Anywave transmitter efficiency 2016.01 v2
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Transcript of Anywave transmitter efficiency 2016.01 v2
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COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
PRESENTATION TITLE:
Transmitter designs to reduce the cost of ownership
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“Cost of ownership” is the estimate of all direct and indirect costs associated with an asset or acquisition over it‘s entire life cycle.
What is “Cost of Ownership” and “Figure of Merit Efficiency”
“Figure of Merit Efficiency” is the estimate of Total Transmitted Power Output versus Total Energy to operate the Transmitter.
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RentFloor space required and heat into room (AC requirements)
Service
Robustness, Redundancy, Access, Ease of Maintenance
MaintenanceRoutine planned, Preventative, Retrospective, Remote Control/Diagnostics
Off AirRedundancy
PowerConsumption of the Amplifier, still key cost of a stationTypically makes up 70% of a stations expenses
Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
MAJOR FACTORS EFFECTING COST OF OWNERSHIP
POWER CONSUMPTION IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR CONCERNING THE COST OF OWNERSHIP
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More than 80% (typically)of network operators costs relate to power consumption
Most power is consumed
by the RF power amplifier devices.
Standard Class A/B design transmittersoperate with poor efficiency due to the high peak to average ratio. Typical Class A/B transmitter system efficiency is between 14-20% *
Amplifiers operate at highest efficiencyat saturation point
Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
THE FINAL POWER AMPLIFIER IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR FOR TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY
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A Brief history of amplifier devices
What technology to choose for the best efficiency
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LDMOSTransistor
Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
First there were Vacuum tubes Klystrons Tetrodes Diacrodes Klsytrodes IOT’s
The came Transistors 1960 – 2015 Significant increase in power capability Employed initially in VHF then in the 70’s to UHF Big effect on Power handling and Performance
LDMOS; Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor Today: LDMOS provides 250-300W Average power per pallet ( and up to 2kW per chassis)
Klystron
IOT
Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
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Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
ReceiverKLYSTRON
IOT
25-30,000 Volts 50 Volts
Choice of Amplifying device
6 Devices / AmplifierTypically 2 – 20 amplifiers per transmitter
300W LDMOSTRANSISTOR
SizeSafety
RedundancyEfficiency ?
Complexity• 6 PSU• 15 Protection
mechanisms• 3 cooling
systems• Low gain• Very High
Voltage
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
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25
1618
20 21
50
42
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KLYSTRON TRANSISTOR TETRODE KLYSTRON MSDC IOT DIACRODE MSDC IOT DRAIN MODULATION DOHERTY TRANSISTOR
Device Electrical Efficiency (ATSC Signal)
Electrical Efficiency (ATSC Digital)
1960’s 1970’s 1975 1985 1990 1994 2009 2011 2011
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The choice now is what type of transistor amplifier to use…
So Vacuum Tubes are finally put to rest!
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Solid State Transistorized TransmittersAlmost all transmitters are now employing transistors
Class A/B
Significant improvements from 5% to 20% system efficiency
Standard Class A/B design transmittersAre no longer going to be used because of significant technology innovations
Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Three choices available
Class A/B
Envelope Modulation
Doherty Modulation
Class A/B
EnvelopeModulation
DohertyModulation
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Receiver
Energy Dissipated as Heat
Transmitted Radio Signal
EnvelopeModulation
Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Receiver
V DC
Energy Dissipated as Heat
Modulator/Exciter
~ 30% Efficiency70% Wasted energy as heat
A1Class A/B Amplifier
Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Energy Dissipated as Heat
DC-DC Converter
~ 33% Efficiency67% Wasted energy as heat
Average Power Tracking
A1
V DC
Modulator/Exciter
Class A/B Amplifier
Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Class A/B Amplifier
Envelope Detector
Envelope doesn’ttrack to zero ~ 44% Efficiency
56% Wasted energy as heat
Envelope Power Tracking
A1
Modulator/Exciter
DC-DC Converter
V DC
Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Class A/B
Class A/B
Efficiency 28%Temperature 75ᴼ C
Average Junctiontemperature 140 ᴼ C
Drain Modulation
Drain Modulation
Efficiency 44%Temperature 62ᴼ C
Average Junctiontemperature 112 ᴼ C
Drain Modulation (Envelope Modulation)
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
William Doherty - 1936
Bell Labs (Western Electric) Successful developments by Continental Electronics (James B. Weldon / Joseph Sainton) 50kW AM transmitters Various versions including parallel Class AB and C tubes (Continental 317C) 9 tubes versus RCA’s 32 tubes!
