A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF BIOFUEL SYNERGIES

ISRN: LIU-IEI-R--10/0092--SE

Written by:

Michael Martin and Jorge E. Fonseca A.

Linköping University Environmental Technology and Management,

Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden

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A Systematic Literature Review of Biofuel Synergies

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 2 2 AIM ..................................................................................................................................... 2 3 IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT ARTICLES........................................................................... 3

3.1 Searching for Keywords and Combinations of Keywords............................................... 3 3.1.1 Step 1 – Gauging the number of relevant articles ............................................. 4 3.1.2 Step 2- Selecting Articles for further Analysis ................................................... 5 3.1.3 Step 3 – Categorization of articles..................................................................... 6 3.1.4 Step 4 – Obtaining selected articles/synergies .................................................. 7

4 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................. 7 5 UNIQUE SYNERGIES FROM LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 10

5.1 Ethanol Synergies........................................................................................................... 10 5.2 Biogas Synergies ............................................................................................................ 11 5.3 Biodiesel Synergies from Literature Review ................................................................. 11

6 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ 11 7 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 12 APPENDIX A: BIOGAS REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 17 APPENDIX B: BIODIESEL REFERENCES ...................................................................................... 29 APPENDIX C: ETHANOL REFERENCES........................................................................................ 33 APPENDIX D: BIOFUEL LIST ...................................................................................................... 37 APPENDIX E: FINAL SYNERGIES REFERENCES........................................................................... 45

TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: Report Methodology and Steps for finding Articles................................................... 3

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Combination Word Search Results .............................................................................. 5 Table 2: Articles saved in each folder in Refworks ................................................................... 6 Table 3: Categorization of Biofuel Synergy Articles................................................................. 6 Table 4: Final Listing/Categorization of Articles and Synergies............................................... 7 Table 5: Other interesting articles ............................................................................................ 10

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1 INTRODUCTION Often biofuels are criticized in the media for their low production energy efficiency, environmental impacts and by using food for fuel production. An answer most critics rely on is stating how 2nd generation biofuels will solve all the problems the first generation biofuels possess[1]. However, 1st generation biofuels must “pave the way” for 2nd generation biofuels. They can do this by providing the infrastructure, technology and knowledge provided by the fuels. In order to increase the efficiency of 1st generation biofuels, the theories of industrial symbiosis can be applied. Industrial symbiosis theories are designed to integrate production systems and other industries to improve energy efficiency and environmental performance[2,3]. By integrating biofuel production systems, the by-products of biofuels can be used in subsequent processes. By making use of by-products, excess heat, etc. the energy efficiency can be improved and allow for more benefits including economic and environmental performance[4]. Industrial symbiosis literature includes many examples of how industries can benefit from one another but does not include much literature on the integration of biofuels. Synergies do however exist as there are many by-products which are highly prized in other industries, e.g. glycerol and DDGS. The biofuels themselves can even be used in subsequent processes.

2 AIM The aim of producing this literature study is to find relevant biofuel synergies1 within various fields from scientific literature. By searching for keywords and combining these with keywords related to biofuel synergies we can review the extent and knowledge of synergies between external industries with biofuels, between biofuel industries and the use of their by-products throughout various research fields. The main research questions to be answered are:

What do other research fields use biofuel by-products for? What are the current trends for the use of biofuels and their by-products? What substrates/by-products/wastes from other industries can be used for biofuel

production? Which synergies exist in the literature beyond those presented in other phases of the

research project? What are some potential uses for biofuels, their by-products and industrial wastes and

utilities to integrate in symbiosis?

1 Synergy is defined in this report as the relationship and cooperation between industrial activities by the shared consumption, disposal and reuse of products and utilities.

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3 IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT ARTICLES This report is based on an extensive systematic literature review of relevant literature for biofuel synergies, i.e. the handling of by-products between biofuel industries and external industries. The systematic literature review process was used due to its applicability in this context to allow for possible exclusion and inclusion of relevant articles based upon a clinical question, in this case finding biofuel synergies[5]. The literature review was carried out in a step-by-step manner in order to exclude non-relevant literature from the abundance literature on the subjects.

3.1 Searching for Keywords and Combinations of Keywords

Figure 1: Report Methodology and Steps for finding Articles

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3.1.1 Step 1 – Gauging the number of relevant articles The first step of the literature review was to review how many articles were available for the topics of biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and thereafter biofuel and to provide a “pool” of articles for later analysis. The literature review was carried out using the Science Direct scientific database search engine (reference to science direct). No other search engines were used to find articles due to the time limits of the research project and extent of literature available from the Science Direct database. The searching criteria was limited to the following constraints:

Dates: From: 2000 To: present 1998 Include: Journals and all books Source: All sources Subject: All sciences Term within: Abstract, title and keywords

A search was conduced for articles concerning biogas, ethanol(bioethanol), biodiesel and biofuel articles. This led to a total of 1150, 20050(471), 1553 and 1699 number of articles for each topic respectively. A total of 24,452 articles were therefore available in the field. Based on the methodology of a systematic literature review, exclusion categories were thereafter applied, which are described in the following sections. It was apparent that combination words were necessary to narrow the focus of the literature. Combination words were then used, to find relevant articles under each topic for biofuel synergies, i.e. relevant articles for all topics; biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and biofuel. Combination words to include with each topic keyword included:

Allocate; Allocation; by-product; byproduct; cooperation; co-product; coproduct; exchange; incorporate; incorporation; integrate;

integration; symbiosis; synergy; synergies; share; sharing; substitute; substitution; substrate; residue; and utility.

These combination words were chosen as they represent interaction between biofuels and external industries and could provide necessary literature for this study. Table 1 below shows a review of the number of articles found for each combination of search words.

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Table 1: Combination Word Search Results Main Keywords

Combination Words Biofuel (1699)

Biodiesel (1553)

Ethanol (20050) Bioethanol (471)

Biogas (1150)

Symbiosis 1 0 4 1 Synergy 9 2 24 0

Cooperation 10 3 15 2 By-product 277 297 2293 135 Byproduct 57 90 266 38 Co-product 50 44 390 17 exchange 29 41 414 11

Share 42 12 68 16 sharing 0 0 22 1

substitute 49 77 93 26 substitution 34 20 222 20 allocation 21 4 22 4 Integrate 9 1 14 6

integration 57 16 116 18 Incorporate 7 3 27 3

incorporation 15 11 225 5 substrate 84 65 1265 170 residue 120 50 411 83 utility 13 3 99 5

Total Number: 884 739 5990 561 Upon finding the number of articles for each topic and combination word, further exclusion criteria were applied to produce relevant literature and narrow the number of articles for this study. As can be seen in Table 1, there are many articles provided for each topic; especially for ethanol. However, for some keyword+combination word searches, only a limited number of articles were returned. To finalize Step 1, some of the combination + keyword searches were disregarded from the previous listing of combination words. Those include the combination words, synergies, coproduct and allocate; which are not present in Table 1.

