South Africa

ApartheidApartheid

South Africa South Africa DividedDivided

Where is South Africa?Where is South Africa?

What is Apartheid?What is Apartheid?•Apartheid is a system of Apartheid is a system of

racial segregation peculiar to racial segregation peculiar to the Republic of South Africathe Republic of South Africa

•South Africa was traditionally South Africa was traditionally a segregated nationa segregated nation

•19481948 the policy of apartheid the policy of apartheid is put into effect by the is put into effect by the Afrikaaner Nationalist Party Afrikaaner Nationalist Party government.government.

Why Apartheid?Why Apartheid?•The purpose was The purpose was

the separation of the separation of the races: not only the races: not only of whites from of whites from nonwhites, but also nonwhites, but also of nonwhites from of nonwhites from each other (tribes).each other (tribes).

•Nonwhites made up Nonwhites made up approximately 90% approximately 90% of the population.of the population.

Segregation

““Boundary between Boundary between white white and and all races”all races”

All public places were All public places were segregatedsegregated

Development PolicyDevelopment Policy•Under Hendrik Verwoerd apartheid Under Hendrik Verwoerd apartheid

developed into a policy known as developed into a policy known as “separate development,” where each “separate development,” where each African (Bantu) group was to become African (Bantu) group was to become a nation with its own homeland, or a nation with its own homeland, or Bantustan. Bantustan.

•Only 14% of the country was set Only 14% of the country was set aside for African groups, the aside for African groups, the remaining 86% of the land was set remaining 86% of the land was set aside for whites.aside for whites.

•White land included the major White land included the major mineral areas and the cities.mineral areas and the cities.

HOMELANDS = scrubland

Black OppressionBlack Oppression• Movement to and between other parts Movement to and between other parts

of the country was strictly regulated, of the country was strictly regulated, the the location of residencelocation of residence or or employmentemployment was restricted, and blacks was restricted, and blacks were were not allowed to votenot allowed to vote or own land. or own land.

• Most African urban dwellers had to Most African urban dwellers had to live in townships on a city’s perimeter. live in townships on a city’s perimeter. All Africans living outside the All Africans living outside the Bantustans were subject to Bantustans were subject to strict strict curfew regulationscurfew regulations and and passbook passbook requirementsrequirements, especially in the cities; , especially in the cities; if unable to produce these when if unable to produce these when challenged they were challenged they were subject to arrestsubject to arrest..

Must carry an identification passbook at all times.

http://www.un.org

Living in a matchbox

White Area – South Africa

Who were the ANC?Who were the ANC?• In 1912, educated Africans In 1912, educated Africans

organized a political party, later organized a political party, later known as the known as the African National African National CongressCongress (ANC) (ANC)

• Its members worked through Its members worked through legal legal meansmeans (usually non-violent), (usually non-violent), protesting laws that restricted the protesting laws that restricted the freedom of black Africans. freedom of black Africans.

•Their efforts, however, had no effect Their efforts, however, had no effect on South Africa’s white government. on South Africa’s white government. Still, the ANC did build a framework Still, the ANC did build a framework for political action in later yearsfor political action in later years

African National Congress African National Congress ContinuedContinued

• In the 1950s, as Afrikaaner In the 1950s, as Afrikaaner nationalists imposed harsh new laws, nationalists imposed harsh new laws, the ANC organized the ANC organized marches, marches, boycotts, and strikesboycotts, and strikes. .

•As protests continued, government As protests continued, government violence increased. In 1960, police violence increased. In 1960, police gunned down 69 men, women, and gunned down 69 men, women, and children taking part in a children taking part in a peaceful peaceful demonstrationdemonstration in in SharpevilleSharpeville, a , a black township outside black township outside Johannesburg.Johannesburg.

Black Black ResistanceResistance

69 Killed during Sharpeville Protest

ANC Continued…ANC Continued…•The massacre at Sharpeville The massacre at Sharpeville

stunned the world and pushed stunned the world and pushed some ANC activists to some ANC activists to shift from shift from nonviolent protest to armed nonviolent protest to armed strugglestruggle..

•As a result, the government As a result, the government outlawedoutlawed the ANC and cracked the ANC and cracked down on groups that opposed down on groups that opposed apartheid.apartheid.

Jailed without a trialJailed without a trial Jailed without a trial

•Cold War realities vs. morality?

•What direction to take?

•External economic pressureExternal economic pressure was one was one of the biggest forces against apartheidof the biggest forces against apartheid

• International sanctions severely International sanctions severely affected the affected the South African economySouth African economy, , raising the cost of necessities, cutting raising the cost of necessities, cutting investment, even forcing many investment, even forcing many American corporations to disinvest. American corporations to disinvest.

•Unions, churches, and studentsUnions, churches, and students organized protests throughout the 70s organized protests throughout the 70s and 80s.and 80s.

Economic Sanctions

Key Players in ApartheidKey Players in Apartheid

•African National African National Congress (ANC)Congress (ANC)•Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela

F.W. De Klerk & Mandela

Bishop Desmond Tutu

Who is Nelson Who is Nelson Mandela?Mandela?

