Definition

• “Apartness” Afrikaan lang.

• Policy of the all-white South African govt. to separate, exploit, and dominate various non-white ethnic groups

South Africa’s Coat of Arms

Origins

• 1948: National Election–Racist, pro-

apartheid party

Policies• 2 racial worlds:

– Privileged white minority vs. black majority

• Wealth & luxury• standard of living• Euro society

• lived in poverty• denied facilities & opp’s (ed., housing, jobs)

Racial Categories

European(17%)

Asians & Colored (mixed racial ancestry)(13%)

African(70%)

• Controlled: govt. industry ag. ed military press

• Held: skilled jobs secondary ed

• Couldn’t intermarry

• Denied: white neighborhoods white facilities

Purpose of Apartheid

• Prevent black majority from gaining econ. & political power

Results:• Blacks could not:

– Vote– Access education– Hold high paying/skilled jobs– Travel w/o “pass books”

• Blacks forced to:– Live on “homelands”

• Families separated due to limited employment

Results:• Resistance movements:

– African National Congress– Pan African Congress– Black Consciousness

movement

• Resistance techniques:– Civil disobedience– strikes– boycotts– Non-violent demonstrations

Non-violent demonstration

End of Apartheid?

• 1980’s: govt. began to extend rights to blacks

• 1986: reversed policy

State of Emergency (1986-1989)

• Crushed opposition via:– Mass arrests– Torture– Rigged trials

• Results:– 20,000 arrested

Legal Progress

• 1990: African National Congress (ANC) legalized – Africa’s largest anti-

apartheid party– Leaders released from

prison (Nelson Mandela, imprisoned 30 yrs.)

• Brought about international attention

Overthrow of Apartheid Govt.• 1994: All party elections

– 24 hour long lines

• Results:– ANC captured 63% of vote– Nelson Mandela Pres.

• ANC and other political parties created new const. = END of Apartheid

Obstacles for South Africa

• Creating economic equality for blacks

Khayelitsha, Cape Town