AP#Review)#War#of#1812)#Fermentof# … · AP#Review)#War#of#1812)#Fermentof#...
Transcript of AP#Review)#War#of#1812)#Fermentof# … · AP#Review)#War#of#1812)#Fermentof#...
AP Review-‐ War of 1812-‐ Ferment of Reform & Culture (Chps 12-‐15)
• War of 1812: Mr. Madison’s War 1. Causes-‐ BriEsh impressments of American sailors 2. BriEsh interference with American commerce 3. BriEsh aid to NaEve Americans on fronEer
Who wanted the war? War Hawks=Clay (West), Calhoun (South) Who doesn’t?=Daniel Webster (North/NE) Consequences of the war: 1. Contributes to demise of Federalist Party 2. Intensifying naEonalist feelings 3. PromoEng industrializaEon 4. Advances career of Andrew Jackson-‐BaZle of New Orleans war hero
NEVER a DBQ or FRQ on the War of 1812
Presidency of Monroe 1817-‐1825 • Clay’s American System
– Internal improvements referred to transportaEon projects such as roads & canals
– Henry Clay believed that new transportaEon links would promote trade & unite the various secEons of the country
– Called for tariffs to protect domesEc industries & fund internal improvements
– Because of dependence on agricultural plantaEons & slave labor, the South benefiZed least from the era of internal improvements
• Era of Good Feelings or Rising Tensions? – Demise of the Federalist Party
led the DemocraEc-‐ Republicans in control of Congress & the Presidency
– The illusion of a naEonal poliEcal consensus was shaZered by such contenEous issues as protecEve tariffs, federal aid for internal improvements, & the expansion of slavery into the new territories
Monroe conEnued…
• Missouri Compromise-‐ 1820 – SeZled the first major 19th
century conflict over slavery – Maine entered as a free state – Missouri entered the Union
as a slave state, maintaining balance between slave and free states
– Compromise closed remaining territory of the Louisiana Purchase to slavery. No slavery north of Missouri’s southern border
HINT: Clay’s American System & the Missouri Compromise generated heated debate. Both topics have generated lots of quesEons on the exam. Review purposes of Clay’s American System & provisions of Compromise of 1820
Monroe Doctrine-‐ 1823 • Unilateral declaraEon of principles
that asserted American independence from Europe in foreign policy
• Asserted the poliEcal system in the Western Hemisphere is different & separate from that of Europe (similar to point Washington made in his farewell address)
• Warned European naEons against further colonial ventures into the Western Hemisphere
• Promised US would stay out of internal affairs of European naEons
• Leave us alone, & we will leave you alone. Leave our neighbors alone too or else!
Age of Jackson 1824-‐1840 Overcame the Corrupt Bargain to win
• Belief in the Common Man – Great respect for common sense & abiliEes of the common man
– AJ seen as a common man who represented the interests of the people
– Western prez(TN)
• Expanded Suffrage – White male suffrage-‐Jacksonian Democracy
– During Federalist era, caucuses of party leaders selected candidates. During Jackson administraEon, nominaEng convenEons replaced legislaEve caucuses.
– HINT: Be able to compare Jeffersonian Democracy & Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson conEnued…
• Patronage – Jacksonians supported patronage: policy of placing supporter in office (spoils system)
– Many Jacksonians believed that victorious candidates had a duty to reward their supporters & punish their opponents
• OpposiEon to privileged elites (rich) – Hero of common man so despised the special treatment of Eastern elite
– Went against those in the govt. dedicated to promoEng and protecEng the common man
More Jackson… • Tariff of AbominaEons &
NullificaEon Crisis 1828 – Tariffs between 1816 & 1828
were 1st in US history whose primary purpose was protecEon of new industry (in the North)
– Tariff of AbominaEon forced John C. Calhoun to formulate his doctrine of nullificaEon
• Doctrine of NullificaEon – John C. Calhoun (VP, SC
Senator for forever) – States’ rights argument
brought forth in KY & VA ResoluEons
– SC argues that a state can refuse to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconsEtuEonal
– South doesn’t want to pay. They sell coZon to a market unprotected y tariffs but have to buy manufactured goods that are protected. Why no protecEon for them?