3.1.2 Step 2- Selecting Articles for further Analysis Step 2 of the literature search was conducted in order to limit the number of articles and provide relevant articles for further in depth analysis in Steps 3 and 4. Following a review of the articles in each of these combination topic + keyword searches, many themes emerged for each respective biofuel topic. Many articles contained information about chemical experiments, second generation biofuels and hydrogen production which are beyond the scope of this study. The following exclusion criteria were thus applied in order to confine the literature to first generation biofuel production and interaction between biofuels and external industries for each respective biofuel topic. Biodiesel

Exclude 2nd Generation Biofuels i.e. Fischer-Tropsch and other synthetic diesel Biogas

Exclude 2nd Generation Biofuels i.e. steam reforming and gasification of biomass

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Ethanol Exclude 2nd Generation Biofuels i.e. cellulosic ethanol Exclude articles about ethanol used for hydrogen fuel cells

Biofuel

Exclude 2nd Generation Biofuels i.e. all second generation biofuel articles

In some of the cases as shown above, there were over 1,000 articles for each topic and combined keyword respectively. After excluding the topics as aforementioned, the first 150 articles from the total listing in those cases where there were over 150 were reviewed and saved if relevant. Articles that were considered relevant after the exclusion categories were saved in a referencing database, Refworks. Refworks was used due the ease of exporting citations and providing links back to the articles for subsequent steps. All articles were saved in a respective folder under that theme, i.e. there were 4 folders created which were labeled biofuel, biogas, ethanol and biodiesel. The number of articles contained in each folder are shown below in Table 2.

Table 2: Articles saved in each folder in Refworks Biodiesel Biogas Bioethanol Biofuel

Number of Articles

54 145 49 106

3.1.3 Step 3 – Categorization of articles

The next step for limiting the number of articles and finding relevant articles was to categorize the articles in order to find if there were recurring themes. An in depth review of all abstracts was conduced from the articles reviewed in Step 2. These abstracts and articles were categorized based on their themes. During the process it was found that some of the articles were redundant or doubled in several folders and were therefore deleted before proceeding to the categorizing them. The categories for each folder can be seen in Table 3.

Table 3: Categorization of Biofuel Synergy Articles Biodiesel Biogas Bioethanol Biofuel

Glycerol (8) Alcohol(2) General(13) Catalysts(8) Algae(2) Other(17)

Agricultural (52)

Animal (17) Human &

industrial (33)

Sustainability (43)

By-Products(13) o Industry(5) o Biomass(8)

Using By-Products(7)

General(12) Advanced

Processing(11)

Technology(15) General(13) Biofuel Integration (14) Catalysts(6) By-Products(11) Cracking(3) Raw Materials(31)

o Biomass(13) o Industrial(18)

Other(2) Total: 50 Total: 145 Total: 43 Total: 95

The list of all references and articles contained in Table 3 are listed in Appendix A-D

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3.1.4 Step 4 – Obtaining selected articles/synergies A final listing of relevant articles was produced for Step 4 of the literature review. Once the articles were divided into categories the abstracts were reviewed for further relevance. Articles which contained information about integration of biofuel processes, making use of by-products and using residues and by-products of other industries for biofuel production were included in the final list. Many articles were found to contain similar contents, i.e. from the categorized themes from Step 3. For example, many articles describe the use of biomass for biofuel production. Consequently, only a selected few in the case where many similar articles are present were selected for the final list. Thereafter, articles found under the biofuel heading have been split into their relevant categories. They contain synergies for the bioethanol, biogas and biodiesel categories and have therefore been added to each respective folder and list. The results of the final listing can be seen in Table 4 in the subsequent text.

4 RESULTS Shown below in Tables 4 and 5 are the final listings for the synergy articles obtained from the said literature review. Table 4 consists of all synergies regarding biofuel synergies between external and biofuel industries, while Table 5 contains a collection of other interesting articles which contain many possible synergies and information about process optimization, state of the art processes and industry updates.

Table 4: Final Listing/Categorization of Articles and Synergies Bioethanol Articles Synergies Present Article Title Type of Synergy PaperEthanol Conversion of recycled paper sludge to ethanol by SHF

and SSF using Pichia stipitis. ExternalBiofuel

BreadEthanol Ethanol production from bread residues. ExternalBiofuel WasteEthanol Feasibility of producing bio-ethanol from waste

residues. A Canadian perspective. ExternalBiofuel

DDGSFodder Feeding Corn Milling Byproducts to Feedlot Cattle BiofuelExternal DDGSFood & Fodder Nutritional evaluation of four co-product feedstuffs from

the motor fuel ethanol distillation industrustry in the Midwest USA.

BiofuelExternal

Heat and Steam Ethanol Production

Integration of the bio-ethanol process in a network of facilities for heat and power production from renewable sources using process simulation.

ExternalBiofuel BiofuelBiofuel

Food wastes Ethanol Diluted acid hydrolysis pretreatment of agri-food wastes for bioethanol production

ExternalBiofuel

Integration Production/Efficiency

Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanol production by process integration

ExternalBiofuel

Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel.

BiofuelExternal

Cheese Lactose Wastes (Lactose) Ethanol

Fermentation of lactose to bioethanol by yeasts as part of integrated solutions for the valorization of cheese whey.

ExternalBiofuel

Ethanol Biodiesel Production

Ethanolysis of used frying oil. Biodiesel preparation and characterization.

BiofuelBiofuel

Ethanol Human Food and Pharmaceuticals

Separation of high-value products from ethanol extracts of corn by chromatography

BiofuelExternal

Biodiesel Articles Synergies Present Article Title Category

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Glycerol Biogas Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing

BiofuelBiofuel

Glycerol Vehicle Fuel Cleaner gasoline production by using glycerol as fuel extender.

Biofuel External

Algae Biodiesel Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. ExternalBiofuel Biodiesel By-Products Filters

Activated carbons from waste biomass: An alternative use for biodiesel production solid residues.

Biofuel External

Biodiesel Cleaning Agent

Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige.

Biofuel External

Solar Power Biodiesel Production

Solar utility and renewability evaluation for biodiesel production process.

ExternalBiofuel

Glycerol Hydrogen Steam reforming of biodiesel by-product to make renewable hydrogen.

