Abdominal Region I

PA 544

Clinical Anatomy

Tony Serino, Ph.D.

Biology Department

Misericordia Univ.

Peritoneal Cavity

Includes abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominal Regions

Midclavicular planes

Transtubercular plane

Subcostal plane

Abdominal Quadrants

Median Plane

Transumbilical Plane

Peritoneal Cavity

Lesser omenta bursa

Greater omenta bursa (supracolic portion)

Greater omenta bursa(infracolic portion)

Retroperitoneal Position

Bony structures

• Last thoracic vertebra and ribs

• Lumbar vertebrae

• Pelvis

• Sacrum

Lumbar vertebra

Lumbar Vertebra

Pelvis

Innominate (coxal bone)

Sacrum

Camper’s and Scarpa’s Fascia

Aponeurosis of ext. oblique

Inguinal Ligament

Pubis

Scarpa’s (membranous) fascia

Camper’s (fatty) fascia

Potential space below Scarpa’s fascia

Scarpa’s fascia

Ruptured Urethra

Inferior Diaphragm

Abdominal Muscles

Abdominal Wall Layers

Rectus sheath

Superficial Inguinal Ring

Inguinal Ligament

Peritoneal Cavity Mesenteries

Mesenteries

Mesenteries

Greater and Lesser Sac

Omental Foramen

TC

StGreater Sac

Lesser sac

Mesenteries

Digestion

• The reduction through mechanical and chemical means (hydrolysis) of complex food substances into simple monomers and their absorption into the internal environment.

Functions of Digestive System• Motility(Propulsion)

– Ingestion –food enters tract– Mastication -chewing– Deglutition -swallowing – Transportation through tract

(peristalsis)– Mixing– Egestion (Defecation)

• Secretion– Endocrine and Exocrine secretions

• Digestion – mechanical and chemical breakdown

of food• Absorption

– Passage of food particles from external to the internal environment

Major Organs of System

Accessory Organs

Teeth

GI Tract Development

Pylorus

Late Gastrulation Post-gastrula

Basic Histology of Digestive Tract

(LOCI)

(Meissner’s)(Auerbach’s)

Control of Overall GI Tract Activity

Stomach (cadaver)• J-shaped muscular

pouch• Receives bolus and

produces chyme• Liquefies food by

mixing it with HCl and vigorous churning

• Low pH stops amylase activity, but secretes pepsinogen (pepsin) that begins break down of proteins

• Absorbs little except imbibed water, electrolytes, and some drugs (ie. alcohol and aspirin)

Stomach Anatomy

• Mucosa: – simple columnar folded into

rugae

– No villi

– Openings leading to gastric pits and glands

• Muscularis:– Has three layers

Blood supply

Regulation of Gastric Juice

Gastric Emptying

Gastric Emptying

Spleen

Internal Spleen

Adrenal Location and Structure

Adrenal Layers

(Epinephrine (adrenalin))

(Mineralocorticoids,(Aldosterone))

(Glucocorticoids (cortisol))

(Androgens)

GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome)

Adrenal Malfunction• Hypersecretion

Cushing’s syndrome –increase in glucocorticoids– Usually due to over secretion of ACTH by pituitary or from

adrenal cortex tumors stimulating an increase in glucocorticoids. Characteristic obesity of trunk only and development of “buffalo hump” (a fat pad behind the shoulders). Will develop hypertension, atherosclerosis, muscular weakness and fatigue.

Conn’s syndrome –excess amount of aldosterone– Salt imbalance, water retention, BP, muscle weakness

Adrenogenital syndrome –too much androgen– Premature sexual development in children or masculinization in

women

Cushings

(buffalo hump) Obesity of trunk

Adrenogenital syndrome

A 15 yo girl, note typical masculinebuild, under developed breasts, andexcessive body hair

Adrenal Cortex Malfunction

• Hyposecretion –Addison’s disease– Due to decrease amounts of mineral and

glucocorticoids– Can be due to over use of steroids or an

autoimmune mechanism resulting in destruction of the gland

– Dehydration, K+ loss, BP, fatigue, pigmentation deepening (bronzing of skin) may be symptom of loss of negative feedback

Duodenum and Accessory Organs

Duodenal Papilla

Pancreas

Pancreas Histology

Pancreatic Acinus

Exocrine Secretions of Pancreas

Secretion of Pancreatic Juice