Anatomy Physiology Test

8/12/2019 Anatomy Physiology Test

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Science Olympiad National Tournament 2013 Division C Anatomy &Physiology

1. Starting from the lumen, name the 4 surrounding layers of wall of the alimentary canal.

a.

b.

c.

d.

2. Pancreatic secretions contain many zymogens.

a. What are zymogens?

b. How do they carry out their functions?

c. Please provide TWO examples of zymogens. They do not have to be made by the pancreas.

3. Please provide ONE example of an autonomic reflex of the digestive system.

4. Which of the following statement concerning reflexes in the Digestive tract is TRUE?

a. Peristalsis is regulated entirely by long (vasovagal) reflexes.

b. Myenteric reflexes act through circuits of autonomic nerves that integrate in the CNS.c. Sympathetic fibers of the vagus nerves can stimulate digestive motility and secretions.

d. In some short (myenteric) reflexes, physical stretching of portions ofthe GI tract causes signals to travel

through the myenteric nerve plexus.

e. TWO of the above are TRUE

5. Sphincters are composed of circular rings of smooth muscle. Name TWO sphincters found in the digestive system, an

state their purpose.

6. Once bile is produced by the liver,

a. Itremains in the bile canaliculi until the liver is stimulated by CCK.

b. Itis released immediately into the duodenum via the common bile duct.

c. Itoverflows the bile duct into the gallbladder, where it is diluted 2-10times.

d. Itoverflows the bile duct into the gallbladder, where it is concentrated 5-20 times.

e. NONE of the above is TRUE.

7. Please name THREE components of bile.

8. In Enterohepatic circulation,

a. New bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol.b. Bile acids are reabsorbed by the large intestine and returned to the liver.

c. All components of bile are excreted in the feces, including the body's excess cholesterol.

d. Only bilirubin is reabsorbed by the ileum and recycled for use in digestion.

e. TWO of the above are TRUE.

9. Which of the following statements about Peptic ulcers is FALSE?

a. A majority of ulcers are caused by infection of the mucosa byHelicobacter pylori

b. Peptic ulcers can form in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

c. The use of NSAIDs is a risk factor for peptic ulcers.

d. Peptic ulcers can lead to hemorrhage and peritonitis.

e. ALL of the above are TRUE.


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10. Please match the following descriptions with the appropriatecell type. Each cell type may have multiple answers, and so

features may apply to multiple cell types or none at all.

1. Parietal cells

2. Kupffercells

3. Alpha cells

4. Beta cells

5. Chief cells

6. Hepatocytes

a. Found in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

b. Secrete glucagon

c. Filter blood of bacteria and waste products

d. Secrete insulin

e. Synthesize bile salts

f. Secretes pepsinogen, chymosin, and leptin

g. Macrophages found in hepatic sinusoids

h. Contain glucagon receptors

i. Secretion product of this cell activates pepsinogen

j. Found in the liver

k. Synthesize serum albumin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin

1 . Stratified squamous epithelium

m. May be subject to autoimmune attack in Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

n. Found in gastric pits

o. Sensitive to blood glucose levels

p. Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

11. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system treats part of the body as "foreign."

a. Please name one AUTOIMMUNE disease ofthe Digestive system.

b. Describe the pathogenesis of this condition.

c. List four signs and symptoms of this condition.

d. What treatment is prescribed forpatients with this condition?

e. *Discuss a possible cure for this condition that is being developed. How would this cure work?

12. Please match the following enzymes with their substrates:

1. Carbohydrates

2. Triglycerides

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids

a. Salivary amylase

b. Pancreatic lipase

c. Pepsin

d. Ribonucleases

e. Deoxyribonucleases

f. Dextrinase

g. Chymotrypsin

h. Trypsin

i. Carboxypeptidase

j. Lactase

k. Phosphatases


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13. Complete the following chemical equation for the buffering of HCI by sodium bicarbonate:

HCI + NaHC03 ~ ???

14. Which of the 12pairs of Cranial Nerves provide Nervous System control of digestion? Multiple answers are possible.

15. List TWO nitrogenous wastes excreted in (human) urine.

16. Please label the indicated parts of the kidney section shown below:

,----0

o

~ ffi

17. Renal circulation ...

a. Accounts for40% of cardiac output (the "renal fraction").

b. Is supplied from the renal arteries, which arise from the ascending aorta.

c. Has many efferent arterioles, and each supply a nephron.

d. Drains via the renal vein into the inferior vena cava.

e. TWO of the above are TRUE.

18. The proximal convoluted tubule, thick segment of the Loop of Henle, and the collecting duct share a type of epithelial

tissue. Name and draw a simple cross-section of this epithelial tissue type.

19. A patient has a GFR of115 mL/min and a filtration coefficient (Kf) of12.105 mL/min mmHg.

a. What is the patient's NFP? (Please provide units. Significant figures are not required)

b. Using the given the values, approximately what volume is being filtered by the two kidneys in a single day?

20. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system,

a. Renin enzyme converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.

- - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - -


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b. The liverrelease rennin in response to a drop in blood pressure.

c. ACE converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1.d. Angiotensin II hormone stimulates secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex.

e. NONE ofthe above is TRUE.