Follow on development by NXP (Ex-Philips) LDMOS design using standard format two transistor pallet Current models BLF888B (Narrowband) and BLF888D (Broadband) – 250W output (average
power – UHF) Up to 55% Drain Efficiency (at the transistor)
Doherty Modulation
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
WilkinsonSplitter
0ᴼ
90ᴼ
Main PA = Class A/B Carrier Amplifier
90ᴼPhase Shift
Matching Section
Output
Input
Identical amplifiers (in phase and gain), but the Peak PA is biased in Class C, which means that V g < V pinchoff
A1
A2
Peak PA = Class C (Peaking amplifier)
Doherty Modulation
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
WilkinsonSplitter
0ᴼ
90ᴼ
Main PA = Class A/B Carrier Amplifier
Peak PA = Class C (Peeking amplifier)
90ᴼPhase Shift
Matching Section
Output
Input
A1
A2
At Low PowerThe Main PA is ONThe Peak PA is OFF
Z1 = 100 Ω
Z2 = 25 Ω
Zout = 50 ΩZout² = Z1 x Z2
Dependent on Operating Frequency
Doherty Modulation
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Curtesy of NXP
Doherty Modulation using BLF888D
Wide band combiner
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Temperature
Class A/B
Class A/B
Efficiency 28%Temperature 75ᴼ C
Average Junctiontemperature 140 ᴼ C
Drain
Drain
Efficiency 43%Temperature 66ᴼ C
Average Junctiontemperature 115 ᴼ C
Doherty
Doherty
Efficiency 53%Temperature 67ᴼ C
Average Junctiontemperature 117 ᴼ C
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Doherty ModulationStructureNo change in the architecture of the transmitter
Number of Components
No additional components
ConsumptionSignificantly higher efficiency
ReliabilitySignificantly lower junction temperature; leading to higher MTBF
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Nothing is for free!
Increased Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)
Increased Signal to Noise (SNR)
Bandwidth limitations
Doherty Modulation
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Performance Comparison between Class A/B and DOHERTY Amplification
1kW UHF OFDM AMPLIFIER
Shoulders BEFORE correction
Shoulders AFTER correction
Difference
MER BEFORE correction
MER AFTER correction
Difference
24dB
42dB
18dB
21dB
39dB
18dB
17dB
39dB
21dB
14dB
36dB
22dB
With DOHERTY Modulation correction has to work 3 – 4dB harder
Class A/B DOHERTY
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Efficiency Calculation – ANYWAVE® MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology vs. Market average Air Cooled Transmitter
MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology
Market Average Transmitter
Pin
Pout
Power Efficiency
Required Energy/Year 24/7
Expected Energy Costs at
$0.12 / Year 24/7
Saved Energy Costs / Year
Energy Costs in 5 Years
Saved Energy Costs in 5 Years
4246 W
1550 W
36.5%
37195 KW/h
$4,463
$3,684
$22,315
$18,420
7750 W
1550 W
20.0%
67890 KW/h
$8,147
$40,735
Five to Six Years for complete capital investment pay off
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
MPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology
Market Average Transmitter
Pin
Pout
Power Efficiency
Required Energy/Year 24/7
Expected Energy Costs at
$0.12 / Year 24/7
Saved Energy Costs / Year
Energy Costs in 5 Years
Saved Energy Costs in 5 Years
1940 W
640 W
33%
16994 KW/h
$2,039
$2,166
$10,195
$10,830
4000 W
640 W
16.0%
35040 KW/h
$4,205
$21,025
Efficiency Calculation – ANYWAVE® LPTV Series with DOHERTY Technology vs. Market average Air Cooled Transmitter
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DOHERTY TECHNOLOGYmakes it possible to improve the efficiency of a broadcast amplifier
WITH COFDM (DVB-T2. ISDB-T and ATSC3.0)
efficiency increases from 20% to 40%
WITH SINGLE CARRIER SYSTEMS (ATSC 1.0)Efficiency increases from 25% to 50%
TYPICAL SAVINGS PER KILOWATT For a standard 1.5kW transmitter can be over $3,000 USD per year
SAVINGS Can equate to over 100% of capital investment in five years
Efficiencies are improved by 50%over traditional Class A/B.
Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Summary
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Typical Peak to Average Ratio of OFDM (ISDB-Tb) is nearly 10dB
Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation?
PeakAverage
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Typical Peak to Average Ratio of NTSC (Analog) is only 2.5dB
Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation
PeakAverage
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
As no significant Peak to Average Ratio in Analog, NO Advantage in efficiency with DOHERTY
Disadvantage is still the significant non-linearity caused by the Class A/B stage
Conclusion: DOHERTY does not operate efficiently with Analog
Doherty Modulation in Analog Operation
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
As DOHERTY configuration is slightly more expensive than standard Class A
Performance is compromised with DOHERTY
No efficiency improvements at lower power
ROI is less at lower power
Should DOHERTY by used at all Powers?