BiofuelBiofuel

Glycerol Biogas Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a patch to economic viabilityfor the biofuels industry.

BiofuelExternal

Glycerol Feed Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows.

BiofuelExternal

Glycerol Vehicle Fuel Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries.

ExternalBiofuel BiofuelBiofuel

GlycerolFilters and Microbiological Applications

Glycerol: A promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology.

BiofuelExternal

External/Oil Industries Produce Biofuel from Veg. Oil

Production and characterization of the biofuels obtained by thermal cracking and thermal catalytic cracking of vegetable oils.

ExternalBiofuel

Algae Biofuel Biofuel potential production from the orbetello lagoon macroalgae: A comparison with sunflower feedstock.

ExternalBiofuel

Algae Biofuel Biofuels from microalgae-A review of technologies for production, processing and extractions of biofuels and co-products

ExternalBiofuel

Sewage Sludge Biodiesel

A multicriteria approach to screening alternatives for converting sewage sludge to biodiesel.

ExternalBiofuel

Glycerol Fuel Additive Conversion of biomass using glycerin to liquid fuel for blending gasoline as alternative engine fuel.

BiofuelExternal

Algae Biofuel Review on biofuel oil and gas production processes from microalgae.

ExternalBiofuel

Biogas Articles Synergies Present Article Title Category Quinoa stalk, totora and o-macrophytes + manure from llama, cow and sheep Biogas

Anaerobic co-digestion of aquatic flora and quinoa with manures from Bolivian Altiplano.

ExternalBiofuel

Sugar beet and starch potato by-products Biogas

Anaerobic digestion of by-products of sugar beet and starch potato processing.

ExternalBiofuel

Food waste Biogas Anaerobic digestion of food waste: Comparing leachate exchange rates in sequential batch systems digesting food waste and biosolids.

ExternalBiofuel

Ryegrass Biogas Digestate Particleboard

Anaerobic digestion of saline creeping wild ryegrass for biogas production and pretreatment of particleboard material.

ExternalBiofuel BiofuelExternal

Animal by-products Biogas

Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse by-products. ExternalBiofuel

Biogas digestate Solid Biofuel

Applicability of biogas digestate as solid fuel. BiofuelExternal

Biogas digestate Food for fish

Aquacultural and socio-economic aspects of processing carps into some value-added products.

BiofuelExternal

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Apple pulp Biogas Biogas generation apple pulp ExternalBiofuel Pineapple peels and rags. Biogas

Ensilage of pineapple processing waste for methane generation.

ExternalBiofuel

Maize + Dairy cattle manures Biogas

Biogas production from maize and dairy cattle manure—Influence of biomass composition on the methane yield.

ExternalBiofuel

Dairy industry Biogas Comparison of the effectivities of two-phase and single-phase anaerobic sequencing batch reactors during dairy wastewater treatment.

ExternalBiofuel

Household biowaste Biogas

Degradation of household biowaste in reactors. ExternalBiofuel

Sludge from Pulp and paper industy Biogas

Energy use and recovery strategies within wastewater treatment and handling at pulp and paper mills.

ExternalBiofuel

Municipal solid waste + agro-industrial by-products + Glycerol Biogas

Enhanced methane and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste and agro-industrial by-products co-digested with crude glycerol.

ExternalBiofuel

Olive mill effluent and olive cake Biogas

Enhancement of biogas production from olive mill effluent (OME) by co-digestion.

ExternalBiofuel

Agro-Industrial waste Biogas

Enhancement of methane production from barley waste. ExternalBiofuel

Silage, sugar beet tops and oat straw +cow manure Biogas

Laboratory investigations on co-digestion of energy crops and crop residues with cow manure for methane production: Effect of crop to manure ratio

ExternalBiofuel

Carbon Dioxide Supplement for Plant Growth.

Landfill Biogas for heating Greenhouses and providing Carbon Dioxide Supplement for Plant Growth.

BiofuelExternal

Animal waste Biogas Manure's allure: Variation of the financial, environmental, and economic benefits from combined heat and power systems integrated with anaerobic digesters at hog farms across geographic and economic regions.

ExternalBiofuel

Oil cake Biogas Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications – A review.

ExternalBiofuel BiofuelBiofuel

Organic municipal solid waste Biogas

Substituting energy crops with organic fraction of municipal solid waste for biogas production at farm level: A full-scale plant study.

ExternalBiofuel

Soybean protein processing wastewater Biogas

The performance and phase separated characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor treating soybean protein processing wastewater.

ExternalBiofuel

Biogas stillage Fertilizer Trace and nutrient elements in manure, dung and compost samples in Austria

BiofuelExternal

Microalgal biomas Biogas Carbon dioxide Microalgal cultivation

Utilization of distillery stillage for energy generation and concurrent production of valuable microalgal biomass in the sequence: Biogas-cogeneration-microalgae-products.

BiofuelExternal External Biofuel

Agro wastes + Animal wastes Biogas

Wet explosion of wheat straw and codigestion with swine manure: Effect on the methane productivity.

External Biofuel

Organic residues from the sugar and alcohol industry, urban solid and liquid wastes + Bovine and swine manure Biogas

Estimate of the electric energy generating potential for different sources of biogas in Brazil.

ExternalBiofuel

Stillage from the bioethanol process Biogas. Heat flow

Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanol-production by process integration.

BiofuelBiofuel

Fermentation residues. Biogas. Heat flow

Evaluation of energy demand and the sustainability of different bioethanol production processes from sugar beet.

BiofuelBiofuel

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Palm oil mill effluent Biogas.

Life Cycle Assessment Of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil From Rape, Oil Palm And Jatropha.

BiofuelBiofuel

Biofuel production from different organic wastes. Energy flows between industries

Optimal location of lignocellulosic ethanol refineries with polygeneration in Sweden.

ExternalBiofuel Biofuel Biofuel

Agroindustial + Ethanol stillage Biogas. Digestate Fertilizers for biomass crops.

Stillage characterization and anaerobic treatment of ethanol stillage from conventional and cellulosic feedstocks.

BiofuelBiofuel BiofuelExternal

Table 5: Other interesting articles

General Biofuel Articles Synergies Present Article Title Type of Synergy Review Competition between biofuels: Modelling technological

learning and cost reductions over time. ExternalBiofuel

Review Synergy analysis of collaboration with biofuel use for environmentally conscious energy systems.

Review

Review Progress in bioethanol processing. Review Integration of systems for optimized energy efficiency

Integration water, energy and sanitation solution for stand-alone settlements.

ExternalBiofuel BiofuelExternal

Review Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats.

Review

A final listing of all synergies in Table 4 is available in Appendix E.