21. How does ADH increase the water permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct cells?Specifically,which

membrane protein is involvedin this mechanism?


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22. Please label the following segments of a typical nephron:

23. Using your answers from (#26), please match the following nephron segments with the movements of kidney filtrate

components.

1. A

2. B

3. C

4. H

5. I

a. Passive transport of H20 into the cells and interstitial fluid

b. Active transport of H20 into the cells and interstitial fluid

c. Passive transport of N aCl into the interstitial fluid.

d. Active transport of NaCl into the interstitial fluid.e. Active transport ofNaCl into the tubule lumen.

f. Active transport of urea into the tubule lumen.

g. Passive transport of urea out of the tubule lumen.

h. Active transport ofK+into the tubule lumen.

1. Passive transport ofK+ into the interstitial fluid.24. Please name two genus of bacteria responsible for urinarytract infections (UTIs):

25. Which ofthe following statements about osmolarity in the kidney is/are FALSE?

a. Hypoosmolarity of the surrounding tissue fluid is necessary forthe reabsorptionof water fromthe tubule

lumen.

b. Hyperosmolarity ofthe tissue fluid is maintained by active reabsorption of salts.

-


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c. Osmolarity of the interstitial fluid is highest at the center ofthe kidney medulla.

d. Urine is isotonic with the interstitial fluid when it first enters the collecting duct.

e. ALL ofthe above are TRUE.

26. Please list the parts of a somatic reflex arc, such as the patellar reflex.

27. Please indicate the functions of the following types of neuroglia:a. Oligodendrocytes

b. Astrocytes

c. Ependymal cells

d. Microglia

e. Schwann cells

f. Satellite cells

28. Please describe THREE effects of aging on the Nervous System.

29. Place the following fivemolecules in the order oftheir biosynthesis:

L-Dopa, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, L-Tyrosine, Dopamine

30. Multiple Sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the nervous system.

a. List THREE symptoms and/or signs of MS.

b. What cells are being damaged in MS? How does this cause the appearance ofsymptoms?

c. Discuss ONE possible cause of MS.

31. What membrane protein is responsible for creating the resting electrochemical potential ofneurons?

32. Please draw and label an action potential. Include units and approximate values for electric potential.

33. Which ofthe following statements concerning the refractory period of neurons is FALSE?

a. Itis impossible to stimulate that region of the neuron to repolarize again during the absolute refractoryper

b. Hyperpolarization occurs during the relative refractive period.

c. K+ gates are still open, so those ions flowinto the cell.

d. Aparticularly strong stimulus can cause the region to transmit a signal during the relative refractive period


34. Neurotransmitters cannot be allowed to remain in the synaptic cleft followingrelease fromvesicles at the axon terminal

Please describe TWO methods of clearing neurotransmitters fromthe synapse.

35. In retrograde signaling by neurons,

a. Feedback circuits among neurons can be formed.

b. Retrograde messengers are synthesized by cellular machinery of the post-synaptic neuron.

c. Aretrograde messenger is released in order to bind to receptors of the pre-synaptic neuron.

d. Signal molecules can consist of anandamide or nitric oxide (NO).


36. How can an inhibitory neurotransmitter cause an IPSP in the post-synaptic neuron?

37. Please name TWO excitatory neurotransmitters that produce EPSPs.

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38. Please complete the followingchart regarding cholinergic and adrenergic receptors and their locations in Autonomic

nervous system:

Neurotransmitter releasedReceptor type on Neurotransmitter released Receptorty

by preganglionic neuronpostganglionic neuron (at

bypostganglionic neuron ontarget cautonomic ~an~lia synapse)

Parasympathetic

fiber

Sympathetic

adrener$c fiber

Sympathetic

choliner2ic fiber

39. Name the two common areas where most gastric cancer tumors form.

40. Which form ofhepatitis is a result of cell-mediated immune responses tothe virus?

41. Name the transmission of the following:

a. Hepatitis A

b. Hepatitis B

c. Hepatitis C

d. Hepatitis De. Hepatitis E

42. Match the following:

a. Drug used to decrease nausea and vomiting

b. Greasy loose stools

c. Opportunistic oral fungal infection

d. Outpouching of the mucosa in colon

e. Tarry stools caused bybleeding

i. Candidiosis

11. Diverticulum

ill. Steatorrhea

lV. Antiemetic

v. Melena

43. Explain whyeach ofthe followingmanifestation occurs in end-stage renal failure:

a. Metabolic acidosis

b. Increased BUN&SerumCreatinine

c. Delayedclotting'

d. Edema

e. Pulmonary edema

f. Lethargy &confusion

g. Bone tenderness

h. Ammonia on breath

44. Please complete the followingchart regarding cancer ofthe GI tract and accessory organs:

Etiology Pathophysiology Manifestation/ Complication Treatment

Esophagus

Stomach

Liver

Pancreas

Colorectal


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45. Please complete the following chart on Crohn's disease

Complication

Individuals at risk

Etiology

Lesion Location

Manifestation

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