Submitted to

Dr.zeeshan Akbar

Submitted by

14-Arid-2027-21-24-26

2: Accessory Organs It consist of

- Tongue

- Teeth

- Salivary Glands

- Liver

- Pancreas

OTHER RELEVANT STRUCTURES

Abdominal Cavity, Peritoneum, and Spleen

TONGUE. covered by mucous membrane.

Located at the floor of the mouth, between the rami of the

mandible.

PARTS

The tongue is divided into three

parts. 1. ROOT:

2. BODY:

3. APEX:

Tongue is situated on the floor of mouth ,between the rami of the mandible

It is narrower in the middle of the body but width of the apex and root is almost same .

Color of tongue is variable. PARTS OF TONGUE1.Root2.Body3.Apex

PAPILLAE: The mucous membrane of tongue

give rise a large number of projections,called papillae which are of following four tyoing

PARTS:1.Filliform2.Fungiform3.Lenticular4.vallate

1.Filliform: Thread-like and small in size and soft

touch 2.Fungiform: Mushroom-like, they are relatively large

in size . 3.Lenticular: They are rounded papillae on dorsum

linguae. 4.Vallate: *They are cup-shape. *They are 14-16 in number.

Teeth COMPOSITION. Pulp

Dentine

Enamel

Comentum

DESCRIPTION

A tooth presents four surfaces: 1. Vestibular:

2. Lingua:

3.contact

4. Masticating:

1.Crown:

It is the parts of the tooth visible

above the mucous membrane of the gum.

2.Root:

A tooth is anchored by its root .In a

socket of a bone , called alveolus

COMPUSION: TEETH IS COMPOSED OF

FOUR TYPES OF TEETH.1.PULP: Inner part of teeth that contain nerve

,vessels ,and loose connective tissue.2.Dentine: Connective tissue surrounding the

pulp.3.Enamel: Outer surface located in the root.

SETS OF TEETH diphyodont.

i) Deciduous Teeth

ii) Permanent Teeth

TYPES OF TEETH The teeth are of four types named as follows; Incisor

Canine

Premolar

molar

DENTAL FORMULA

Deciduous Teeth Formula Permanent Teeth Formula

2 (Di 0/4 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3) = 20 2 (I 0/4 C 0/0 Pm 3/3 M 3/3) = 32

Di = Incisors (of deciduous teeth)

Dc = Canine of deciduous teeth

Dp = Premolars (of deciduous

teeth)

I = Incisors of permanent teeth

C = Canines (of permanent teeth)

Pm = Premolars of permanent

teeth

M = Molars (of permanent teeth

Salivary Gland enzyme ptylalin.

TYPES OF GLANDS

Two categories: 1. Chief Salivary Glands i) Parotid gland

ii) Mandibular gland

iii) Sublingual gland

2. Minor Salivary Gland i) Labial gland

ii) Buccal gland

iii) Lingual gland

iv) Palatine gland

The parotid salivary gland secretes primarily a serous

saliva.

The mandibular and sublingual glands are classified as

mixed glands.

Most of the minor salivary glands have a mucous secretion.

largest gland of the body

1-2 % WIEGHT

DESCRIPTION The liver presents two surfaces.

(i) Parietal Surface

(ii) Visceral Surface

IMPRESSIONS i) Reticular impression

ii) Omasal impression

iii) Abomasal impression

iv) Renal impression (possess by the right kidney

pear-shaped

LIGAMENTS OF THE LIVER The attachment of the liver is governed by six chief ligaments.

1. Coronary Ligament

2. Falciform Ligament

3. Hepatorenal Ligament kidney

4. Round Ligament

5. Right Lateral Ligament

6. Left Lateral Ligamen

BLOOD SUPPLY Hepatic artery

ceoliac artery

Portal vein

FUNCTIONS OF LIVER 1. METABOLISM

1. METABOLISM

3. EXCRETION

4. PROTECTIVE

5. STORAGE of glycogen, iron, fat, vitamin A and D

Weight Aprox. 100 grams Length 12 -15 cm Greatest width of spleen 7.5 -10 cm acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role

in the immune responses of the body.

DESCRIPTION The spleen may be described as having: Two Ends i) Dorsal end or base ii) Ventral end Two Surfaces i) Parietal surface ii) Visceral surface

FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS

2. HAEMOPOIESIS

3. IMMUNE RESPONSES

4. STORAGE OF RBCs

The weight 50 to 70 grams

LOBES OF PANCREAS i) A large Right Lobe

ii) A small Left Lobe.

BLOOD SUPPLY pancreatic arteries

pancreatic veins

FUNCTIONS OF PANCREAS 1. DIGESTIVE: Trypsin,Amylase,Lipase.

2. ENDOCRINE: Insulin helps in utilizations of sugar in the cells.

Deficiency of insulin results in

Hyper- glycemia . The disease is called diabetes mellitus.

3. PANCREATIC JUICE: It provides appropriate alkaline medium

(pH – 8) for the activity of the

Pancrea-tic enzymes.

Any questions?