5 UNIQUE SYNERGIES FROM LITERATURE REVIEW From the aforementioned synergies/articles the following lists have been produced to provide a summary of all unique synergies. When several synergies are of a similar theme, they have been summed into one type of unique synergy, although the feedstocks may be very different. For example, food industry synergies can be of many different types including fruits, vegetables, fats, dairy, etc.

5.1 Ethanol Synergies

Ethanol DDGS for human food applications[6,7] DDGS for animal feed[7,8] Integration with Extrusion technology for food/fodder production[8] DDGS used as filler for bioplastics[8-10] Combustion of DDGS as a fuel source[10,11] Corn Oil for biodiesel production[10] Fertilizer Production[10] Construction materials[9,10] Bioethanol from food residues (bread, kitchen wastes, etc.)[12-15] Paper sludge for ethanol production[13] Cheese whey lactose for ethanol production[16-18] Ethanol DDGS and syrup for biogas production[10]

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5.2 Biogas Synergies

Biomass Wastes as biogas source[19] Biogas digestate used as solid fuel[20] Digestate used as particle board fibers[21] Household wastes as biogas source[22] Food industry wastes as biogas source[23]

o Fruit industry wastes as biogas source[24] o Animal by-products as biogas source[25,26] o Dairy wastes as biogas source [27]

Carbon dioxide from biogas upgrading for greenhouses/plant source[28] Ethanol stillage as biogas source[11,29] Digestate used as fertilizer [30] Ethanol production heat used for biogas process[31,32] Municipal solid wastes as biogas residue[33] Processing waste water for biogas production[34] Oil cake as biogas source[35] Biogas digestate used as feed [36]

5.3 Biodiesel Synergies from Literature Review

Biodiesel by-products used as carbon filters[37-39] Glycerol to biogas production[40,41] Biodiesel used as remediation agent for treatment of oil spills[42] Algae for biodiesel production[43,44] Glycerol added to gasoline as fuel extender[45] Biodiesel from waste oils (WVO, fish oil, animal tallow, etc.)[46-48] Glycerol used to produce hydrogen [49-51] Glycerol used to produce ethanol, formate and hydrogen[52] Biodiesel from sewage sludge[53,54] Glycerol as automotive fuel [45,55] Glycerol used as animal feed[56]

6 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION The literature review produced a large number of possible synergies to handle external and biofuel by-products. Among the 84 final synergy articles produced, biogas synergies seem to be a very popular option for the handling of industrial wastes and biomass. Algal biofuels were not as apparent as originally thought though some applications have been provided for the production of oil for biodiesel. Biodiesel synergies consisted primarily of the handling of waste oils for biodiesel production and the use of glycerol for a wide array of applications from vehicle fuel to filters. In the production of ethanol, the use of DDGS for various applications is very common and many possible synergies were produced. However, not many further applications for ethanol by-products have been uncovered though several articles deal with the use of different raw materials (which are industrial by-products) for the production of ethanol.

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Furthermore, there seems to be a large number of articles concerned with the production of hydrogen from the biofuels themselves, especially for the production of ethanol in various forms and thereafter utilizing the ethanol to produce hydrogen. Only one of these articles was highlighted for this literature review. Beyond hydrogen production, 2nd generation ethanol production was plentiful in the literature.

7 REFERENCES

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[34] Stoica A, Sandberg M, Holby O. Energy use and recovery strategies within wastewater treatment and sludge handling at pulp and paper mills. Bioresource technology 2009;100(14):3497-505.

[35] Ramachandran S, Singh SK, Larroche C, Soccol CR, Pandey A. Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications – A review. Bioresource technology 2007;98(10):2000-9.

[36] Sehgal HS, Sehgal GK. Aquacultural and socio-economic aspects of processing carps into some value-added products. Bioresource technology 2002;82(3):291-3.

[37] Nunes AA, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. Activated carbons from waste biomass: An alternative use for biodiesel production solid residues. Bioresource technology 2009;100(5):1786-92.

[38] Foo KY, Hameed BH. Utilization of biodiesel waste as a renewable resource for activated carbon: Application to environmental problems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13(9):2495-504.

[39] Franca AS, Nunes AA, Oliveira LS. Activated carbons based on solid residues from coffee biodiesel production. Journal of Biotechnology 2008;136(Supplement 1):S654-5.

[40] Siles López JÁ, Martín Santos,María de los Ángeles, Chica Pérez AF, Martín Martín A. Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing. Bioresource technology 2009;100(23):5609-15.

[41] Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R. Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuels industry. Current opinion in biotechnology 2007;18(3):213-9.

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[42] Fernández-Álvarez P, Vila J, Garrido JM, Grifoll M, Feijoo G, Lema JM. Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. Journal of hazardous materials 2007;147(3):914-22.

[43] Bastianoni S, Coppola F, Tiezzi E, Colacevich A, Borghini F, Focardi S. Biofuel potential production from the Orbetello lagoon macroalgae: A comparison with sunflower feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(7):619-28.

[44] Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14(2):557-77.

[45] Kiatkittipong W, Suwanmanee S, Laosiripojana N, Praserthdam P, Assabumrungrat S. Cleaner gasoline production by using glycerol as fuel extender. Fuel Processing Technology;In Press, Corrected Proof.

[46] Chung K, Kim J, Lee K. Biodiesel production by transesterification of duck tallow with methanol on alkali catalysts. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(1):155-8.

[47] Haas MJ. Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: vegetable oil soapstock. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(10):1087-96.

[48] Lin C, Li R. Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from the crude fish oil from the soapstock of marine fish. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90(1):130-6.

[49] Slinn M, Kendall K, Mallon C, Andrews J. Steam reforming of biodiesel by-product to make renewable hydrogen. Bioresource technology 2008;99(13):5851-8.

[50] Sánchez EA, D'Angelo MA, Comelli RA. Hydrogen production from glycerol on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy;In Press, Corrected Proof.

[51] Fountoulakis MS, Manios T. Enhanced methane and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste and agro-industrial by-products co-digested with crude glycerol. Bioresource technology 2009;100(12):3043-7.

[52] Shams Yazdani S, Gonzalez R. Engineering Escherichia coli for the efficient conversion of glycerol to ethanol and co-products. Metabolic engineering 2008;10(6):340-51.

[53] Angerbauer C, Siebenhofer M, Mittelbach M, Guebitz GM. Conversion of sewage sludge into lipids by Lipomyces starkeyi for biodiesel production. Bioresource technology 2008;99(8):3051-6.

