas
business, particularly in Asia. Currently, it ___________its advertising materials into
Japanese. Angus Steak House its winning formula to India and Indonesia. It
_____________ to open new shops in New York.
Lesson Fifteen(15) The Present Continuous
A
B
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Write a small report on how your business, life, or institution is changing.
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What is this typical store-layout indicating? Write your conclusions.
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_______________
Complete the sentences in the present continuous.
C
D
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1. I (look for) ____________________my pen.
2. Jane (print out) __________________the contract.
3. As long as I am on holiday, Hannah and John (take care) ________________of everything.
4. Look! Graham (wear) _________________a tie today.
5. That's because he (meet) _______________________the big boss in the afternoon.
6. I (work / not) _____________________tomorrow.
7. Bob (talk / not) ______________________on the phone.
8. What (you / do)______________________?
9. Where (Mister Bradley / stay)__________________________?
Choose the correct answer.12
1. I am living in London now. - What does this sentence mean? a. I have moved to London to stay there for ever.b. I am in London only for a limited period of time.c. I am going to move to London soon.
2. We are meeting Tom tonight. - What does this sentence mean? a. The action is arranged for the near future.b. The action is taking place now.c. The action might take place.
3. I'm working hard at the moment. - Is the sentence correct even if I am not working at the moment of speaking? a. yesb. no
4. He is playing football. - Which situation cannot be expressed by present progressive? a. To express that the match is going on right now.b. To express that he does not play football regularly, but only for a limited period of time.c. To express that he plays football regularly.
12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR ON LINE ... the fun way to learn English > http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/present-progressive-3 > [Consulta: Enero 2009]
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PROFILE The Inditex Group
The name Zara _________ (seem) to come from Zaragoza, but nobody ________ (know) it for sure. The Inditex Group ________(own) six fashion chains including Zara. It __________ (have) around 1,500 stores worldwide. It _______ (operate) in 44 countries. Inditex ____________(employ) 27,000 people and __________ (have) more than 200 fashion designers.Currently the fashion designers ____________ (work) on next year’s designs. The Inditex group __________ (do) at the moment, and it ____________(try) to become a global fashion leader.Amancio Ortega, the founder of Inditex, also ___________ (invest) in property and hotels. Most of this year’s investment ___________(stay) in Spain
5. Look! The Millers are moving house. - Which of the following situations is expressed by the present progressive? a. They are in the middle of the action.b. The action is going to take place next week.c. They will come back to this place one day.
Complete the article with the present simple or the present continuous
of the verbs in brackets. Remember that:13
We use the present continuous to describe temporary situations, ones
which happen for a long time
We use the present simple to describe permanent situations, ones
which won’t change.
13 COTTON, David, FALVEY, David, KENT, Simon. Market Leader. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2004, p 82
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Measurement and quantity14
Look at the diagrams
Make questions and answers like the following:
Example: How much liquid does the beaker contain ?
It contains a little liquid.
Now look at this:
14 BATES, Martin; DUDLEY-EVANS; Tony. General Science. English for Science and Technology. 5th ed. Hong Kong. Longman Group Ltd. 1985.63p.
Lesson Sixteen(16) How much / how many
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Note: Considerable means large enough to be important.
Negligible means too small to be important.
A lake contains a very large amount of liquid.
The sea contains an enormous amount of liquid
Exercise 16.1: Now write sentences describing the quantities of liquid in the
containers above.
1. ____________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________
Exercise 16.2: Give the names of elements which have, in one atom:
a. a few electrons
b. a large number of electrons
c. a very large number of electrons
d. a fairly large number of electrons
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e. a very small number of electrons
Exercise 16.3: Complete these sentences.
1. How __________ electrons does an atom of sodium possess?
2. How __________ oxygen does the atmosphere contain?
3. Our bodies contain a very large _________ of water.
4. There is an __________ number of stars in the universe.
5. For a rich man, one dollar is a _________ quantity of money, but for a poor
man it is a __________ amount.
6. The air consists of __________ nitrogen (78%); ___________ oxygen (21%);
________ argon (less than 1%) and _________ helium, neon, krypton and
xenon.
7. An orange contains _____________ seeds.
8. The _________ of bacteria in the air is _____________
9. ___________ people can speak more than five languages.
10.A large _________ of whales are found in the Pacific Ocean.
Exercise 16.4: Look again at the diagram of the containers (exercises 1
and 2) and read this:
The conical flask contains much more liquid than the beaker.
The beaker contains considerably less liquid than the gas-jar.
The beaker contains slightly more liquid than the spherical flask.
The dish on the right contains many more crystals than the dish
on the left.
The dish on the left contains considerably fewer crystals than the
dish in the middle.
Now complete these:
1. The conical flask contains _________ than the gas-jar.
2. The spherical flask contains _________ than the beaker.
3. The beaker contains ____________ than the conical flask.
4. The dish in the middle contains _________ than the dish on the right.
5. The dish on the right contains _________ than the dish in the middle.
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Exercise 16.5: Look at the following table. Compare the sales volume during
the year. Write a short report using the words of measurement and quantity.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________
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Exercise 16.6 : Reading Comprehension “Optical Fibres”
Optical fibre is a material used for transmitting sound and data: optical fibre.Optical fibre is made of glass and uses light (usually from a laser) to transmit messages.
Read this conversation between an engineer and a journalist about the advantages of optical fibre compared with conventional copper cable.
As you read, match the advantage with its effect(s). The first one has been done for you.
Optical Fibres. A conversation.
