Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 188 4 -1889

AIR TEMPERATURE IN TORUŃ (POLAND)

IN THE PERIOD 1884-1889

12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC),

Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

Rajmund Przybylak, Aleksandra Pospieszyńska

Department of Climatology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland,

[email protected]

Data and measurement methods (1884-1889)

Daily data from 1884-1889 were published in Annals of the Royal Prussian Meteorological Service.

Daily data from Toruń for contemporary period 2001-2010 were taken from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW).

The daily data from the 19th century were quality-controlled and compared with corresponding data from the contemporary period (2001-2010). Additionally, monthly historical data were also compared with all available and homogenized air temperature data (1871-2010).

Air temperature measurements were conducted three times a day (at 6 a.m., 2 p.m., and 10 p.m.) using a mercury thermometer degrees in Celsius scale.

Extreme thermometers were constructed by Geissler (maximum) and by Casella (minimum).

R. Przybylak, A. Pospieszyńska,"Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 1884-1889"

12th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th European Conference on Applied Climatology (ECAC), Łódź, 10-14 September 2012

Source data from Toruń, Jan-April 1884 (Preussische Statistic, Koniglichen meteorologischen Institut, 1884)

Location of measurement sites in ToruńContinuous meteorological observations in Toruń began in the second half of the nineteenth century within the Royal Prussian Meteorological network.

After regaining independence (in 1918) measurements in Toruń began in 1920. They were performed by the National Hydro-Meteorological Institute (PIHM), and later by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW).

Location of stations has been changing, mainly as a result of urban expansion into areas previously undeveloped.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Toruń Wrzosy (Storczykowa) (1)

Toruń Wrzosy (Żytnia) (2)

Toruń Podgórz (3)

Toruń Lotnisko (4)

Toruń Port Zimowy (5)

Toruń Koszary (6)

Toruń Weiβhof/Lufthavn (7)

Instrumental measurements in

organized networks

Toruń



RESULTS

Course of air temperature in Toruń in the period 1871-2010

1884-1889 – temperature

statistics

Mean annual temperature: 7.2°C

The warmest month: 17.7°C (July)

The coolest month: -2.6°C (January)

Absolute maximum: 34.1°C (11 June

1889)

Absolute minimum: -23.7°C (2

January 1888)



Annual courses of air temperature in Toruń in periods 1884-1889, 1921-2000, 2001-2010 and their anomalies (relative to the average from period 1871-2010)



1884-1889 1921-2010

2001-2010

Year-to-year courses of mean seasonal and annual air temperature in Toruń in period 1884-1889 and their anomalies (relative to the average from period 1871-2010)



Period m max min

year 7.28.0 6.4

1884 1888

DJF -1.51,7. -3.21884 1888

MAM 6.67.7 5.9

1889 1888

JJA 16.517.3 16.01889 1888

SON 7.48.3 6.8

1886 1885

Mean, minimum and maximum values of air temperature in seasons and year in Toruń, 1884-1889

Relative frequency of occurrence of air temperature in 2ºC intervals in seasons in Toruń in periods 1884-1889, 1921-2010, and 2001-2010



DJF

JJA

Relative frequency of occurrence of air temperature in 2ºC intervals in seasons in Toruń in periods 1884-1889, 1921-2010, and 2001-2010



MAM

SON

Criteria for thermal seasons (Merecki 1914)

Daily mean winter ≤

0oC 0oC < early spring

≤ 5oC 5oC < spring ≤

15oC summer >

15oC 5oC < autumn ≤

15oC 0oC < early winter

≤ 5oC

Thermal seasons in Toruń, 1884-2010



Thermal seasons

1884-1889 1871-2010 2001-2010

beginning ending beginning ending beginning ending

early spring 16 March 4 April27

February1 April

16 February

26 March

spring 5 April 1 June 2 April 3 June 27 March 27 Maysummer 2 June 25 August 4 June 31 August 28 May 6 September

autumn 26 August 29 October1

September2

November7

September9 November

early winter 30 October10

December3

November8

December10

November12

December

winter11Decembe

r15 March

9 December

26 February

13 December

15 February

Dates of beginning and ending of thermal seasons in Toruń

CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions

The analysed period was generally cooler than the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century.

The mean annual air temperature in the analysed period (7.2°C) was approximately 0.5°C and 1.5°C lower than the same variables in the periods of 1871-2010 and 2001-2010, respectively.

The highest temperature measured in Toruń after 1921 was 38.2°C and occurred on 11th July 1959, whereas the lowest temperature was -32.4°C, recorded on 19th January 1963. The maximum air temperature in the analysed period reached 34.1˚C on 11th June 1889, whereas the minimum temperature was -23.7°C on 2nd January 1888.

On average, the annual mean temperature was mainly influenced by winter and summer thermal conditions. The warmest month in the analysed period was July (17.7°C), which however was nearly 2°C cooler than in the contemporary period. On the other hand, January was the coolest month in both periods.



Conclusions

In 1884-1889, the highest mean monthly day-to-day variability of air temperature was observed in winter and spring. In contrast, the lowest one was observed during summer. Although the annual cycle in variability was similar to the one observed at present, the values were greater in the historical period.

In the contemporary period of 2001-2010, mean daily air temperatures exceeding 6.0°C were more frequent than in the historical period. The most diverse distribution of frequency of air temperature calculated for 2°C intervals appeared in spring.

The duration of the winter and early winter reduced the most (30 and 10 days, respectively). On the other hand duration of early spring and summer increase for about 20 days each. Also duration of growing season has increased from 208 days (1884-1889) to 228 days (2001-2010).



Acknowledgements The work was done within the

Polish-Swiss project entitled „Climate of northern Poland during the last 1000 years: Constraining the future with the past (CLIMPOL)”

The source data used in the dissertation entitled „Climate changes in the region of Toruń on the basis of instrumental, historical and dendrochronological data” comes from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute.



Thank You for Your attention!

Air temperature in Toruń (Poland) in the period 188 4 -1889

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