Key info on Nelson Key info on Nelson MandelaMandela

•He attended law school at He attended law school at University of South Africa and was University of South Africa and was active in African National Congress active in African National Congress (ANC)(ANC)

•He initially advocated He initially advocated nonviolent nonviolent resistanceresistance to apartheid to apartheid

•However, after a group of peaceful However, after a group of peaceful demonstrators were massacred he demonstrators were massacred he organized a organized a paramilitary branchparamilitary branch of of the ANC to carry out guerrilla the ANC to carry out guerrilla warfare against the white warfare against the white government.government.

Mandela ContinuedMandela Continued•Arrested and Arrested and jailed in 1964 for jailed in 1964 for

sabotagesabotage •sentenced to sentenced to life in prisonlife in prison, where he , where he

became the leading symbol of South became the leading symbol of South Africa’s oppressed black majority.Africa’s oppressed black majority.

•Released from prison in 1990 by de Released from prison in 1990 by de Klerk, was elected ANC Klerk, was elected ANC president in president in 1994, and served until 19991994, and served until 1999

•Awarded the Nobel Peace Prized in Awarded the Nobel Peace Prized in 1993 along with FW de Klerk1993 along with FW de Klerk

Mandela jailed 1964 -Mandela jailed 1964 -19901990

Mandela became first black Mandela became first black president (1994 -1999)president (1994 -1999)

Who is F.W. de Who is F.W. de Klerk?Klerk?

Key Info on F.W. de Key Info on F.W. de KlerkKlerk•President of South Africa from 1989-President of South Africa from 1989-

9494• Initiated end of apartheidInitiated end of apartheid during his during his

reign as presidentreign as president•Lifted ban on anti-apartheid political Lifted ban on anti-apartheid political

parties and released Nelson Mandela parties and released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990.from prison in 1990.

•Repealed apartheid lawsRepealed apartheid laws in 1991 in 1991• Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize for

Peace in 1993 along with Nelson Peace in 1993 along with Nelson MandelaMandela

Who is Bishop Desmond Who is Bishop Desmond Tutu?Tutu?

Key info on Bishop Key info on Bishop Desmond Tutu:Desmond Tutu:• 1976-protests known as the Soweto 1976-protests known as the Soweto

Riots, against the government's use of Riots, against the government's use of Afrikaans in black schools became a Afrikaans in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. massive uprising against apartheid.

• Tutu began supporting an economic Tutu began supporting an economic boycott of South Africa. boycott of South Africa.

• Was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until Was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became Secretary-1978, when he became Secretary-General of the South African Council of General of the South African Council of Churches. He continue his work Churches. He continue his work against apartheid with agreement from against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. nearly all churches.

Desmond Tutu continued:Desmond Tutu continued:•Won the Nobel Peace Prize in Won the Nobel Peace Prize in

1984 for his role in calling 1984 for his role in calling attention to black inequality in S. attention to black inequality in S. Africa by Africa by advocating for economic advocating for economic sanctionssanctions

• In 1995, he was appointed chair In 1995, he was appointed chair of the South Africa’s of the South Africa’s Truth and Truth and Reconciliation CommissionReconciliation Commission, a , a group that investigates apartheid group that investigates apartheid era crimes.era crimes.

What is Sun City?What is Sun City?

Key info on Sun City Key info on Sun City • Sun City is a resort area which brings in Sun City is a resort area which brings in

lots of $ for South Africa’s tourist lots of $ for South Africa’s tourist industry.industry.

• In the mid 1980s, musicians including In the mid 1980s, musicians including U2’s Bono, Run D.M.C., Peter Gabriel, U2’s Bono, Run D.M.C., Peter Gabriel, etc. joined forces to create the album etc. joined forces to create the album Sun City:Sun City: Artists Against Apartheid Artists Against Apartheid

• The song called attention to the The song called attention to the discrimination going on, as well as the discrimination going on, as well as the US governments reluctance to place US governments reluctance to place sanctions on South Africa.sanctions on South Africa.

• It also called for musicians to boycott It also called for musicians to boycott playing concerts at resorts in Sun City.playing concerts at resorts in Sun City.

ChangesChanges•The severe shortage of skilled The severe shortage of skilled

labor led to lifting limits on African labor led to lifting limits on African wages, and granting Africans the wages, and granting Africans the right to strike and organize right to strike and organize unions.unions.

•Pressures from Pressures from sanctionssanctions began to began to change life in South Africa and change life in South Africa and apartheid laws-such as those apartheid laws-such as those banning interracial marriage and banning interracial marriage and segregating facilities-were segregating facilities-were repealed or fell into disuse.repealed or fell into disuse.

Changes ContinuedChanges Continued•1991-President de Klerk obtained the 1991-President de Klerk obtained the

repeal of the remaining apartheid laws repeal of the remaining apartheid laws and called for the drafting of a new and called for the drafting of a new constitution. constitution.

• In 1993, a multiracial, multiparty In 1993, a multiracial, multiparty transitional government was approved, transitional government was approved, and fully free elections were held in and fully free elections were held in 1994, which gave majority 1994, which gave majority representation to the African National representation to the African National Congress and made Nelson Mandela Congress and made Nelson Mandela the first black president of South the first black president of South Africa.Africa.

Will South Africa thrive Will South Africa thrive in a post apartheid era?in a post apartheid era?