[54] Pokoo-Aikins G, Heath A, Mentzer RA, Mannan MS, Rogers WJ, El-Halwagi MM. A Multi-Criteria Approach to Screening Alternatives for Converting Sewage Sludge to Biodiesel. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries;In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

[55] Fernando S, Adhikari S, Kota K, Bandi R. Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries. Fuel 2007;86(17-18):2806-9.

16

[56] Donkin SS, Koser SL, White HM, Doane PH, Cecava MJ. Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of dairy science 2009;92(10):5111-9.

17

APPENDIX A: BIOGAS REFERENCES

Agricultural

SINGH, A., SMYTH, B.M. and MURPHY, J.D., 2010. A biofuel strategy for Ireland with an emphasis on production of biomethane and minimization of land-take. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 277-288.

MURPHY, J.D. and POWER, N.M., 2009. An argument for using biomethane generated from grass as a biofuel in Ireland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(3), 504-512.

ALVAREZ, R. and LIDÉN, G., 2008. Anaerobic co-digestion of aquatic flora and quinoa with manures from Bolivian Altiplano. Waste Management, 28(10), 1933-1940.

KRYVORUCHKO, V., MACHMÜLLER, A., BODIROZA, V., AMON, B. and AMON, T., 2009. Anaerobic digestion of by-products of sugar beet and starch potato processing. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(4), 620-627.

HU, Z. and YU, H., 2006. Anaerobic digestion of cattail by rumen cultures. Waste Management, 26(11), 1222-1228.

ZHENG, Y., PAN, Z., ZHANG, R., EL-MASHAD, H.M., PAN, J. and JENKINS, B.M., 2009. Anaerobic digestion of saline creeping wild ryegrass for biogas production and pretreatment of particleboard material. Bioresource technology, 100(4), 1582-1588.

MISI, S.N. and FORSTER, C.F., 2001. Batch co-digestion of multi-component agro-wastes. Bioresource technology, 80(1), 19-28.

MISI, S.N. and FORSTER, C.F., 2001. Batch Co-Digestion of Two-Component Mixtures of Agro-Wastes. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 79(6), 365-371.

WU, X., YAO, W., ZHU, J. and MILLER, C., Biogas and CH4 productivity by co-digesting swine manure with three crop residues as an external carbon source. Bioresource technology, In Press, Corrected Proof.

LLANEZA COALLA, H., BLANCO FERNÁNDEZ, J.M., MORÍS MORÁN, M.A. and LÓPEZ BOBO, M.R., 2009. Biogas generation apple pulp. Bioresource technology, 100(17), 3843-3847.

DAREIOTI, M.A., DOKIANAKIS, S.N., STAMATELATOU, K., ZAFIRI, C. and KORNAROS, M., 2009. Biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of agroindustrial wastewaters under mesophilic conditions in a two-stage process. Desalination, 248(1-3), 891-906.

AMON, T., AMON, B., KRYVORUCHKO, V., ZOLLITSCH, W., MAYER, K. and GRUBER, L., 2007. Biogas production from maize and dairy cattle manure—Influence of

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biomass composition on the methane yield. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 118(1-4), 173-182.

EBBS, S., 2004. Biological degradation of cyanide compounds. Current opinion in biotechnology, 15(3), 231-236.

JØRGENSEN, U., DALGAARD, T. and KRISTENSEN, E.S., 2005. Biomass energy in organic farming—the potential role of short rotation coppice. Biomass and Bioenergy, 28(2), 237-248.

DELLEPIANE, D., BOSIO, B. and ARATO, E., 2003. Clean energy from sugarcane waste: feasibility study of an innovative application of bagasse and barbojo. Journal of Power Sources, 122(1), 47-56.

CHAVALPARIT, O. and ONGWANDEE, M., 2009. Clean technology for the tapioca starch industry in Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(2), 105-110.

KARELLAS, S., BOUKIS, I. and KONTOPOULOS, G., 2010. Development of an investment decision tool for biogas production from agricultural waste. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(4), 1273-1282.

LIU, H., JIANG, G.M., ZHUANG, H.Y. and WANG, K.J., 2008. Distribution, utilization structure and potential of biomass resources in rural China: With special references of crop residues. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(5), 1402-1418.

BANIK, S. and NANDI, R., 2004. Effect of supplementation of rice straw with biogas residual slurry manure on the yield, protein and mineral contents of oyster mushroom. Industrial Crops and Products, 20(3), 311-319.

STINNER, W., MÖLLER, K. and LEITHOLD, G., 2008. Effects of biogas digestion of clover/grass-leys, cover crops and crop residues on nitrogen cycle and crop yield in organic stockless farming systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 29(2-3), 125-134.

MLAOUHI, A., ALOUINI, Z., KESSRAOUI, R. and DEPEYRE, D., 2000. Energetic Potential of Tunisian Agro-Industrial Residues by Anaerobic Fermentation. In: A.A.M. SAYIGH, ed, World Renewable Energy Congress VI. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 2422-2425.

PARAWIRA, W., READ, J.S., MATTIASSON, B. and BJÖRNSSON, L., 2008. Energy production from agricultural residues: High methane yields in pilot-scale two-stage anaerobic digestion. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32(1), 44-50.

AZBAR, N., KESKIN, T. and YURUYEN, A., 2008. Enhancement of biogas production from olive mill effluent (OME) by co-digestion. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32(12), 1195-1201.

NEVES, L., RIBEIRO, R., OLIVEIRA, R. and ALVES, M.M., 2006. Enhancement of methane production from barley waste. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(6), 599-603.

RANI, D.S. and NAND, K., 2004. Ensilage of pineapple processing waste for methane generation. Waste Management, 24(5), 523-528.

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MECHICHI, T. and SAYADI, S., 2005. Evaluating process imbalance of anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewaters. Process Biochemistry, 40(1), 139-145.

ŠANTEK, B., GWEHENBERGER, G., ŠANTEK, M.I., NARODOSLAWSKY, M. and HORVAT, P., Evaluation of energy demand and the sustainability of different bioethanol production processes from sugar beet. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, In Press, Corrected Proof.

DINUCCIO, E., BALSARI, P., GIOELLI, F. and MENARDO, S., 2010. Evaluation of the biogas productivity potential of some Italian agro-industrial biomasses. Bioresource technology, 101(10), 3780-3783.

CHANAKYA, H.N., BHOGLE, S. and ARUN, R.S., 2005. Field experience with leaf litter-based biogas plants. Energy for Sustainable Development, 9(2), 49-62.

SCHACHT, C., ZETZL, C. and BRUNNER, G., 2008. From plant materials to ethanol by means of supercritical fluid technology. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 46(3), 299-321.