Engineer: There’s no doubt optical fibre systems have enormous advantages over existing transmission systems.
Journalist: So we have heard. But what are these advantages?Engineer: Well, first and foremost they have a much higher capacity than
copper wires. In other words, they can carry much more information — telephone calls or data, it doesn't matter which.Secondly they have a potentially lower material cost, At the moment, production costs of optical fibre are relatively high, but this is only because mass production hasn’t really started. In the long term, optical fibre will cost much less to produce than conventional cables. Another big advantage is their size , they take up much less space. With conventional cable you need many more ducts or pipes to carry the cable.
Journalist: What about quality of transmission ?Engineer: Yes they score very highly here as well. The signal doesn't need to
be amplified as often as with conventional cable, where signal loss means you need far more repeaters or boosters — in fact, every 2 or 3 kilometres as opposed to every 20 kilometres.As far as quality is concerned, optical fibres don’t suffer from interference or crosstalk as much as conventional cable.
Journalist: Anything else?Engineer: Yes, they also have complete electrical isolation and therefore
there's much more security on the line — the data can’t be corrupted or interfered with.
MATCH THE COLUMNS.
ADVANTAGE EFFECT1. higher capacity ( D ) a. less frequent repeaters2. lower material cost b. more security3. smaller size c. cheaper to produce4. higher quality of transmission d. more information5. complete electrical isolation e. less space in ducts
f. less interference/crosstalk
Remember: There is a difference between QUANTITY and AMOUNT:QUANTITY
A
B
With conventional cable, you need many more ductsWith conventional cable, you can transmit far fewer telephone calls
AMOUNTOptical fibres can carry much more informationOptical fibres take up much less space
Controlled Practice.
(1) Classify the followings nouns as either COUNTABLE (C) or UNCOUNTABLE (U)1. telephone call 5. duct 9. crosstalk2. Repeater 6. money 10. space3. information 7. security 11. capacity4. data 8. interference 12. equipment
(2)Complete these sentences.1. _________ _________ telephone calls can be transmitted using optical fibre.2.You hear ________ ________ crosstalk when using optical fibres.3. There is________ _________interference on copper cables.4.Optical fibres occupy__________ ___________ space.5. You need ______ ______ ducts or cables pipes with optical fibre.6.Conventional cable has _________ _________ capacity than optical fibre.7. Conventional cable will cost_________ ________ to produce in the future than
optical fibre.
WORD CHECK: Match the word(s) to its definition.
WORDS DEFINITIONScapacity — channels for carrying cables
material cost — a type of interference — sounds of another telephone call on the
line
ducts/pipes — to increase the strength of the signal
to amplify — a disturbance to the signal caused by unwanted signals
signal loss — how much something can hold e.g. the capacity of the truck is 200
cases.
repeater — outside electrical signals cannot interfere with the signal
interference — the information/data cannot be changed, accessed by other users
crosstalk — cost of the raw material (e.g.glass)
electrical
isolation
— to change or delete data.
security — type of amplifier
to corrupt
(data)
— decrease in the strength of a signal
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C
D
Size, quantity, dimensions and measurementsGames
The size, strength or capacity of things can be measured in many different ways. Cover the columns on the right and complete the following sentences with an appropriate word or phrase of measurement or size.
1. He’s bought himself a new 750 ... Kawasaki (a) Set2. We really need another 100- ... bulb. (b) lap3. We could also do with an extra 13-... plug. (c)area4. Her wedding ring is 24-... gold. (d) ratio5. It’s over 85 ... Fahrenheit in the shade today (e) Rate6. We sailed across the Atlantic in a 20,000- ... l iner
(f) Depth
7. The ship was travelling at an average speed of 28....
(g) Grade
8. Winds of gale ... 9 were reported. (h) Angle9. The Krakatoa explosion (1883) happened too long ago for the intensity of its sound to be measured in....
(i) Track
10. The recent earthquake gave a reading of point 7 on the Richter....
(j) Weight
11. The Empire State is a 102- ... building. (k)Scale12. Hong Kong has the highest ... of population of any country in the world.
(l) Storey
13. She passed her final exams with a ... 3. (m) Density14. The Tower of Pisa leans at an... of several .... to the vertical.
(n) Force
15. Parts of the Pacific Ocean are known to be well over 30,000 feet in ....
(o) decibel.
16. The people voted to remain in the Common Market by a ... of two to one.
(p) Degrees
17. Redundancies are being announced now at a ...of a thousand a day.
(q) Ton
18. A number of rock-groups now own their own 16 or 24-... recording equipment.
(r) Knots
19. The man thought to have been the heaviest ever is reported to have been over 70 stone in ....
(s)Carat
20. The final of the tennis championship — men’s singles — was the best of five....
(t) Degrees
21. The 800 metres is normally a two-... race (u) Watt22. The duke's farm extends over an ... of 640 acres.
(v) amp. (ampere)(w) c.c.
Games (2) Numerals and proportions
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There are several prefixes which indicate number in English. Try to find a word in the right-hand column which matches each definition 1 —21.
