Anatomy Test One Study Guide

8/8/2019 Anatomy Test One Study Guide

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What is the function of muscle tissue?

-Contraction

What is the function of Nervous tissue?

-Message transmission

What is the study of tissues?

-Histology

What level are tissues in organization?

-2nd

What are the Characteristics of Epithelium?

-Cellularity, Polarity, Connective tissue support, Innervated, Avascular, Regeneration

What is cellularity?

-closely packed cells; little extracellular fluid

What is polarity?

-Apical surface-faces out to the body exterior or cavity. Basal Surface-opposite end; composed of thebasal lamina.

What is the basal lamina?

-A noncellular sheet secreted by epithelials that acts as a filter; decides what molecules from theunderlying connective tissue will pass

What are tissues composed of?

-many cells

No what goes through epithelial cells?

-blood vessels

What does apical mean?

-outside

Basal lamina is what?

-connective tissue


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Blood vessels do run through what?

-connective tissue

What side is the basal lamina on?

-the side that is doing something apical; connective side

What is the connective tissue support?

- The reticular lamina that is secreted by the connective tissue.

Where is the reticular lamina located?

-under the basal lamina

What forms the basement membrane?

-epithelial and connective tissue

What is innervated?

-contains nerves

What is avascular?

-does not contain blood vessels

What is regeneration?

-the rapid dividing to replace lost cells

If something is avascular is does not what?

-bleed

Epithelial tissue is very what?

-thin

What is skin mostly made up?

-epithelial tissue

What are fast dividing cells?

-Epithelial

How can epithelia be classified?


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-according to how many layers it has

What is one layer classified as?

-simple

What does a simple layer do?

-absorb and filter

What is more than one layer classified as?

-stratified

What is a stratified area?

-high abrasion area

What is an example of a high abrasion area?

-skin

Anything that has to be absorbed is what?

-simple

One layer is appropriate for what purpose?

-absorbing nutrients

Where can one layer epithelia be found?

-any digestive track, kidneys, live, lungs

What area the shapes epithelia can take?

-squamous, cuboidal, columnar

What is the description of squamous epithelia?

-Flat and scale-like

What is the description of cuboidal epithelia?

-boxlike

What is the description of columnar epithelia?

-tall, column like


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What kind of nucleus does squamous epithelium have?

-flat

What kind of nucleus does cuboidal epithelium nucleus have?

-round

What kind of nucleus does a columnar epithelium have?

-stretched out

Where is simple squamous found?

-where filtration takes place

Where is Endothelium found and what is its purpose?

Lines blood vessels and the heart, it reduces friction

Where is mesothelium found?

-in serous membrane

What is the purpose of simple cuboidal epithelia?

-secretion and absorption

Where is simple cuboidal epithelia found?

Kidneys

Where is simple columnar epithelium located?

-Lines the digestive tract

What is the purpose of simple columnar epithelia?

-Absorption and secretion

What do simple columnar epithelia have?

-dense microvilli and goblet cells

What do microvilli do?

-secrete protective mucus, absorption, and increase surface area

What is the shape of a goblet cell?


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-cup

What is found inside a goblet cell?

-a protective mucus

What is psuedostratified columnar?

-columnar cells of different heights

What does psuedostratified columnar line?

-respiratory tract

Psuedostratified columnar all start at the same what?

-basal lamina

How many layers are psuedostratified columnar?

-One

Psuedostratified columnar produces a lot of what?

-mucus

What is the mucus produced by the psuedostratified columnar need for?

-Trapping dust and other debris

Where is stratified squamous found?

-skin and high abrasion areas

Stratified squamous can be what?

-keratinized or nonkeratinized

Where is keratinized stratified squamous found?

-skin

Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous found?

-esophagus, mouth, vagina

What does stratified mean?

-Multiple layers


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What is keratin?

-water proof protein

Keratin is only found where?

-on the outside of the body

Stratified cuboidal and columnar is what?

-rare

What do stratified cuboidal and columnar do?

-form large ducts of glands

Where does transitional epithelium line?

-urinary organs; bladder, uterus, urethra

Transitional epithelium can do what do to increases and decreases in pressure?

-change shape

The uterus runs from where to where?

-from kidneys to bladder

The urethra runs from where to where?

-bladder to outside

Transitional epithelium is present in a female when?

-she is pregnant

What is the purpose of glandular epithelium?

-secretion

What is the characteristic of endocrine glands and what is there function?

-ductless, and secretes hormones

What is the characteristic of exocrine glands and what are its functions?

-have ducts, secretes sweat, oil, mucus, saliva, digestive enzymes, and bile

Merocrine glands are not what?


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-altered by secretion

Holocrine glands do what?

-build up then rupture

Goblet cells do what?

