Appendix A Standard abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONS OF MEASUREMENTS USED FOR NORMAL VALUES

Î increased j, = decreased > = greater than < = less than ;;;. more than or equal to = = equals % = percentage cm3 = cubic centimetre cu mm (mm3) = cubic millimetre dl = decilitre ft femtolitre gor gm gram IU = International Unit kg kilogram 1 = litre mz = square metre mCi millicuries mcg (!lg) micro gram mEq milliequivalent mg milligram mg/dl milligram per decilitre miU = milli-Intemational Unit ml millilitre mm3 = millimetres cubed mmHg millimetres of mercury mmol millimole

L__ __ A_B_B_R_E_V_I_A_T_IO_N_S_FO_R_L_A_B_. _A_N_D_D_I_A_G_N_O_S_T_I_C_T_E_ST_S __ ____JI 1 381

mOsm milliosmol mU = milliunit mUU = mouse uterine units mf..t millimicron ng = nanogram nmol nanomole pg = picogram pmol = picomole SI units = International System of Units u unit f..t micron (micrometre) 113 = cubic micron f..tg = micro gram 11IU = micro-International Unit f..tl microlitre f..tM micromolar f..tM3 cubic micrometre f..tmOl = micro mole f..tU = micro unit

ABBREVIATIONS FOR LABORATORY ANO DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

ABG Arterial blood gas ACE Angiotenois Converting Enzyme ACP Acid phosphatase ACfH Adreno-Corticotrophic Hormone AHF Antihaemophilic factor AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ALD Aldolase ALO = Actinomyces-like organisms ALP = Alkaline phosphatase ALT = Alanine aminotransferase al-AT = Alpha-1-antitrypsin ANA = Antinuclear antibodies APTI Activated partial thromboplastin time ASO Antistreptolysin -0 AST = Asparate aminotransferase BE = Base excess BMI Body Mass Index BUN = Blood urea nitrogen c = Complement Ca = Calcium

382

CA CAD CAT CBC CEA CHD CHS CI CIN CK (CPK) CLL co co2 Cp CPK (CK) CPK-BB CPK-HB CPK-MM Cr CRF CRP CSF CT CT CTT Cu CVA DIC DNA DVT E3 ECG EEG EMG ESR FBS FDP FSH FSP FTA-ABS FT4I G-6-PO GFR GGTP/GTP =

STANDARD ABBREVIA TIONS

Cold Agglutinins Coronary artery disease Computerized axial-tomography Complete Blood Count Corioembryonic antigen Coronary heart disease Cholineoterase Chloride Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Creatinine kinase ( phosphokinase) Chronic lymphatic leukaemia Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Ceruloplasmin Creatinine-phosphokinase (kinase) Creatinine phosphokinase brain Creatinine phosphokinase heart Creatinine phosphokinase skeletal muscle Creatinine Creatinine-releasing factor C-reactive Protein Cerebrospinal fluid Coagulation time Computerized tomography Computerized transaxial-tomography Copper Cerebrovascular accident Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Deoxyribonucleic acid Deep vein thrombosis Estriol Electrocardiogram Electroencephalogram Electromyography Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Full Blood Sugar Fibrin Degradation Products Follicle stimulating hormone Fibrin or Fibrinogen split product Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test Free Thyroxine Index Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase Glommelular Filtration Rate Gamma-glutamyl ( transferase) transpeptidase

L_ __ A __ B_B_R_E_V_I_A_T_I_O_N_S_FO_R __ L_A_B_. _A_N_D_D_I_A_G_N_O_S_T_IC_T_E __ ST_S __ ] 1 383

GIT GTT HAA HAI Hb HB,Ag HCG HC03

HCT HDL HDLC HDN 5-HIAA HVA IBC IDL Ig I-HD INR IUCD IVP K KCCT 17-KS LAP LDH LDL LDLC LFT LH LIS LUC MAOI MCH MCHC MCV Mg MI MSU Na NSAID OA 17-0HCS p

Gastrointestinal tract Glucose tolerance test Hepatitis associated antigen Haemagglutination inhibition Haemoglobin Hepatitis B surface antigen Human chorionic gonadotrophin Bicarbonate Haematocrit High density lipoprotein High density lipoprotein cholesterol Haemolytic disease of the newborn 5-Hydroxyindolactic acid Homovanillic acid Iron-binding capacity Intermediate density lipoprotein Immunoglobulin Ischaemic heart disease International Normalized Ratio Intra-uterine contraceptive device Intravenous Pyelography (Pyelogram) Potassium Kaolin cephalic clothing-time 17-ketosteroids Leucine aminopeptidase Lactic dehydrogenase Low-density lipoprotein Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Liver Function Tests Luteinizing hormone Lecithin/sphingomyelin Large unstained cells Monamine oxidase-inhibitor Mean corpuscular haemoglobin Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration Mean corpuscular volume Magnesium Myocardial infarction Mid-stream urine Sodium Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Osteoarthritis 17-Hydroxycarticosteroid Phosphorus