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Cost of Ownership
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
0.1 0.25 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 15 20 30 40 60
SA
VIN
GS
IN U
SD
TRANSMITTER OUTPUT POWER
Fixed Drain Drain Mod. Doherty
Based on 24 hours 365 days per year operation, $0.1 KW/H electricity cost.
Class A/B
Optional
Doherty
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SO WHAT ELSE EFFECTS TRANSMITTER EFFICIENCY
Fans, couplers, combiners, Power Supplies ….
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
SMALL BUT NOT TO COMPACT TO LIMIT SERVICABILITYSmall footprint is good, as long as it does not impede easy access
INCREASING REDUNDANCY TO REDUCE OFF AIR TIMEMultiple amplifying devices with appropriate isolationMultiple fans with plenty of cooling headroomMultiple Power Supplies and quick release
IMPROVING EFFICIENCY OF OTHER PARTS OF THE TRANSMITTERVariable speed fansLow loss couplersHigh Efficiency (98%) Power Supplies
SYSTEM CONTROL and REMOTEEasy to read, access and diagnose
MAKE THINGS OVER SIZED TO INCREASE MTBFEnsure that everything is overrated by at least 30%Cooling, Fans, Power Supplies, cable capacities etc…
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WHAT ELSE IS IMPORTANT?
Serviceability.. Ease of access… more information to make better decisions.
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Remote Control
MONITORING
All Voltages and Currents
All Powers FWD, Reflected
Transport Stream rate
Frequency of Operation
Fan speeds
ADJUSTMENTPowerNon-Linear CorrectionLinear CorrectionExciter Main/Standby
COMPLETE REMOTE CONTROLVia RJ45Standards Web Browser
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Efficiency and Performance of Digital TV Transmitters
Most improvements can be obtained with more efficient amplifiers
Other improvements are possible but have less effect
High Efficiency using DOHERTY Modulation
Compromises using DOHERTY; performance
DOHERTY not applicable at lower powers and in Analog
DOHERTY : Clearly a huge jump in technology and the future of Digital TV
Summary
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ANYWAVE About
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ANYWAVE About
Locations and Products
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ANYWAVE Locations
USA Headquarters Lincolnshire, Illinois China Headquarters Shanghai
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ANYWAVE Created in 2007
Originally LINX ELECTRONICS
Employees: 200+
30% of revenue spent on R&D
Anytime, Anyhow, Anywhere…
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Today’s Core business:
o Exciters
o Transmitters
o Gap fillers
ANYWAVEAnytime, Anyhow, Anywhere…
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VHF
UHF
All standards (ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T2)
Adaptive and automatic correction
Continuous measurement of SNR/IMD
Direct Digital Up-conversion.
Measures POWER, SNR and SHOULDERS.
Full remote control via web browser.
ANYWAVE Exciters
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1W 2W
20W 30W
100W 140W
200W 280W
400W 560W
800W 1000W
1200W 1500W
2000W 2500W
3000W 4000W
OFDM and ATSC average transmitter power at the output of the filter.
1W to 3000W OFDM
2W to 4000W ATSC
ANYWAVE LPTV & MPTV Transmitters
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ANYWAVE HPTV Transmitters UHF (Band IV and V)
Liquid cooled
Doherty Modulation: High Efficiency
Modular
OFDM: 800W – 6KW (2030 mm)
ATSC: 1kW - 5kW (80”)
Analog: 2kW - 8.5kW (2030 mm)
Up to 20kW digital in multiple cabinets
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ANYWAVE Containerized Transmitters Transmitters
Translators
1W to 200W
Choice of…
o RF Input
oASI Input
o Satellite Input
o CVBS/SD-SDI Input
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ANYWAVE Digital Encoders MPEG-2 / 4
SD / HD
STAT-MUX
2 – 12 Inputs
EAS Switching
Static and Dynamic PSIP
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ANYWAVE RF Filters & Components Filters
Combiners
Cables
Connectors
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ANYWAVE for all your transmission needs
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ANYWAVE
FRANK W MASSAINTERNATIONAL SALES MANAGERANYWAVE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD
300 KNIGHTSBRIDGE PARKWAY, 53/64 SARACHA VILLA, SANSUKLINCOLNSHIRE, IL 60069-3655, USA MUANG CHONBURI Thailand
SEND US AN [email protected]
CALL US(+66) 83 618 9333
(+1) 831 264-4159
VISIT OUR WEBSITEwww.anywavecom.com/en
For Product Inquiries, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
ANYWAVE
ANYWAVE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD
300 KNIGHTSBRIDGE PARKWAY,LINCOLNSHIRE, IL 60069-3655, USA