– OpposiEon to nullificaEon • Webster-‐Hayne debate-‐
forcefully rejected nullificaEon • Jackson opposes nullificaEon
& enhances reputaEon as strong president
Jackson & the Bank War
• Opposed the bill to re-‐charter the 2nd Bank of the United States (BUS)
• Jackson felt bank catered to rich & advocates of “hard money”
• No love for the common man
• Killing the BUS – Jackson supported the removal of federal deposits from the BUS
– AZach caused expansion of credit & speculaEon
– State banks, each issuing own paper currency, increased
– Jackson’s war of the BUS helped bring in the 2 party system-‐ Whigs who hated him but loved Clay vs. Democrats
SEll more Jackson… • Forced removal of NaEve Americans – Worcester v. Georgia 1831
– Cherokees took removal order to court
– Supreme Court upheld rights of Cherokee to their lands
• Jackson & Cherokee – Long Eme Indian fighter, so…bad artude
– Refused to recognize the Court’s decision
– “Marshall has mad ehis decision; now let him enforce it”
– Trail of Tears-‐ removal of Cherokee to OK
– ¼ of Cherokee people died
Catching on yet? HINT-‐ normally few APUSH quesEons devoted to specific presidents. AJ is the excepEon. Pivotal role in these events so a number of APUSH quesEons focus on AJ & his policies. So while it is safe to skip John Quincy Adams and MarEn Van Buren, it is important to study Jackson
TransportaEon RevoluEon • New Developments
– 1825-‐ Erie Canal completed. Canal building through 1850
– Steamboats in wide use 1820s & 1830s
– First railroad appeared in US in 1828
– Within 30 years, 30,000 miles of track laid
• Consequences: – Erie Canal strengthened commercial & poliEcal Ees between NY City & growing ciEes on Great Lakes
– Canals help open West to seZlement & trade
– Railroads enabled farmers in the Midwest easier access to urban markets in the East
– Canals, steamboats & railroads had the least impact on the South
Social & Cultural Movements in Antebellum America
Women: • Cult of DomesEcity-‐ – What role should women play in new republic? Can’t vote, can’t serve on juries, etc
– “Republican Motherhood”: vital role as wives & moms raising virtuous ciEzens
– Concerned with domesEc, family & religion
• Factory workers in Lowell – TexEle mills in MassachuseZs
– Young, unmarried women 1820s & 1830s
– Irish & German immigrants replaced the farm girls because they would work for low wages
Don’t be surprised to see a quesEon on this-‐ most APUSH exams have 1 to 2 quesEons on this concept. Test writers oden use definiEons, quotes, & even pictures to see if students can idenEfy the cult of domesEcity /republican motherhood. A recent APUSH exam devoted the DBQ to this topic.
Changing role of women • CharacterisEcs of women’s
movement: – Led by middle class women – Plauorm of legal and educaEonal
rights – Close Ees to anE-‐slavery &
temperance movements – ConvenEons held in Northeast &
Midwest but not South
• Seneca Falls ConvenEon 1848 • Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & LucreEa
MoZ • “DeclaraEon of SenEments”=greater
rights for women modeled ader declaraEon of independence
• Wants: – Women’s suffrage – Right to retain property ader
marriage – Greater divorce & custody rights – Equal educaEon opportuniEes – Know that Dorothea Dix was NOT
involved with Seneca, but with reform involving treatment of people with mental & emoEonal disabiiEes
HINT-‐ Important to know what reforms the Seneca Falls ConvenEon called for. Also important to know what reforms the convenEon did NOT call for. For example-‐ Seneca Falls did NOT call for liberal aborEon laws or equal pay for equal work. That comes later & you should know it. 60’s, BeZy Friedan, etc-‐ turns against the cult of domesEcity
Second Great Awakening • Wave of religious enthusiasm led by preachers Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher
• Finney = big success in central & western NY • Called “burned-‐over” district due to fervent prayer meeEngs
• Important role in making Americans aware of the moral issues of slavery 2007 In what ways did the Second Great Awakening in the North influence TWO of the following?
Abolitionism Temperance The cult of domesticity Utopian communities
Transcendentalism & Utopian CommuniEes
• Philosophical & literary movement 1800s emphasizing living a simple life, celebraEng truth in nature, personal emoEon & imaginaEon
• Henry David Thoreau & Ralph Waldo Emerson=top writers of period
• Shared idea of perfecEonism
• Humans can have a beZer life through conscious act of will
• Brook Farm, New Harmony & Oneida Community
• Escape compeEEon of everyday life, regulate morals, create cooperaEve lifestyle
Cultural Advances
• EducaEon – McGuffey Readers – Newspapers grow – EducaEon reform wants laws, more teacher training & state & local taxes to finance public educaEon
• Hudson River School – ArEsts painEng landscapes emphasizing America’s beauty
– First art school