384 1 1

STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS

PA Pemicious anaemia PC02 = Partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCV Packed cell volume PE = Pulmonary embolism pH = Negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration PID = Pelvic inftammatory disease PKU = Phenylketonuria P02 Partial pressure of oxygen PPBS = Postprandial blood sugar (feasting blood sugar) PT = Prothrombin time PTT Partial thromboplastin time PUO = Pyrexia of unknown origin RA = Rheumatoid arthritis RAHA = Rheumatoid arthritis haemagglutination assay RAI = Radio-active iodine RAST = Radio Allergosorbent Test RBC Red blood cell RBCC Red blood ceH count RF = Rheumatoid factor RIA = Radioimmunoassay RPR = Rapid plasma reagin SGOT = Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (same as AST) SGPT = Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (same as ACT) SLE = Serum lupus erythematosus soz = Oxygen saturation T3 = Tri-iodothyronine T4 = Thyroxine TA = Thyroid antibodies TB Tuberculosis TBG = Thyroxine-binding globulin TC Total cholesterol TG = Triglyceride TIBC = Total iron-binding capacity TOP Termination of pregnancy TPHA = Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Assay TRH = Thytrophin releasing hormone TSH = Thyroid stimulating hormone VA = Urinalysis UTI = Urinary tract infection VCT Venous clotting time VD Venereal disease VDRL = V enereal disease reference library VLDL = Very low density lipoprotein VMA = Vanilmandelic acid

Appendix B Laboratory tests in

nutritional assessment

386 1 1

LABORATORY TESTS IN NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT

Laboratory Consider Possible clinica! investigation results deficiency of outcome

Serum albumin J.. Protein If no liver disease Albumin in urine Protein and overall If no liver/renal disease

calorie intake

Anaemia Protein normocytic Iron, copper, pyridoxine microcytic Folate, vitamin B12

macrocytic Ascorbic acid

J.. Calcium serum Carotene (natural Consider fat J.. Creatinine serum precursor of vitamin malabsorption

A found in fruit/ - refiects muscle vegetables) wastage

Lymphopenia Protein Suggests impaired <1200 cu mm cell-mediated

immunity

Reduced phosphorus Vitamin D, Consider phosphate-- serum J.. phosphorus binding antacids

rapid glucose infusion, alcoholism

Raised prothrombin Vitamin K Consider fat time Î malabsorption,

biliary obstruction, static bowel if no liver disease

Skin tests (non Protein Suggests impaired ceH-reactivity) mediated immunity

Transferrin or iron- Protein Also decreased in binding capacity J.. chronic disease

Serum urea J.. Recent protein intake If liver not severely impaired

Index

Abbreviations laboratory and diagnostic tests

381-4 measurements 380

Abuse alcohol 290-300 child 125-32 drug 309-21 elderly 227-330 tobacco 301-9

Ageing ageing process 201-11 social aspects of ageing 211-12

Aids counselling the patient with AIDS

360-2 definition of HIV and AIDS 347-8 immunology of AIDS 349-51 management of

gastro-intestinal system 357-9 malignant lymphomas 355 neurological problems 359-60 respiratory system 356-7 tumours 354

prognosis of 353 psychological issues 362-4 transmission of the virus 348-9

Alcohol content in drinks 291 and drug interactions 299-300 management of alcohol abuse 300 patient with an alcohol problem

291-4 physical and psychological effects of

alcohol abuse 241, 295-9

tests for alcohol abuse 294-5 Alzheimer's disease

assessment 232-4 differential diagnosis 231-2 prognosis 237 programme of care 234-7 support services 237-8

Anaphylaxis differential diagnosis 87 management of 88-9 signs of 88

Arrest cardiac 116 respiratory 116

Assessment elderly 214-24 patients with Alzheimer's disease

232-4 primary resuscitation 115

Asthma alternative therapies 182-5 audit 190-1 care of the asthma patient in the

community 190 classification 171-2 diagnosis 171-8 management of an acute asthma

attack 185-90 principles of management 179-82 pulmonary function tests 191-4 trigger factors 172-7

Bandages elasticated surgical tubular 113 elastic net 113-14

1 388] INDEX ~ ·~~------------------~

Bandages ( contd) extra high compression 113 high compression 112 light compression 112 light support 112 light weight stretch 111-12 moderate compression 112 surgical stockinettes 114 tubular retention lightweight 113

Breast cancer 271 disease 269 mammography 272 screening, national programme 272 self-examination 264-9 ultrasound 272