DEFINITION WORD
1 b e i n g a b l e t o s p e a k t w o l a n g u a g e s v e r y w e l l
a u n i f i c a t i o n
2 a p e r i o d o f t e n y e a r s b m o n o l o g u e3 a c r e a t u r e w i t h a b o u t a h u n d r e d l e g s
c s o l i l o q u y
4 a c h i l d ’ s t h r e e - w h e e l e d v e h i c l e
d b i n a r y
5 h a l f a p a i r o f g l a s s e s e b i a n n u a l6 t o c o p y a d o c u m e n t f o c t e t7 o n e t h o u s a n d w a t t s g d i o x i d e8 a t e n t h o f a c e n t i m e t r e h d u o d e c i m a l9 t h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g a c o u n t r y c o m p l e t e l y o n e
i u n i l a t e r a l
1 0 d e s c r i b i n g a d e c i s i o n t h a t h a d 1 0 0 % s u p p o r t
j u n a n i m o u s
1 1 a v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e a s a c r o w d
k p o l y g a m y
1 2 t h e s t a t e o f h a v i n g r a t h e r a l o t o f h u s b a n d s o r w i v e s a t o n c e
l . d u a l
1 3 a s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e o n l y d i g i t s u s e d a r e 1 a n d 0
m t r i c y c l e
1 4 d e s c r i b i n g a s y s t e m l i k e : 1 2 i n c h e s i n 1 f o o t
n m i l l i m e t r e
1 5 t h e O i n C O o k i l o w a t t1 6 a r o a d c o n s i s t i n g o f 2 p a r t s w i t h t r a f f i c g o i n g i n o n e d i r e c t i o n o n l y
p m u l t i t u d e
1 7 h a l f - y e a r l y q m o n o c l e1 8 a g r o u p o f e i g h t m u s i c i a n s r d u p l i c a t e1 9 o n e - s i d e d , t h e s o r t o f n u c l e a r d i s a r m a m e n t t h a t p a c i f i s t s w o u l d b e h a p p y w i t h
s b i l i n g u a l
2 0 a l o n g i s h p a s s a g e s p o k e n b y o n e p e r s o n
t d e c a d e
2 1 a m o r e r o m a n t i c s p e e c h u c e n t i p e d e
Games (3)Numerals and proportions
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Practice1 Which word or phrase is missing in each of the sequences
below? Complete and continue each sequence.
1 one two three four five six seven nine ten2 first second third fourth sixth3 once three times four times five times4 one a half a third a fifth5 solo trio quartet quintet6 think of a number double it quadruple it7 a double whisky a triple (or treble) whisky
2 Now see how quickly you can find the answer to this rather long sum.
Four add two, divide by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away four, times three, plus two, minus four, halved, equals what?
3 Of all these numbers, O presents the most linguistic problems.Try to read out loud the following expressions including various words for the figure O. Then work out the answer to questions 9 and 10. Look up the answers in the answer Key if you find this exercise difficult.
1 Manchester City 0, Manchester United 02 5,4,3,2,1,0!3 0.1% of the air4 Tel. 01 906 30025 H206 4+2—6=07 6—0,6—1,6—08 the temperature is below 0°9 How many fingers have you got on your feet?
4. For further practice of expressions describing numbers, give an example of each item below.
1 an odd number _____________________________
2 a three-figure sum ____________________________
3 three consecutive numbers after the decimal
point_______________________________________
4 a multiple of 49 ________________________________
5 an even number _____________________________
6 a fraction __________________________________
7 a number with 5 digits _________________________
8 an equation _________________________________
Lesson Seventeen(17) Will and Time Prepositions time
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El auxiliar de futuro “Will” expresa una decisión espontánea, una suposición
en relación al futuro o una acción en el futuro que no puede ser influenciada.
Funciona igual para todas las personas.
Formas del will
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
they.
} will speak
I
You
He
She
It
We
you
they
{will not speak.
(won’t speak)
Will
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
they
Speak ?
Uses of will
a spontaneous decision : “Wait, I will help you.”
an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future
“He will probably come back tomorrow.”
a promise: “I will not watch TV tonight.”
an action in the future that cannot be influenced: “It will rain tomorrow.”
conditional clauses type I: “If I arrive late, I will call you.”
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Exercise 17.1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the simple present or simple future (will). Pay attention to time indicators.
1. Today after I (get) _______out of class, I (go) _______to a movie with some friends. 2. When you (arrive) ________in Stockholm, call my friend Gustav. He (show) ________you around the city and help you get situated.
3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) __________? B: After I (receive) ________my Master's from Georgetown University, I (go) _________to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) _________ to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.
4. This weekend, we (go) _________skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. Your father (plan) _______to pick you up after school today at 3:00 o'clock. He (meet) _______ you across the street near the ice cream shop. If he cannot be there, I (pick) __________you up instead.
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) ________ cutting down huge stretches of rain forest, we (experience) _________huge changes in the environment during the twenty-first century.
7. If Vera (keep) _______ drinking, she (lose) ________ her job. 8. I promise you that I (tell, not) ________ your secret to anybody. I (reveal, not) __________the truth to a single person.
9. She (make) _______ some major changes in her life. She (quit) _______ her job and go back to school. After she (finish) ________studying, she (get) _______a better-paying job and buy a house. She is going to improve her life!
10. Tom (call) ________when he (arrive) ____________in Madrid. He (stay) __________ with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be) ________ available.
PROJECT PLANNING (Prepositions of time)
Las preposiciones de tiempo indican cuándo ocurre y cuánto dura una acción. Las frases preposicionales de tiempo responden a la pregunta WHEN?