ZHANG, Y., YAN, L., QIAO, X., CHI, L., NIU, X., MEI, Z. and ZHANG, Z., 2008. Integration of biological method and membrane technology in treating palm oil mill effluent. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(5), 558-564.

WASSMANN, R. and PATHAK, H., 2007. Introducing greenhouse gas mitigation as a development objective in rice-based agriculture: II. Cost–benefit assessment for different technologies, regions and scales. Agricultural Systems, 94(3), 826-840.

JAFFRIN, A., BENTOUNES, N., JOAN, A.M. and MAKHLOUF, S., 2003. Landfill Biogas for heating Greenhouses and providing Carbon Dioxide Supplement for Plant Growth. Biosystems Engineering, 86(1), 113-123.

ARVIDSSON, R., PERSSON, S., FRÖLING, M. and SVANSTRÖM, M., Life Cycle Assessment Of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil From Rape, Oil Palm And Jatropha. Journal of Cleaner Production, In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

PAPONG, S., CHOM-IN, T., NOKSA-NGA, S. and MALAKUL, P., 2010. Life cycle energy efficiency and potentials of biodiesel production from palm oil in Thailand. Energy Policy, 38(1), 226-233.

PAPONG, S. and MALAKUL, P., 2010. Life-cycle energy and environmental analysis of bioethanol production from cassava in Thailand. Bioresource technology, 101(1, Supplement 1), S112-S118.

GOBERNA, M., SCHOEN, M.A., SPERL, D., WETT, B. and INSAM, H., Mesophilic and thermophilic co-fermentation of cattle excreta and olive mill wastes in pilot anaerobic digesters. Biomass and Bioenergy, In Press, Corrected Proof.

RAMACHANDRAN, S., SINGH, S.K., LARROCHE, C., SOCCOL, C.R. and PANDEY, A., 2007. Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications – A review. Bioresource technology, 98(10), 2000-2009.

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LEDUC, S., STARFELT, F., DOTZAUER, E., KINDERMANN, G., MCCALLUM, I., OBERSTEINER, M. and LUNDGREN, J., Optimal location of lignocellulosic ethanol refineries with polygeneration in Sweden. Energy, In Press, Corrected Proof.

POGNANI, M., D’IMPORZANO, G., SCAGLIA, B. and ADANI, F., 2009. Substituting energy crops with organic fraction of municipal solid waste for biogas production at farm level: A full-scale plant study. Process Biochemistry, 44(8), 817-821.

SCHIEVANO, A., D'IMPORZANO, G. and ADANI, F., 2009. Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production. Journal of environmental management, 90(8), 2537-2541.

ROMANO, R.T., ZHANG, R., TETER, S. and MCGARVEY, J.A., 2009. The effect of enzyme addition on anaerobic digestion of Jose Tall Wheat Grass. Bioresource technology, 100(20), 4564-4571.

ZHU, G., LI, J., WU, P., JIN, H. and WANG, Z., 2008. The performance and phase separated characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor treating soybean protein processing wastewater. Bioresource technology, 99(17), 8027-8033.

GRIERSON, S., STREZOV, V., ELLEM, G., MCGREGOR, R. and HERBERTSON, J., 2009. Thermal characterisation of microalgae under slow pyrolysis conditions. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 85(1-2), 118-123.

BOUALLAGUI, H., TORRIJOS, M., GODON, J.J., MOLETTA, R., BEN CHEIKH, R., TOUHAMI, Y., DELGENES, J.P. and HAMDI, M., 2004. Two-phases anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable wastes: bioreactors performance. Biochemical engineering journal, 21(2), 193-197.

FREDRIKSSON, H., BAKY, A., BERNESSON, S., NORDBERG, Å., NORÉN, O. and HANSSON, P.-., 2006. Use of on-farm produced biofuels on organic farms – Evaluation of energy balances and environmental loads for three possible fuels. Agricultural Systems, 89(1), 184-203.

HANSSON, P. and FREDRIKSSON, H., 2004. Use of summer harvested common reed (Phragmites australis) as nutrient source for organic crop production in Sweden. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 102(3), 365-375.

DOUŠKOVÁ, I., KAŠTÁNEK, F., MALÉTEROVÁ, Y., KAŠTÁNEK, P., DOUCHA, J. and ZACHLEDER, V., 2010. Utilization of distillery stillage for energy generation and concurrent production of valuable microalgal biomass in the sequence: Biogas-cogeneration-microalgae-products. Energy Conversion and Management, 51(3), 606-611.

SUTHAR, S., 2009. Vermicomposting of vegetable-market solid waste using Eisenia fetida: Impact of bulking material on earthworm growth and decomposition rate. Ecological Engineering, 35(5), 914-920.

NANDY, T., SHASTRY, S. and KAUL, S.N., 2002. Wastewater management in a cane molasses distillery involving bioresource recovery. Journal of environmental management, 65(1), 25-38.

21

GUNNARSSON, C.C. and PETERSEN, C.M., 2007. Water hyacinths as a resource in agriculture and energy production: A literature review. Waste Management, 27(1), 117-129.

WANG, G., GAVALA, H.N., SKIADAS, I.V. and AHRING, B.K., 2009. Wet explosion of wheat straw and codigestion with swine manure: Effect on the methane productivity. Waste Management, 29(11), 2830-2835.

Animal

PAGILLA, K.R., KIM, H. and CHEUNBARN, T., 2000. Aerobic thermophilic and anaerobic mesophilic treatment of swine waste. Water research, 34(10), 2747-2753.

HEJNFELT, A. and ANGELIDAKI, I., 2009. Anaerobic digestion of slaughterhouse by-products. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(8), 1046-1054.

SEHGAL, H.S. and SEHGAL, G.K., 2002. Aquacultural and socio-economic aspects of processing carps into some value-added products. Bioresource technology, 82(3), 291-293.

GÖBLÖS, S., PORTÖRŐ, P., BORDÁS, D., KÁLMÁN, M. and KISS, I., 2008. Comparison of the effectivities of two-phase and single-phase anaerobic sequencing batch reactors during dairy wastewater treatment. Renewable Energy, 33(5), 960-965.

BATZIAS, F.A., SIDIRAS, D.K. and SPYROU, E.K., 2005. Evaluating livestock manures for biogas production: a GIS based method. Renewable Energy, 30(8), 1161-1176.

SHARROCK, P., FIALLO, M., NZIHOU, A. and CHKIR, M., 2009. Hazardous animal waste carcasses transformation into slow release fertilizers. Journal of hazardous materials, 167(1-3), 119-123.

LEHTOMÄKI, A., HUTTUNEN, S. and RINTALA, J.A., 2007. Laboratory investigations on co-digestion of energy crops and crop residues with cow manure for methane production: Effect of crop to manure ratio. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 51(3), 591-609.