Cardiac arrest management of 116-18

Cervical screening classification of cervical smear

results 282-4 method for taking a cervical smear

278-82 risk groups 276

Child abuse diagnosis and early recognition

131-2 emotional 127 physical 125-7 sexual 128-30

Child protection Child Protection Register

case conferences 138-9 investigation following referral

134-8 placement on the Register 139 purpose of Register 132-3 referral for entry on Register

133-4 removal from Register 140

Children Act 1989 125-40 Cholera

the disease 338 the vaccination 338

Communication communication systems within the

Practice 149-55 listening 148-9 non-verbal 145-8 reinforcement 148 verbal 144

Coronary heart disease

fitness testing 249-59 Health of the Nation targets 248-9 incidence of 239-40 prevention 243-5 risk factors 240-2 screening clinics 245-8

Counselling effective counselling, basic

dimensions 164-5 interventions 159 psychological approaches 160-3 relationships 165-6 skills 166-8 types of counselling 156-9

Data protection access to records 6-7 computer security 6 Data Protection Act 1984 6-8 Data Protection Register 1989 6 principles 7 UKCC Standards for Records and

Record Keeping 7-8 Depression

causes of 330 incidence of 330 management of 331-2 recognition of 330-1 signs of 329-30

Diabetes mellitus aims of care 197 definition 196 diagnosis 198-9 insulin dependent diabetes 196 management of 199-205 non-insulin dependent diabetes 197

Diagnostic tests abbreviations of 381-3

Diptheria the disease 90-1 the immunization 90-1

Domestic violence types of violence 141-2 units 143 women's aid 143

Dressings for wounds types of 104, 108-11

Drug abuse destruction of controlled drugs

314-15 facts about drug abuse 309-10 HIV and drug abuse 367 management of the patient who is a

c___ ________ I_N_D_EX _______ ~ L 389

drug addict 316-21 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 310 Misuse of Drugs Regulations 310-14 notification and supply to addicts

315-16

Elderly abuse

action plan 229-30 types of 227-9

ageing process 206-11 assessing older people 214-24 factors affecting health 212 provision of care 225-6 screening 213-14 social aspects of ageing 211-12

Electrocardiograph technique for taking a good ECG

255-8 what a normal ECG looks like

254-5 what is an ECG? 251-4

Emergency anaphylactic shock 87-9 cardiac arrest 116 equipment for

collapse tray 21-2 eye tray 22 laryngeal tray 22 suture tray 22

respiratory arrest 116 Equipment

emergency 21 general 20 investigative 21 specific 20-1 surgical 21

Ethics in research 375-6 international code of nursing

ethics 3-5 nursing ethics, definition 3

Haemophilus infiuenzae type B Hib, the immunization 94 Hib, the infection 93

Healing of wounds medical conditions which can affect

wound healing 103-4 Health and safety

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 accident prevention 13-14 duties of employees 11-12

duties of employers 9 -11 offences and penalties 12-13 powers of inspectors 12

Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992

Display Screen Equipment Regulations 1992 16

employees duties 14 employer's duties 14 Personal Protective Equipment at

Work Regulations 1992 14-15 Provision and Use of Work

Equipment Regulations 1992 17 Workplace Regulations 1992

15-16 Hepatitis

hepatitis A 94-5, 338-9 hepatitis B 95-100 non-A/non-B hepatitis 101

Hormone replacement therapy cardiovascular disease 270 osteoporosis 270 risk factors associated with

HRT 271 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

and AIDS counselling the patient 360-2 definition 347-8 HIV in children 365-6 HIV and drug abuse related

infection 367 HIV and pregnancy 364-5 immunology of AIDS 349-51 management of early HIV

infection 351-3 management of HIV and AIDS

gastro-intestinal tract 357-9 malignant lymphomas 355 neurological problems 359-60 respiratory system 356-7 tumours 354

prognosis 353 psychological issues 362-4 transmission of the virus 348-9

Hypoglycaemic drugs the bigonides 204 the sulphonylureas 204

Immunization active immunity 82-3 contraindications 84-5 disposal of vaccines 87 passive immunity 83-4

3W 1 ~~ _______________ IN_D_EX ____________ ~ Immunization (contd)

patient consent 84 primary schedule 89-94 priority groups 85-6 re-constituting vaccines 86-7 storage of vaccines 87

Infection control anatomical pathology 39

cytology 40 histology 40

clinica! pathology 40 biochemistry 40 clinica! parasitology 41 haematology 41 microbiology 41 serology 41 urinalysis 42

collection and handling of specimens 44-9

the hospital pathologist 39 the pathology laboratory 39 patient considerations 42-4

Insulin dependent diabetes aims of care 197 definition 196 diagnosis 198-9 management of 199-205

International code of nursing ethics nurses and co-workers 4-5 nurses and good practice 4 nurses and people 3-4 nurses and the profession 5 nurses and society 4

Johnson's behavioural systems model assumptions 33 structural elements 34 sub-systems 34