Preposition Use Examples
in in months in July; in September
year in 1985; in 2002
seasons in summer; in the summer of 99
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part of the day in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening
duration in a minute; in two weeks
at
part of the day (special case) at night
time of day (hours) at 6 o'clock; at midnight
celebrations at Christmas; at Easter
fixed phrases at the same time
on
days of the week on Sunday; on Friday
date on the 25th of December*
special holidays on Good Friday; on Easter Sunday; on my birthday
a special part of a day on the morning of September the 11th*
after later than sth. after school
ago how far sth. happened (in the past)
6 years ago
before earlier than sth. before Christmas
between time that separates two points between Monday and Friday
by not later than a special time by Thursday
during through the whole of a period of time
during the holidays
for period of time for three weeks
from ... tofrom... till/until
two points form a periodfrom Monday to Wednesdayfrom Monday till Wednesdayfrom Monday until Wednesday
Reading Comprehension: This text deals with the timing of a project. The project leader is responsible for different activities
including installation of equipment, testing of the equipment and training of the employee. Read the transcription of a long-distance conference call between Roger, manager of overseas operations at an engineering firm, and Colin, project leader in charge of setting up a new plant in Saudi Arabia. They discuss the schedule for the project. As you read, complete the key for the "Planner" below.
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“Planner” (Gantt Chart)Roger:Hi, Colin. It's Roger here. I'm calling about the Saudi project to find out
how the work's coming along.Colin: Not bad, we're mostly on schedule.Roger:Is all the equipment installed?Colin: Yes, we finished installation last week. We start testing the machines on
Monday next week.Roger:How long will that take?
Colin: Well. We've scheduled three weeks so we should finish at the end of the month.
Roger:Good. What else?Colin: Well, the operator training already started. We kicked off on Wednesday this week and the first course ends next Friday.Roger:Oh yes, that was one of the things I wanted to mention. Fred Hyman, the
maintenance trainer should arrive at the weekend.Colin: Fine, do you know what time?Roger:No, but I expect he'll arrive at 12 on Saturday. I'll telex you as soon as I
know for certain.Colin: OK. Anyway he'll have a week before he starts training. The first
maintenance course is due to begin a week from Monday.Roger: When do you plan to finish the training programme?Colin: Just a moment, I'll look at the planner . . . here it is. . . um, . . ., the last
course is in July — that's the Supervisor course — if all goes well, that'll finish at the end of the month and they'll be ready to start work at the beginning of August.
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Roger:So you plan to start up in August?Colin: Yes, if all the tests are OK, we have a provisional start-up date on 25th
August . . . for the first two weeks we'll be building up capacity slowly ... hope to reach full capacity by September 8th.
Roger:Right, that's the other thing I wanted to mention. The client wants an official opening date for the plant — when do you suggest?
Colin: Well. I talked to some of the Saudis here — in fact I talked to the Works Manager a couple of days ago — he reckoned the middle of September will be fine.Let me just look at my diary . . . about September 15th ?
Roger:Sounds fine. Anything you need ?Colin: Um. I don't think so. Oh yes. Can you send some more copies of the
Operators' Manual Let's say about 20.Roger:Of course. I’ll send them off by airmail. They will be with you by Monday.Colin: Right, thanks Roger.Roger:You're welcome. Speak to you again soon,Colin: Yes, Bye.Roger:Bye.
WORD CHECK. Match the columns. Draw an arrow.
WORDS DEFINITIONSTo schedule 1. to start
To be on schedule 2. to start (a process, factory, etc.)
To kick off 3. to arrive at the moment when the factory is
producing at full volume
To be due to 4. to plan into action at the right time
To start up 5. chart
To build up capacity 6. to increase production volume gradually
To reach full capacity 7. to plan activities in time
A planner 8. daily record of appointments, meetings, etc.
A diary 9. to be planned/scheduled to ...
During the telephone call, some of the following time expressions were used:
TIME RELATING TO NOW
Days: 2 days ago - yesterday - today - tomorrow - next Monday - a week from next MondayWeeks/Months2 weeks ago - last week - this week - next week - in 2 weeks' time
A. Use the planner to complete these sentences.
a. Installation work finished ____________ week.b. Testing will begin ___________ Monday ___________week.
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c. Testing will finish __________________________________ time.d. The first Operators Training Course began ___________________
Wednesday _____________ week.e. It'll finish _______________ week.f. The first Maintenance Course begins a week _______________________.g. The Supervisor's Course finishes ________________________________July.h. The Plant will start up ______________________ 25th August.i. We plan to reach full capacity _____________________ September 8th (at the
latest).j. The plant will be officially opened _________________ September 15th .
B. Write out the following msn in full:
Attention: Colin Kerridge, Project Leader
I confirm _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
ATTN: Colin Kerridge, Project LeaderIcnfm F. Hyman arrives Riyadh Sat.1200. He expects start training 17June. Pls meet him airport. Sent 20operators manuals ysdy. Will arr.Beg. Nxt week..RgdsRoger Coleman
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Writing predictions based on the properties of materials 15
When we know what the properties of a material are we can predict how it will behave under different conditions. To make predictions of this type, we use an if-sentence with will in the next sentence. Look at this example:
If a material is flexible, it will bend easily.
Now write similar predictions for materials which have the properties listed in column A . Mix and Match the columns.
A Belasticityplasticity
toughnesscorrosion-resistance
rigiditywear-resistancebrittleness
hardnessflexibility
softness
will not bend easily will resist abrasion, deformation and indentation
will resist wear will regain its original dimensions after the forces which have caused deformation are removed will tend to fracture under impact loads will bend easily will not return to its original dimensions after the forces producing strain are removed will not fracture when indented or scratched will resist fracture when subjected to an impact load will resist corrosion
If a material is flexible, it will bend easily
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
________________________________________________________
Glossary Time. Test your knowledge on what is the work of engineering
consultants.
15 GLENDINNING, Eric H. English in Mechanical Engineering. 9th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, 68p.