CANTRELL, K.B., DUCEY, T., RO, K.S. and HUNT, P.G., 2008. Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Bioresource technology, 99(17), 7941-7953.

MUELLER, S., 2007. Manure's allure: Variation of the financial, environmental, and economic benefits from combined heat and power systems integrated with anaerobic digesters at hog farms across geographic and economic regions. Renewable Energy, 32(2), 248-256.

CLEMENS, J., TRIMBORN, M., WEILAND, P. and AMON, B., 2006. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions by anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112(2-3), 171-177.

WEISKE, A., VABITSCH, A., OLESEN, J.E., SCHELDE, K., MICHEL, J., FRIEDRICH, R. and KALTSCHMITT, M., 2006. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in European

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conventional and organic dairy farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112(2-3), 221-232.

FERRER, I., GAMIZ, M., ALMEIDA, M. and RUIZ, A., 2009. Pilot project of biogas production from pig manure and urine mixture at ambient temperature in Ventanilla (Lima, Peru). Waste Management, 29(1), 168-173.

GÓMEZ, A., ZUBIZARRETA, J., RODRIGUES, M., DOPAZO, C. and FUEYO, N., 2010. Potential and cost of electricity generation from human and animal waste in Spain. Renewable Energy, 35(2), 498-505.

MARTINEZ-ALMELA, J. and BARRERA, J.M., 2005. SELCO-Ecopurin® pig slurry treatment system. Bioresource technology, 96(2), 223-228.

CREAMER, K.S., CHEN, Y., WILLIAMS, C.M. and CHENG, J.J., 2010. Stable thermophilic anaerobic digestion of dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge by co-digestion with swine manure. Bioresource technology, 101(9), 3020-3024.

TRICASE, C. and LOMBARDI, M., 2009. State of the art and prospects of Italian biogas production from animal sewage: Technical-economic considerations. Renewable Energy, 34(3), 477-485.

SAGER, M., 2007. Trace and nutrient elements in manure, dung and compost samples in Austria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 39(6), 1383-1390.

Industrial and Human

MURPHY, J.D. and POWER, N., 2007. A technical, economic, and environmental analysis of energy production from newspaper in Ireland. Waste Management, 27(2), 177-192.

MONROY, O., FAMÁ, G., MERAZ, M., MONTOYA, L. and MACARIE, H., 2000. Anaerobic digestion for wastewater treatment in Mexico: state of the technology. Water research, 34(6), 1803-1816.

DEARMAN, B. and BENTHAM, R.H., 2007. Anaerobic digestion of food waste: Comparing leachate exchange rates in sequential batch systems digesting food waste and biosolids. Waste Management, 27(12), 1792-1799.

NAYONO, S.E., WINTER, J. and GALLERT, C., Anaerobic digestion of pressed off leachate from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Waste Management, In Press, Corrected Proof.

MELIDIS, P., VAIOPOULOU, E., ATHANASOULIA, E. and AIVASIDIS, A., 2009. Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater using an anaerobic fixed-bed loop reactor. Desalination, 248(1-3), 716-722.

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POMMIER, S., LLAMAS, A.M. and LEFEBVRE, X., 2010. Analysis of the outcome of shredding pretreatment on the anaerobic biodegradability of paper and cardboard materials. Bioresource technology, 101(2), 463-468.

KRATZEISEN, M., STARCEVIC, N., MARTINOV, M., MAURER, C. and MÜLLER, J., Applicability of biogas digestate as solid fuel. Fuel, In Press, Uncorrected Proof.

WULF, S., JÄGER, P. and DÖHLER, H., 2006. Balancing of greenhouse gas emissions and economic efficiency for biogas-production through anaerobic co-fermentation of slurry with organic waste. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 112(2-3), 178-185.

MOHEE, R., UNMAR, G.D., MUDHOO, A. and KHADOO, P., 2008. Biodegradability of biodegradable/degradable plastic materials under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Waste Management, 28(9), 1624-1629.

RAO, M.S., SINGH, S.P., SINGH, A.K. and SODHA, M.S., 2000. Bioenergy conversion studies of the organic fraction of MSW: assessment of ultimate bioenergy production potential of municipal garbage. Applied Energy, 66(1), 75-87.

SINGH, K.J. and SOOCH, S.S., 2004. Comparative study of economics of different models of family size biogas plants for state of Punjab, India. Energy Conversion and Management, 45(9-10), 1329-1341.

KRZYSTEK, L., LEDAKOWICZ, S., KAHLE, H. and KACZOREK, K., 2001. Degradation of household biowaste in reactors. Journal of Biotechnology, 92(2), 103-112.

WANG, H., WANG, H., LU, W. and ZHAO, Y., 2009. Digestibility Improvement of Sorted Waste with Alkaline Hydrothermal Pretreatment. Tsinghua Science & Technology, 14(3), 378-382.

CHARLES, W., WALKER, L. and CORD-RUWISCH, R., 2009. Effect of pre-aeration and inoculum on the start-up of batch thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. Bioresource technology, 100(8), 2329-2335.

MÖLLER, K. and STINNER, W., 2009. Effects of different manuring systems with and without biogas digestion on soil mineral nitrogen content and on gaseous nitrogen losses (ammonia, nitrous oxides). European Journal of Agronomy, 30(1), 1-16.

STOICA, A., SANDBERG, M. and HOLBY, O., 2009. Energy use and recovery strategies within wastewater treatment and sludge handling at pulp and paper mills. Bioresource technology, 100(14), 3497-3505.

FOUNTOULAKIS, M.S. and MANIOS, T., 2009. Enhanced methane and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste and agro-industrial by-products co-digested with crude glycerol. Bioresource technology, 100(12), 3043-3047.

YADVIKA, SANTOSH, SREEKRISHNAN, T.R., KOHLI, S. and RANA, V., 2004. Enhancement of biogas production from solid substrates using different techniques––a review. Bioresource technology, 95(1), 1-10.

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DUERR, M., GAIR, S., CRUDEN, A. and MCDONALD, J., 2007. Hydrogen and electrical energy from organic waste treatment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32(6), 705-709.

XIAOHUA, W. and JINGFEI, L., 2005. Influence of using household biogas digesters on household energy consumption in rural areas—a case study in Lianshui County in China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 9(2), 229-236.

RONTELTAP, M., KHADKA, R., SINNATHURAI, A.R. and MAESSEN, S., 2009. Integration of human excreta management and solid waste management in practice. Desalination, 248(1-3), 369-376.