Laboratory interpreting the laboratory report

52 reliability of measurement 52-3 reports and units of measurement

50-1 types of measurement

qualitative 51 quantitative 51-2 semi-qualitative 51

Laboratory and diagnostic tests standard abbreviations 380

Laboratory specimens and their interpretation

mycotic infections 76-81 sputum 64-5 stool tests 54-63 swabs 64 urine 67-76 urogenital organisms 65-7

Laboratory tests tests used for nutritional assessment

386 Lyophilized Japanese encephalitis

vaccine administration 342 contraindications 342-3 manufacture 341 reconstitution 342 side effects 343 storage 343

Malaria 343 anti-malaria medication 343-4

Mammography procedure 272-3

Maslow's hierachy of need activities of living 35-6

Mengivac A and C dosage and rates 339 recommendations 339

Menopause cardiovascular disease 270 hormone replacement therapy 270 menopause 270 osteoporosis 170 risk factors associated with HRT

271

Non-insulin dependent diabetes definition 197

Non-verbal communication functions 145 non-verbal behaviours 145-7 non-verbal signals 147-8 reinforcement 148

Nursing ethics definition of 3 international code of nursing ethics

3-5 N ursing models

Johnson's behavioural systems model 33-5

Maslow's hierachy of need 35-6 nursing process 27-9 Orem model of self-care 31-3 problem solving 29-30

INDEX 1 1 391 L-----------------------------------------------------------~

Roger's model 36-7 Roper, Logan and Tierney model,

the concerns of living 24-5 Roy adaptation model 30-1

Orem's nursing model of self-care health deviation self-care 32-3 therapeutic self-care demand 31-2 universal self-care 32

Patient consent consent for children's immunization

84 Pertussis

contraindications 90 reactions 90 storage 90 vaccine 89 whooping cough 89

Pre-conceptual care alcohol 288 contraception 287 emotional support 288 exercise 288 financial support 289 medical aspects 284-5 medicine and drugs 288 nutrition 285-6 rubella status 287 smoking 287-8 social conditions 289 weight 286-7 work environment 289

Pulmonary function tests clinica! problems 192 factors affecting the test 193 indications 191 measurements 191-2 nursing implications 193-4 procedure 193

Records and record keeping access to records 6-7 standards, UKCC 7-8

Reports interpreting the laboratory report

52 laboratory reports 50-1

Research criticizing a study 376-7 ethics in research 375-6 general terminology used 377-8 methods 368-9

process 369-75 protocol 376 statistica! terminology used 378-9

Roger's Nursing Model principles of life process 36-7

Roper, Logan and Tierney model, the concerns of living

biologica! 25 developmental 26 social 26

Roy's adaptation model adaptive mechanisms 31 goal of nursing care 30 nursing activities 31 recipient of nursing care 30

Screening breast 264-72 cardiovascular 245-84 cervical 278-84 elderly 213-14 pre-conceptual 284-9 well man 245-84, 261 well woman 264-89 young adult 260-3

Smoking effects of 301 giving up 306-9 pre-conceptual care 287-8 risk factors 304-6

Standards records and record keeping, UKCC

7-8 Stress

coping mechanims 323-8 physical and psychological effects

324-5 sources 322-3

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) certification and registration in 122 characteristics of 119 other risk factors 120-1 recommended guidelines 121-2 sleeping position in 120

Stiicide defining features 333 methods used

men 333 women 333

risk factors 334

Tetanus indications for giving tetanus 92

392 ] ~~ ______________________ I_N_D_E_X __________________ ~ Tetanus (contd)

tetanus, the condition 91 tetanus, the vaccine 91-2

Tobacco effects of tobacco 301 facts about tobacco 301-3 giving up smoking 306-9 risk factors 304-6 toxic constituents 303-4

Traveller's health general advice and information for

travellers 344-6 immunization and vaccination

programmes 336-43 malaria prevention 343-4 traveller's abroad clinic 335-6

Treadmill test treadmill stress test 249-50

Treatment room design 20 equipment recommended for a

treatment room emergency 21 general 20 investigative 21 specific 20 surgical 21

stock control, ordering and maintenance 23

use 19-20 Typhoid

fever 337 immunization 337

United Kingdom Central Council for N urses, Midwives and Health Visitors

standards for records and record keeping 7-8

Ultrasonography clinica! indications for 273-8 procedure for 278

Verbal communication key aspects of 144-5

Violence domestic violence 141-3 domestic violence units 143 types of 141-3 women's aid 143

Well woman breast screening 264-70 cervical screening 276-84 menopause 270-2 pre-conceptual care 284-9

Wounds characteristics of the ideal dressing

105-6 classification 104-5 management 106-14 medical conditions which can affect

wound healing 103-4 selecting the appropriate dressing

104, 108-11

Young adult promoting a healthy lifestyle 260-3