Abdominal Region I
PA 544
Clinical Anatomy
Tony Serino, Ph.D.
Biology Department
Misericordia Univ.
Peritoneal Cavity
Includes abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal Regions
Midclavicular planes
Transtubercular plane
Subcostal plane
Abdominal Quadrants
Median Plane
Transumbilical Plane
Peritoneal Cavity
Lesser omenta bursa
Greater omenta bursa (supracolic portion)
Greater omenta bursa(infracolic portion)
Retroperitoneal Position
Bony structures
• Last thoracic vertebra and ribs
• Lumbar vertebrae
• Pelvis
• Sacrum
Lumbar vertebra
Lumbar Vertebra
Pelvis
Innominate (coxal bone)
Sacrum
Camper’s and Scarpa’s Fascia
Aponeurosis of ext. oblique
Inguinal Ligament
Pubis
Scarpa’s (membranous) fascia
Camper’s (fatty) fascia
Potential space below Scarpa’s fascia
Scarpa’s fascia
Ruptured Urethra
Inferior Diaphragm
Abdominal Muscles
Abdominal Wall Layers
Rectus sheath
Superficial Inguinal Ring
Inguinal Ligament
Peritoneal Cavity Mesenteries
Mesenteries
Mesenteries
Greater and Lesser Sac
Omental Foramen
TC
StGreater Sac
Lesser sac
Mesenteries
Digestion
• The reduction through mechanical and chemical means (hydrolysis) of complex food substances into simple monomers and their absorption into the internal environment.
Functions of Digestive System• Motility(Propulsion)
– Ingestion –food enters tract– Mastication -chewing– Deglutition -swallowing – Transportation through tract
(peristalsis)– Mixing– Egestion (Defecation)
• Secretion– Endocrine and Exocrine secretions
• Digestion – mechanical and chemical breakdown
of food• Absorption
– Passage of food particles from external to the internal environment
Major Organs of System
Accessory Organs
Teeth
GI Tract Development
Pylorus
Late Gastrulation Post-gastrula
Basic Histology of Digestive Tract
(LOCI)
(Meissner’s)(Auerbach’s)
Control of Overall GI Tract Activity
Stomach (cadaver)• J-shaped muscular
pouch• Receives bolus and
produces chyme• Liquefies food by
mixing it with HCl and vigorous churning
• Low pH stops amylase activity, but secretes pepsinogen (pepsin) that begins break down of proteins
• Absorbs little except imbibed water, electrolytes, and some drugs (ie. alcohol and aspirin)
Stomach Anatomy
• Mucosa: – simple columnar folded into
rugae
– No villi
– Openings leading to gastric pits and glands
• Muscularis:– Has three layers
Blood supply
Regulation of Gastric Juice
Gastric Emptying
Gastric Emptying
Spleen
Internal Spleen
Adrenal Location and Structure
Adrenal Layers
(Epinephrine (adrenalin))
(Mineralocorticoids,(Aldosterone))
(Glucocorticoids (cortisol))
(Androgens)
GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome)
Adrenal Malfunction• Hypersecretion
Cushing’s syndrome –increase in glucocorticoids– Usually due to over secretion of ACTH by pituitary or from
adrenal cortex tumors stimulating an increase in glucocorticoids. Characteristic obesity of trunk only and development of “buffalo hump” (a fat pad behind the shoulders). Will develop hypertension, atherosclerosis, muscular weakness and fatigue.
Conn’s syndrome –excess amount of aldosterone– Salt imbalance, water retention, BP, muscle weakness
Adrenogenital syndrome –too much androgen– Premature sexual development in children or masculinization in
women
Cushings
(buffalo hump) Obesity of trunk
Adrenogenital syndrome
A 15 yo girl, note typical masculinebuild, under developed breasts, andexcessive body hair
Adrenal Cortex Malfunction
• Hyposecretion –Addison’s disease– Due to decrease amounts of mineral and
glucocorticoids– Can be due to over use of steroids or an
autoimmune mechanism resulting in destruction of the gland
– Dehydration, K+ loss, BP, fatigue, pigmentation deepening (bronzing of skin) may be symptom of loss of negative feedback
Duodenum and Accessory Organs
Duodenal Papilla
Pancreas
Pancreas Histology
Pancreatic Acinus
Exocrine Secretions of Pancreas
Secretion of Pancreatic Juice
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