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Read the text and then answer the questions.
“The role of an engineering consultant” 16
The task of assessing the feasibility of a sophisticated project such as the building of an industrial plant and of seeing it through completion is often beyond the capacity of a developing country. In such a case, the country usually turns to an engineering consultant for advice and guidance. Moreover, when an external source of finance such as the World Bank is involved in the project, the services of an engineering consultant become an essential part of the deal.The first task of an engineering consultant is to conduct a feasibility study. This will include a site survey – an examination of the physical characteristic of the area, such as the firmness of the ground on which the plant will be built. For this he will probably need the assistance of other specialists, such as surveyors and geologists. He will also have to consider whether there will be a market for the goods the plant will produce. Of equal importance is the question of whether the operation is likely to be profitable. The consultant’s financial projections will play an important role in determining if the whole project is feasible or not.If the consultant feels the project is basically viable, he will have to prepare a preliminary design and specifications. He will be establishing at this stage the fundamental engineering standards that companies wishing to bid for the project will have to meet. These companies will be furnished with this information. When the bids are submitted, the consultant will have to examine them in minute detail. As important as his technical evaluation, of course, is his assessment of the total cost of the project to the country concerned. It can happen that, in spite of its technical viability, it is simply going to be too expensive.Once the contract has been awarded, a consultant (though not necessarily the same one) will oversee the engineering and the construction work. His role can also extend to arranging the training of people who will operate the plant, and even to supervising the running of the plant for a certain period after it started operations. The consultant’s precise role varies according to the type of project he is working on. Now answer these comprehensive questions.
1. When a developing country is considering a major construction project,
in what circumstances will they employ an engineering consultant ?
_________________________________________________________
2. What does the consultant have to do first ?
_________________________________________________________
3. What financial factors does the consultant have to consider ?
16 CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English, 1984, R4.2.
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__________________________________________________________
4. Who will the consultant give his preliminary design and specifications to?
__________________________________________________________
5. What will he do when the bids come in ?
__________________________________________________________
6. What sort of work do engineering consultants have to supervise after the
contract has been awarded ?
__________________________________________________________
Prepare your own glossary on the subject. Use the underlined
words in the text.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
__
En Inglés hay muchos verbos que constan de dos partes: el verbo + una
preposición o partícula adverbial.
Los verbos preposicionales constan de un verbo más una preposición. La
preposición va detrás del objeto y en las oraciones interrogativas suelen
posicionarse al final.
I'm interested in this position.
What are you interested in?
Lesson Eighteen(18) Verbs + Prepositions
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Prepositional verbs are made of:
verb + preposition
Because a preposition always has an object, all prepositional verbs have direct objects. Here are some examples of prepositional verbs:
prepositional verbs
meaning examples
direct object
believe in have faith in the existence of
I believe in the stock market
look after take care of He is looking after
the bullions.
argue about discuss Did you argue about
money?
apply for Write a letter or fill in a form in order to ask
formally for
Mr. Green is applying for
a job.
*** Prepositional verbs cannot be separated.
Read the following table of prepositional verbs and then complete the sentences
below.
VERBS and PREPOSITIONS
Accuse of
Agree with
Apply to (somewhere)
Apply for (something)
apologize for
approve of
argue with
argue about
ask about
bid for
bring up
care for
carry out
concerned with
consist of
depend on
find out
give up
look forward to look
up
make up
pay for
prepare for
study for
talk about
think about
trust in
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ask for
belong to
grow up
interested in
look for
work for
worry about
1. Gates never argues ________ his employees. He simply fires them.
2. The Senate didn’t ________ the president’s new policy.
3. I’m reading the paper because I’m interested _________ this topic.
4. Laborum.com is a web page where people can apply _______ a job.
5. If you don’t have money, you cannot belong ______ a golf club.
6. The system consists ________ a four-stroke petrol engine.
7. He works _______ the Chrysler Co.
8. Obama is worried ________ the world’s financial crisis.
9. The chairman is accused ________ stealing intellectual property.
10. All the senators agreed ________ the president.
11. All national Car Companies bid _______ the project.
12. The scientists carried _________ a new investigation on the disease.
13. Teenagers and university students depend ______ their parents’ money.
14. Students will prepare ________ the tests.
Prepositions with Nouns.
Now pay attention to this table of nouns + prepositions, and then choose the best answer to complete the sentences below.
NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS
approval ofattitude toawareness ofcause ofconcern forconfusion aboutdamage to
decrease in decrease ofdifference betweenfall ingrasp ofinterest inneed for
participation in reason forrelationship withrespect forsuccess inunderstanding of
1. The decrease ________ demand caused a huge drop in their profits.
a. on b. in c. of
2. The crisis did a lot of damage _______ the world’s economy.
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a. at b. of c. to
3. There was a decrease _______ 10% last year.
a. for b. of c. to
4. His attitude ______ his work is very negative.
a. for b. of c. to
5. Did they give you reasons _______ their decision ?
a. for b. of c. in
6. There has been a fall _______ prices.
a. of b. in c. at
7. What was the cause _______ the problem ?
a. for b. in c. of
8. He has a difficult relationship ______ them.
a. with b. of c. between
9. I can’t tell the difference ________ them.
a. among b. of c. between
10.They were congratulated for their success _____sales profits.
a. on b. at c. in
In the following text, identify and underline all the prepositional verbs
“A Turnkey Project” 17
In the building of an industrial plant, the actual work involved consists of three
main components: engineering, procurement and construction. The
engineering work is concerned with identifying the equipment and materials
needed, producing the
necessary technical
specifications and
drafting the design of the
plant. The procurement
aspect involves the task
of getting the equipment
and materials to the site
within the time and
budget established for
17 CARROLL; Walter, TURNER, Stephen, YOUNG, Dale.Bid for Power.Workbook. Japan, BBC English, 1984, R5.1..
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the job. This will involve locating suppliers when the equipment or materials in
question ar not available from any of the components engaged in the work. The
construction work covers the preparation of the site and the actual erection of
the plant, as well as the provision of off-site parts and facilities.
