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AP Society During L'Ancien Régime
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Transcript of AP Society During L'Ancien Régime
L’Ancien Régime
17th - 18th C. European Society
Agriculture
18th C. Agriculture• Start of 1700’s – bad situation:
o 80% of W. European’s livelihoods = agricultureo Very low productiono Open-field System
o Bad weather, poor crops = famine (16-17th C)o Stomach ailments (from diet = bark, grass, etc.)o Lower immune systemso Smallpox, influenza
o Paired w/ serfdom in East & heavy taxes all over
The Agricultural Revolution
o Ca. 1650-1850o Characterized by:
o Progressive elimination of fallowo New methods based on scienceo Technological advances
Improvements
o Eliminate fallow alternate grain w/ nitrogen-storing cropso Result = more feed for animals (herds grew)
more meat, more manure
Enclosure Movemento Fence in fields
o Result = hurt peasants who relied on common fields (many protests)
Leaders• Dutch • English
o Jethro Tull (1674-1741)o Empirical research o Horses instead of oxeno Seed drill instead of scattering
Industry
Industrious Revolution• The shift (17th/18th C.) as families in NW
Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption
• Result:oDecreased economic self-sufficiency o Increased ability to buy consumer goods
Population Growth• 1720-1789 • Main cause: Decline in mortality
o Steady food supplyo Bubonic Plague disappearedo Smallpox vaccineo Improvement in water supply & sewage
o Swamp drainage = fewer mosquitoes/flies
Rural Industry
o Pop growth more rural workers w/ no land rural industry dev.
o Cottage Industry: rural workers + hand tools in their homes = lg. scale manufacture goods to sello Putting-out system = merchants loaned raw
materials
Life as a Rural Textile Worker
o Small space – single room = workshop, kitchen & bedroom
o Family worked @ handloom weavingo Women = spinning work (esp. single & widowed
- “spinsters”)
Spinning Jenny• Thomas Hargreaves (English weaver)
• Single wheel turn
operated 8 spindles
Women & IndustryWomen faced:
o Difficult conditions o Lower wageso Poverty
Marriage & Family
Marriage• Late marriage (avg. age = 25-27)
• 10-20% never married
• Reason:oWaited until they could economically support
selves & future children
Work Away from Home
• Boyso@ apx. 16o Apprenticeship in cityo Poor hired hands, laborers, servants
Girls Away from Home• Girls
o Fewer opportunities (trend changes in 18th C)o Traditional female occupationso Seamstress, linen draper or midwifeo Little independence (wages parents)o Physical abuse from mistresses (boss woman)
Childreno Avg. woman – birthed 6+ childreno High infant (& mother) mortality
Breastfeedingo Poor
o nursed 2+ yrs (limited pregnancy)o Saved lives (inc. baby’s immunity)
o Rich o seldom nursed (undignified) oHired wet-nurses – lactating woman paid to live
in & nurse baby
Wet-Nursing• Widespread business of 18th C.
• Often cared for child
• Exp. common in N. France (sent away)
• Problems:o Infant mortality (accidents, shared milk) –apx.
35% died before 1st b-day
Foundlings & Infanticide
• Limited options for unwanted pregnancieso Abortion = illegal & very dangerouso Infanticide (illegal, but…)
• Foundling homes (orphanages) o Single women (illegitimacy incr.)o Poor familieso 100,000 abandoned/yr. (all of Europe)o most died
18th C. Wars
War of Austrian Succession
• 1740-1748
• See Timeline
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
• Reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances
• What was: France & Prussia vs. Britain & Austria became: France, Austria (+ Russia*) vs. Britain, Prussia (+ Hanover)
Seven Years War• 1756-1763
• Began Prussia invaded/defeated Saxony
• Global conflict that encompassed:1. Europe
2. The Americas
3. India
4. Africa
Seven Years War• 1757: Austria declared war on Prussia
• GB and France – most fighting in colonies (French & Indian Wars)
• Prussia not fairing well until…
Seven Years War• 1762 – Peter III
ascended Russian throne changed sides
• Treaty of Paris (1763) – ended SYW
Seven Years War - Outcomes
1. GB = greatest colonial power
2. Prussia = greatest continental Euro power
3. Hapsburg Austria = power further diminished
4. France = deeper in debt & bent on revenge against GB…
The Enlightenment
"Écrasons l'Infâme!” (Let us crush the vile thing!)
~Voltaire
What is The Enlightenment?
• A philosophical movement of the 18th C. that:
o Stressed human reasoning over blind faith or obedience
o Encouraged “scientific” thinking (rationalism & empiricism)
o Believed reason could be used to solve all human problems
Origins of The Enlightenment
• Direct product of the Scientific Revolution
• The SR:o Thinkers power of reasono Scientific method & reason discoveries
abt physical worldo People wondered: Can reason be used to
study society & human nature?
Who?
• Predominatelyo bourgeoisie (middle class)o aristocracy
• Enlightenment ideals spread by philosophes
What is a Philosophe?
• “free thinker” (French)
• Students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms to correct those evils
• human nature = good
• Promoted change & progress
Enlightenment & Religion
• Pre-Enlightenmento human nature = sinfulo Doctrine of Original Sin
Deism
• The belief in the:o existence of a God or
supreme beingo nature & reason
• Anti-organized religion• Deists saw God as:
oDistant oUninvolvedo A “watchmaker”
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
1. Rationalism - reason is the answer to all things
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
1. Rationalism - reason is the answer to all things
2. Secularism - application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
1. Rationalism - reason is the answer to all things
2. Secularism - application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy
3. Tolerance - of various beliefs
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
1. Rationalism - reason is the answer to all things
2. Secularism - application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy
3. Tolerance - of various beliefs
4. Freedom - of thought & expression; bring liberty to all
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
1. Rationalism - reason is the answer to all things
2. Secularism - application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy
3. Tolerance - of various beliefs
4. Freedom - of thought & expression; bring liberty to all
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
4. Freedom - of thought & expression; liberty to all
5. Education of the masses
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
4. Freedom - thought & expression; liberty to all
5. Education of the masses
6. Social & Legal Reforms o Justice, kindness, charity for allo Habeas corpuso No tortureo Written constitutions to guarantee natural rights
Emergence of a Print Culture
• A critical element of spreading Enlightenment ideas was through print
• Result: literacy increased
Literacy During the Enlightenment
• This explosion of a massive print culture was both the cause and the effect of the tremendous increase in literacy that took place in the 18th C.