-produce mucus

Goblet cells are what?

-unicellullar

Merocrine glands and holocrine glands are both what?

-multicellular

Ducts can be either what or what?

-tubular or alveolar: more spread out

What are some examples of merocrine glands?

-sweat glands and saliva glands

What happens in the merocrine glands?

-exocytosis

What is exocytosis?

-transporting stuff out of the cell; the activitly getting rid of large molecules

Transporting stuff out if the cell requires what?

-energy

What also requires energy?

-secretion

What happens to holocrine glands when they rupture?

-they die

What is the protein that makes up most mucus?

-mucine


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What is the most abundant tissue type in the body?

-connective tissue

What are the functions of connective tissue?

-support, protect, insulate, and transport (blood)

All connective tissue has a what?

-common origin

What is connective tissues common origin?

-all rises from mesenchyme (from mesoderm)

What are the different degrees of vascularity that connective tissues can posses?

-avascular, poorly vascularized, and vascular rich

Connective tissue has what?

-matrix

What is the only time you see blood in connective tissue?

-when it clots

When does connective tissue start to develop?

-as an embroitic organ

What are the main parts of connective tissue?

-Ground substance and fibers

What does the ground substance make up?

-ECM

What is the function of the ground substance?

-to hold fluids and act as a medium thru which nutrients can diffuse

What does the ground substance contain?

-fibers

What is the ground substance found?


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-in the basement membrane

Where is the Extracellular matrix (ECM) located?

-outside the cell

What are the three types of fibers?

-Collagen fibers (white fibers), Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers

What is the function of collagen fibers?

-Cross link to provide strength to elastic fibers

What is the function of Elastic fibers?

-allows connective to stretch reticular fibers

What is the function of reticular fibers?

-To support

What can elastic fibers do when they are stretched?

-return to their original state

What do reticular fibers mainly surround?

-blood vessels; to hold them up

What are the cell types?

-fibroblast, chondroblast, osteobalst, hemocytobalst

Where are fibroblast found?

-connective collagen fibers

Where are chondrobalst found?

-cartilage

Where are osteobalst found?

-Bone

Where are hemocyotobalst found?

-blood


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Fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, and hemocytoblast are all/do what?

-immature and secrete ground substances for their ECM

What happens to the suffix when the cell becomes matured?

-it becomes cyte

Connective tissues also include what?

-fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

What causes mast cells to leak?

-histamine

What eats any bad things that get into cells?

-macrophages

What are the types of connective tissue?

-Embryonic, mucous, connective tissue proper

Where does embryonic connective tissue form from?

-the mesoderm

When does embryonic connective tissue form?

-during embryonic development; becomes all other connective tissue

How long is a cell an embryo?

-8 weeks

From 8 weeks to 40 weeks the embryo becomes a what?

-fetus

What kind of important cells do embryonic connective tissue contain?

-stem cells

What are stem cells?

-cells that can differentiate into any other cells

Embryonic cells can do what?


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-differentiate into any other cell

Stem cells inside bone maro are plurapoltion meaning what?

-they can only differentiate into some cells

Mucous connective tissue is what?

-temporary

What is mucous connective tissue called?

-Wharton s jelly

What is the function of mucous connective tissue?

-supports the umbilical cord

What is connective tissue proper composed of?

-composed of fibroblasts

What are the 2 subclasses of connective tissue proper?

-loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

-areoloar, adipose, and reticular

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

What is areolar connective tissue?

-semi-fluid ground substance

What is areolar connective tissue dominated by?

-fibrobalst

Areolar connective tissue has a loose arrangement of what?

-fibers

Areolar connective tissue provides storage for what?

-water and salts


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-very large and don t divide

How are adipose connective tissue packed?

-tightly

How much of the average person s body weight does adipose connective tissue make up?

-about 18%

Where is adipose connective tissue found?

-bone marrow, around the kidneys, behind the eyes, abdomen and hips

How does adipose connective tissue act around kidneys?

-as a shock absorber and insulator

What are lipids?

-fats

Fats store what?

-nutrients

Fats have twice as much energy as what?

-sugar

What is reticular connective tissue?

-similar to areolar tissue but only contain reticular fibers

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

-lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

What dominates the dense regular connective tissue?

-Fibers

Dense regular connective tissue forms what?

-ligaments and tendons

How many directions does dense regular connective tissue go in?

-One


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What do tendons attach?

-muscle to bone

What do ligaments attach?

-bone to bone

What does dense irregular connective tissue form?

-the dermis of the skin

The dense irregular connective tissue forms goes in what directions?

-many

Where is cartilage mainly located?

-Mostly between dense connective tissue and bone

What is cartilage composed of?

-chondroblasts

Cartilage has no what?

-vessels or nerves

Cartilage is firm due to what?