One organization can carry out this work. Alternatively, different companies
working independently can handle the three components. If one company has
complete responsibility for the work - in other words, if the whole project just
involves one contract – it can be regarded as a turnkey project. Such a
project will also include start-up assistance and operator training. One
company takes responsibility for the work as the prime contractor, with another
(or others) working as the subcontractor(s). Such a situation will be a joint
venture, though the owner will not notice the split of responsibility.
A consortium can also bid for the project on a turnkey basis if the companies
involved have the capacity to handle all the work themselves. In such a case
the participants willform an agreement among themselves (which the owner
will probably want to see). The company with the largest share in the project
will probably assume the dominant role and will be the one to negotiate with
the owner. The
three components
will be split amont
the several
companies
concerned, each
having its
specifically defined
area of
responsibility. The
engineering work,
however, will probably be co-ordinated by one company. Moreover, it is in the
nature of such work that the engineering and procurement people will have to
co-operate especially closely. It goes without saying, though, that co-operation
among all the companies working on a turnkey project is extremely important
to the success of the project as a whole.
D
90
Now answer the comprehensive questions.
1. What is involved in the building of an industrial plant ?
__________________________________________________________
2. How many contracts are involved in a turnkey project ?
__________________________________________________________
3. What other services are required in a turnkey project after the
completion of the construction of the plant ?
__________________________________________________________
4. In a joint venture, what is the company that takes responsibility for the
work called ?
__________________________________________________________
5. What is a consortium ?
__________________________________________________________
6. Which of the companies in a consortium usually negotiates with the
owner ?
__________________________________________________________
Glossary Time. Go back to the text, and find the meaning of the
following words in context. Use your dictionary to help you.
Procurement_____________________________________________________
Technical specifications ____________________________________________
Drafting ________________________________________________________
Budget _________________________________________________________
Suppliers _______________________________________________________
Engaged _______________________________________________________
Provision _______________________________________________________
Off-site parts ____________________________________________________
Facilities _______________________________________________________
Contract _______________________________________________________
Turnkey project __________________________________________________
Start-up assistance _______________________________________________
Operator training ________________________________________________
Prime contractor _________________________________________________
E
91
Sub-contractor __________________________________________________
Joint venture ____________________________________________________
Consortium _____________________________________________________
Turnkey basis ___________________________________________________
Agreement _____________________________________________________
Owner _________________________________________________________
Dominant role ___________________________________________________
Share __________________________________________________________
Success ________________________________________________________
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Anexo (1)
False Cognates
1. an abstract: resumen (y no abstracto).
2. actual: real, efectivo (y no actual, que se dice current)
3. actually: en realidad (y no actualmente, que se dice nowadays, at
present)
4. to advertise: anunciar (y no advertir, que se dice to warn)
5. advice: consejos (y no aviso, que se dice warning, notice)
6. application form: formulario de solicitud (y no formulario de aplicación)
7. to apologise: pedir disculpas (y no apología, que se dice defence)
8. apt: propenso (y no apto, que se dice qualified, able)
9. argument: discusión, pelea (y no argumento de un libro/una película,
que se dice plot)
10. arena: estadio, plaza de toros (y no arena, que se dice sand)
11. arm: brazo (y no arma, que se dice gun)
12. army: ejército (y no arma, que se dice navy)
13. assessment: evaluación (y no asesoría, que se dice consultancy)
14. to assist: ayudar (y no asistir a un lugar, que se dice to attend)
15. to attain: lograr, conseguir (y no atar, que se dice to tie)
16. attempt: intento (y no atentado, que se dice terrorist attack)
17. attendance: asistencia (y no atención, que se dice attention)
107
18. avocado: palta (y no abogado, que se dice lawyer)
19. balloon: globo (y no balón, que se dice ball)
20. bank: banco - la institución (y no banco de plaza, que se dice bench)
21. bark: ladrar o ladrido (y no barco, que se dice boat o ship)
22. billet: acuartelamiento, alojamiento militar (y no billete, que se dice
ticket o note)
23. billion: mil millones (y no billón, que se dice trillion)
24. body: cuerpo (y no boda, que se dice wedding)
25. brave: valiente (y no bravo, que se dice fierce)
26. camp: base militar o campamento (y no campo en general, que se dice
field)
27. carpet: alfombra (y no carpeta, que se dice folder)
28. cartoon: dibujos animados, tira cómica (y no cartón, que se dice
cardboard)
29. casual: fortuito, ocasional, informal, superficial (y no casual, que se dice
accidental, chance)
30. casualty: víctima o herido (y no casualidad, que se dice coincidence)
31. cellular: celular, relativo a la célula (y no teléfono celular, que se dice
cell phone or mobile telephone)
32. collar: cuello de las prendas de vestir (y no collar, que se dice necklace)
33. to collapse: hundirse (y no colapsar, que se dice to bring to a standstill)
34. college: facultad, colegio universitario (y no colegio, que se dice school)
108
35. commodity: mercancía o materia prima (y no comodidad, que se dice
comfort)
36. to complain: quejarse (y no complacer, que se dice to please)
37. complexion: tez, tono de la piel (y no complexión, que se dice body
type)
38. to compromise: ceder, transigir, poner en peligro (y no compromiso,
que se dice commitment, engagement o agreement)
39. conductor: director de orquesta (y no conductor, que se dice driver)
40. confident: seguro de sí mismo (y no confidente, que se dice confidant)
41. contest: concurso (y no contestar, que se dice to answer)
42. council: consejo (y no conciliar, que se dice to reconcile)
43. crane: grúa (y no cráneo, que se dice skull)
44. curse: maldición (y no curso, que se dice course)
45. date: fecha (y no dato, que se dice a piece of information o data)
46. deception: engaño (y no decepción, que se dice disappointment)
47. derogatory: despectivo (la palabra despective no existe en inglés)
48. desperate: desesperado (y no despertar, que se dice to wake up)
49. dessert: postre (y no desierto, que se dice desert)
50. dinner: cena (y no dinero, que se dice money)
51. discrete: diferenciado (y no discreto, que se dice discreet)
52. diversion: desviación (y no diversión, alegría, que se dice fun)
109
53. dramatic: drástico, espectacular
54. economics: economía (y no económicos, que se dice cheap)
55. embarrassed: avergonzado/a (y no embarazada, que se dice pregnant)
56. eventual: definitivo o posible (y no eventual, que se dice casual,
incidental)
57. eventually: finalmente, tarde o temprano (y no eventualmente que se
dice by chance, possibly)
58. exit: salida (y no éxito, que se dice success)
59. fabric: tela (y no fábrica, que se dice factory)
60. familiar: conocido, familiar (adjetivo) (y no pariente, familiar
(sustantivo), que se dice relative)
61. form: formulario (y no forma, que se dice shape)
62. fume: vapor o gas (y no fumar, que se dice smoke)
63. to grab: agarrar, asir (y no grabar, que se dice to record)
64. gracious: cortés (y no gracioso, que se dice funny)
65. grocery: tienda de comestibles (y no grosería, que se dice rudeness o
rude word/expression)
66. horn: cuerno (y no horno, que se dice oven)
67. idiom: modismo, locución (y no idioma, que se dice language)
68. influenza: gripe (y no influencia, que se dice influence)
69. ingenuity: ingenio (y no ingenuidad, que se dice naivety)
110
70. inhabitant: habitante (y no inhabitado, que se dice uninhabited)
71. to intend: tener la intención de (y no intentar, que se dice to try)
72. intoxicated: ebrio (y no intoxicado, que se dice with food poisoning)
73. involve: involucrar (y no envolver, que se dice wrap)
74. large: grande (y no largo, que se dice long)
75. lecture: conferencia (y no lectura, que se dice reading)
76. lentil: lenteja (y no lente, que se dice contact lens)
77. library: biblioteca (y no librería, que se dice bookshop)
78. luxury: lujo (y no lujuria, que se dice lust)
79. mayor: alcalde (y no mayor, que se dice bigger)
80. media: medios (y no media, que se dice sock)
81. misery: tristeza (y no miseria, que se dice poverty)
82. to molest: abusar sexualmente (y no molestar, que se dice to bother o
to annoy)
83. notice: nota, anuncio (y no noticia, que se dice a piece of news)
84. occurrence: aparición (y no ocurrencia, que se dice absurd idea)
85. office: oficina (y no oficio, que se dice trade o job)
86. once: una vez (y no once, que se dice eleven)
87. oration: discurso ceremonial (y no oración, que se dice sentence o
prayer)
88. ordinary: común (y no ordinario, que se dice vulgar)
111
89. pan: cacerola, cazuela (y no pan, que se dice bread)
90. parade: desfile (y no parada, que se dice stopl)
91. parents: padres (y no parientes, que se dice relatives)
92. pie: pastel (y no pie, que se dice foot)
93. place: lugar (y no plaza, que se dice square)
94. pendant: colgante de un collar (y no pendiente, que se dice earring)
95. policy: política (y no policía, que se dice police)
96. politic: diplomático, cortés o prudente (y no político, que se dice
politician)
97. preservative: conservante (y no preservativo, que se dice condom)
98. prize: premio (y no precio, que se dice price)
99. to quit: abandonar, dejar (y no quitar, que se dice to remove o to put
away)
100. recollection: recuerdo (y no recolección, que se dice harvest o
collection)
101. regular: de tamaño normal (y no regular, que se dice bad, not so good)
102. relatives: parientes (y no relativos, que se dice relative (adjective))
103. rope: cuerda, soga (y no ropa, que se dice clothes)
104. rude: maleducado, descortés (y no rudo, que se dice rough)
105. to realize: darse cuenta (y no realizar, que se dice to make)
106. to record: grabar (y no recordar, que se dice to remember)
112
107. to remove: quitar, eliminar (y no remover, que se dice to stir)