-large amounts of collagen fibers

Cartilage is up to how much water?

-80%

Movement of water allows cartilage to do what?

-rebound

What surrounds cartilage?

-dense connective tissue called the perichondrium

What does the perichondrium provide?

-diffusion of nutrients

What are the two types of growth cartilage?


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-interstitial growth and appositional growth

What is interstitial growth?

-initial growth, grows from within (occurs during adolescence)

What is Appositional growth?

-on the surface

What are the three types of cartilage?

-hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

-hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covers?

-end of long bones, tips of noses, ribs of sternum, larynx, trachea, and bronchii

Hyaline cartilage forms most of what?

-embryonic skeleton

Hyaline cartilage is also called what?

Articular cartilage

Elastic cartilage is nearly identical to what?

-hyaline cartilage; it has more elastic fibers

Where is elastic cartilage found?

-Ears and epiglottis

Where is fibrocartilage found?

-between hyaline cartilage and a ligament or tendon, between vertebrae and in the knees

Fibrocratilage provides what?

-strong support

What is the hardest connective tissue?

-bone


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What is the function of bone?

-to store fats and manufacturing center of blood cells

Bones are what?

-vascularized and innervated

Bones produce what?

-red blood cells

Blood contains what?

-blood cells surrounded by a matrix of blood plasma

When are fibbers visible?

-during clotting

55% of blood is what?

-plasma

What makes up plasma in blood?

-ground substance and fibers

45% of blood is what?

-cells

What are the types of membranes?

-epithelial membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes

What are epithelial membranes?

-composed sheets of epithelia bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue

Cuntaneous membrane is found where?

-skin

What is cuntaneous membrane?

-stratified squamous atop a thick dense irregular connective tissue

What does the mucous membrane line?


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-cavities open to the exterior of the body

Where can mucous membrane be found?

-digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

What is the mucous membrane composed of?

-composed of an epithelial sheet atop loose connective tissue called lamina propria

Serous membranes line what?

-body cavities

What is serous membrane?

-simple squamous atop loose connective

The nervous tissue is composed of what?

-neurons

Nervous tissues are found where?

-brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the function of nerve cells?

-transport messages

Nervous tissues look like what?

-white threads

How nervous tissues spaced?

-they are in clusters

What is the function of muscle tissue?

-movement by contracting and shortening

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

-skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

-pulls on bones or skin


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Skeletal muscle tissue is what?

-Muti-nucleated

What is skeletal muscle tissue shape?

-long, cylindrical striations

How does skeletal muscle tissue act?

-voluntary

Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?

-in the heart

What is cardiac muscle tissue shape?

-striated but uni-nucleated and branching

How does cardiac muscle tissue act?

-involuntary

Smooth muscle tissue has no what?

-striations

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

-organs

What kind of nucleus does smooth central muscle tissue have?

-1 central nucleus

How does the smooth muscle tissue act?

-involuntary

Where is smooth muscle tissue found?

-Digestive tract

What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?

-pushes things through digestive tract

The skeletal system has no what?


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-organs

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

-support(framework), protect vital organs(brain and spinal cord), movement(bones are used as levers),mineral storage(calcium and phosphate stored in bone maro), Blood cell information

What are the organs of the Integumentary system?

-skin

What are the 7 functions of the integumentary system?

-protective covering, regulates body temperature, manufactures vitamin D, sensory, temporary storagesfor fats, glucose, and salts, screens out UV rays, absorbs certain drugs

What are the organs in the immune system?

-lymphatic system organs

What is the function of the immune system?

-protects against pathogens

What are the functions of the muscular system?

-breathing, support, movement

What are the organs of the muscular system?

-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

What are the functions of the nerves system?

-receive stimuli(senses), transmit stimuli to nervous centers, and initiate response

What are the organs of the nervous system?

-brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

-provides the transport system hardware that keeps the blood continuously circulating

What is the organ of the cardiovascular system?

-heart

What are the organs in the respiratory system?


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-nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

What is the function of the respiratory system?

-to supply the body with oxygen and dispose or carbon dioxide

What are the organs in the digestive system?

-mouth, esophagus, stomach, small(rectum and anus) and large(colon) intestines, salivary glands,pancreas, gallbladder, and liver

What is the function of the digestive system?

-breakdown and absorb nutrients for growth and maintenance

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

-To produce eggs and sperm, to transport and sustain these cells, to nurture the developing offspring,and to produce hormones

What are the female organs of the reproductive system?

-ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

What are the male organs of the reproductive system?

-testis, seminulvesiculs, and penis

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

-pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenalglands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

What is the function of the endocrine system?

-influences the metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones; chemical messengers released to theblood to be transported throughout the body


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Anatomy Test One Study Guide

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