108. to resume: reanudar, continuar o reasumir (y no resumir, que se dice to
summarize o to sum up)
109. salad: ensalada (y no salado, que se dice salty)
110. sane: cuerdo (y no sano, que se dice healthy)
111. scallop: ostión (y no escalopa, que se dice escalope)
112. sensible: sensato (y no sensible, que se dice sensitive)
113. sensitive: sensible (y no sensitivo, que se dice related to the senses)
114. signature: firma (y no asignatura, que se dice subject)
115. sin: pecado (y no sin, que se dice without)
116. soap: jabón (y no sopa, que se dice soup)
117. socket: enchufe o toma de corriente (y no soquete, que se dice ankle
sock)
118. spade: pala (y no espada, que se dice sword)
119. to stay: quedarse (y no estar, que se dice to be)
120. to stir: revolver un líquido (y no estirar, que se dice to stretch)
121. stranger: desconocido o forastero (y no extranjero, que se dice
foreigner)
122. success: éxito (y no suceso, que se dice event)
123. support: apoyar (y no soportar, que se dice to put up with)
124. sympathetic: comprensivo (y no simpático, que se dice nice, likeable)
113
125. sympathy: compasión, comprensión, pésame (y no simpatía, que se
dice friendliness, affection)
126. target: objetivo (y no tarjeta, que se dice card)
127. tax: impuesto (y no taxi, que se dice taxi)
128. terrific: fenomenal, genial (y no terrorífico, que se dice terrifying)
129. to traduce: calumniar (y no traducir, que se dice to translate)
130. trait: rasgo (y no trato, que se dice deal o treatment)
131. to translate: traducir (y no trasladarse, que se dice to move)
132. tramp: vagabundo (y no trampa, que se dice trap)
133. ultimate: final (y no último, que se dice last)
134. umpire: árbitro (y no imperio, que se dice empire)
135. zealous: entusiasta (y no celoso, que se dice jealous)
Anexo (2)
Irregular plurals
There are many types of irregular plural, but these are the most common:
Noun typeForming the
plural examples
Ends with feChange fe to
vesknife - knives
life - liveswife – wives
Ends with -f Change f ves
half - halveswolf - wolvesloaf – loavesleaf - leavescalf - calves
114
Ends with -o Add -espotato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoesvolcano - volcanoes
ALL KINDS
Change the vowel
orChange the
wordor
Add a different ending
man - menfoot - feet
person - peopletooth - teethmouse – mice
louse - lice
0 PluralSingular and
pluralare the same
sheepdeer
fish (sometimes)meansseries
speciesoffspringhundredthousand
million (sometimes)
Foreign(us)
Change US -> I
alumnus – alumnicactus – cacto
focus – focifungus – fungi
nucleus – nucleiradius – radii
stimulus – stimuli
Foreign (is)
Change IS -> ES
axis – axesanalysis – analyses
basis – basescrisis – crises
diagnosis – diagnosesoasis – oases
paralysis – paralysesellipsis – ellipses
hypothesis – hypothesessynthesis – synthesessynopsis – synopses
thesis - theses
Foreign (ix)Change IX ->
ICES
appendix –appendicesindex – indices
matriz - matrices
115
Foreign (eau) Add + x/sbeau – beaux
bureau- bureaus/bureauxtableau – tableaux/tableaus
Foreign (um) Change -> A
bacterium – bacteriacurriculum – curricula
datum – datamedium – mediastratum – strata
aquarium – aquariasymposium - symposia
Foreign (a) Change -> AE
antenna – antennaeformula – formulaenebula – nebulae
vertebra – vertebraevita – vitaealga - algae
Foreign (on) Change -> Aphenomenon- phenomena
criterion – criteriaautomaton - automata
Special cases Add + enox – oxen
brother – brethrenchild - children
116
Anexo (3)
List of Irregular English Verbs (the most frequent).
Present PastPast Participle
Meaning in Spanish
1. be was, were been
2. beat beat beaten
3. become became become
4. begin began begun
5. blow blew blown
6. break broke broken
7. bring brought brought
8. build built built
9. burst burst burst
10. buy bought bought
11. catch caught caught
12. choose chose chosen
13. come came come
14. cost cost cost
15. cut cut cut
16. deal dealt dealt
17. dig dug dug
18. do did done
19. draw drew drawn
20. drink drank drunk
21. drive drove driven
22. eat ate eaten
23. fall fell fallen
24. feed fed fed
25. feel felt felt
26. fight fought fought
27. find found found
28. fly flew flown
29. forbid forbade forbidden
30. forget forgot forgotten
31. forgive forgave forgiven
117
32. freeze froze frozen
33. get got gotten
34. give gave given
35. go went gone
36. grow grew grown
37. hang hung hung
38. have had had
39. hear heard heard
40. hide hid hidden
41. hit hit hit
42. hold held held
43. hurt hurt hurt
44. keep kept kept
45. know knew known
46. lay laid laid
47. lead led led
48. leave left left
49. lend lend lend
50. let let let
51. lie lay lain
52. lose lost lost
53. make made made
54. mean meant mean
55. meet met met
56. mistake mistook mistaken
57. pay paid paid
58. put put put
59. quit quit quit
60. read read read
61. ride rode ridden
62. ring rang rung
63. rise rose risen
64. run ran run
65. say said said
66. see saw seen
67. seek sought sought
68. sell sold sold
118
69. send sent sent
70. set set set
71. shake shook shaken
72. shine shone shone
73. shoot shoot shoot
74. shut shut shut
75. sing sang sung
76. sink sank sunk
77. sit sat sat
78. sleep slept slept
79. speak spoke spoken
80. spend spent spent
81. spring sprang sprung
82. stand stood stood
83. steal stole stolen
84. stick stuck stuck
85. swear swore sworn
86. sweep swept swept
87. swim swam swum
88. swing swung swung
89. take took taken
90. teach taught taught
91. tear tore torn
92. tell told told
93. think thought thought
94. throw threw thrown
95. understand understood understood
96. upset upset upset
97. wake woke (waked) woken (waked)
98. wear wore worn
99. win won won
100. write wrote written
119