WUKOVITS, W., PFEFFER, M., LIEBMANN, B. and FRIEDL, A., 2007. Integration of the bio-ethanol process in a network of facilities for heat and power production from renewable sources using process simulation. In: VALENTIN PLEŞU AND PAUL ŞERBAN AGACHI, ed,Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, pp. 1295-1300.

THEMELIS, N.J. and ULLOA, P.A., 2007. Methane generation in landfills. Renewable Energy, 32(7), 1243-1257.

PEREZ, M., ROMERO, L.I. and SALES, D., 2001. Organic Matter Degradation Kinetics in an Anaerobic Thermophilic Fluidised Bed Bioreactor. Anaerobe, 7(1), 25-35.

MAGID, J., EILERSEN, A.M., WRISBERG, S. and HENZE, M., 2006. Possibilities and barriers for recirculation of nutrients and organic matter from urban to rural areas: A technical theoretical framework applied to the medium-sized town Hillerød, Denmark. Ecological Engineering, 28(1), 44-54.

MØLLER, H.B., NIELSEN, A.M., NAKAKUBO, R. and OLSEN, H.J., 2007. Process performance of biogas digesters incorporating pre-separated manure. Livestock Science, 112(3), 217-223.

HANSSON, P.-., BAKY, A., AHLGREN, S., BERNESSON, S., NORDBERG, Å., NORÉN, O. and PETTERSSON, O., 2007. Self-sufficiency of motor fuels on organic farms – Evaluation of systems based on fuels produced in industrial-scale plants. Agricultural Systems, 94(3), 704-714.

WILKIE, A.C., RIEDESEL, K.J. and OWENS, J.M., 2000. Stillage characterization and anaerobic treatment of ethanol stillage from conventional and cellulosic feedstocks. Biomass and Bioenergy, 19(2), 63-102.

MURPHY, J.D. and MCKEOGH, E., 2004. Technical, economic and environmental analysis of energy production from municipal solid waste. Renewable Energy, 29(7), 1043-1057.

MURPHY, J.D. and MCKEOGH, E., 2006. The benefits of integrated treatment of wastes for the production of energy. Energy, 31(2-3), 294-310.

YANG, X., WANG, X. and WANG, L., 2010. Transferring of components and energy output in industrial sewage sludge disposal by thermal pretreatment and two-phase anaerobic process. Bioresource technology, 101(8), 2580-2584.

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DE GIOANNIS, G., DIAZ, L.F., MUNTONI, A. and PISANU, A., 2008. Two-phase anaerobic digestion within a solid waste/wastewater integrated management system. Waste Management, 28(10), 1801-1808.

HELD, C., WELLACHER, M., ROBRA, K. and GÜBITZ, G.M., 2002. Two-stage anaerobic fermentation of organic waste in CSTR and UFAF-reactors. Bioresource technology, 81(1), 19-24.

Sustainability

MIRZA, U.K., AHMAD, N. and MAJEED, T., 2008. An overview of biomass energy utilization in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(7), 1988-1996.

DODIĆ, S.N., POPOV, S.D., DODIĆ, J.M., RANKOVIĆ, J.A., ZAVARGO, Z.Z. and GOLUŠIN, M.T., 2010. An overview of biomass energy utilization in Vojvodina. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 550-553.

PFEFFER, M., WUKOVITS, W., BECKMANN, G. and FRIEDL, A., 2007. Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanol-production by process integration. Applied Thermal Engineering, 27(16), 2657-2664.

JAGADISH, K.S., 2003. Bioenergy for India: prospects, problems and tasks. Energy for Sustainable Development, 7(1), 28-34.

PEIDONG, Z., YANLI, Y., YONGSHENG, T., XUTONG, Y., YONGKAI, Z., YONGHONG, Z. and LISHENG, W., 2009. Bioenergy industries development in China: Dilemma and solution. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), 2571-2579.

DEMIRBAS, A., 2009. Biofuels securing the planet’s future energy needs. Energy Conversion and Management, 50(9), 2239-2249.

DEMIRBAS, A., 2008. Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(8), 2106-2116.

BÖRJESSON, P. and MATTIASSON, B., 2008. Biogas as a resource-efficient vehicle fuel. Trends in biotechnology, 26(1), 7-13.

GAUTAM, R., BARAL, S. and HERAT, S., 2009. Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal: Present status and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(1), 248-252.

PRASERTSAN, S. and SAJJAKULNUKIT, B., 2006. Biomass and biogas energy in Thailand: Potential, opportunity and barriers. Renewable Energy, 31(5), 599-610.

KAYGUSUZ, K. and TÜRKER, M.F., 2002. Biomass energy potential in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 26(4), 661-678.

26

MÜNSTER, M. and LUND, H., Comparing Waste-to-Energy technologies by applying energy system analysis. Waste Management, In Press, Corrected Proof.

ILLMER, P. and GSTRAUNTHALER, G., 2009. Effect of seasonal changes in quantities of biowaste on full scale anaerobic digester performance. Waste Management, 29(1), 162-167.

NILSSON, L.J., PISAREK, M., BURIAK, J., ONISZK-POPŁAWSKA, A., BUĆKO, P., ERICSSON, K. and JAWORSKI, L., 2006. Energy policy and the role of bioenergy in Poland. Energy Policy, 34(15), 2263-2278.

BÖRJESSON, P. and BERGLUND, M., 2006. Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems—Part I: Fuel-cycle emissions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 30(5), 469-485.

BÖRJESSON, P. and BERGLUND, M., 2007. Environmental systems analysis of biogas systems—Part II: The environmental impact of replacing various reference systems. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(5), 326-344.

SALOMON, K.R. and SILVA LORA, E.E., 2009. Estimate of the electric energy generating potential for different sources of biogas in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(9), 1101-1107.

NGUYEN, T.L.T., GHEEWALA, S.H. and GARIVAIT, S., 2007. Fossil energy savings and GHG mitigation potentials of ethanol as a gasoline substitute in Thailand. Energy Policy, 35(10), 5195-5205.

Grinding matter for the UK's first biogas plant. 2008. World Pumps, 2008(496), 12-12.

RYAN, D., GADD, A., KAVANAGH, J. and BARTON, G.W., 2009. Integrated biorefinery wastewater design. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 87(9), 1261-1268.

ODHIAMBO, J.O., MARTINSSON, E., SOREN, S., MBOYA, P. and ONYANGO, J., 2009. Integration water, energy and sanitation solution for stand-alone settlements. Desalination, 248(1-3), 570-577.

KLEEREBEZEM, R. and VAN LOOSDRECHT, M.C., 2007. Mixed culture biotechnology for bioenergy production. Current opinion in biotechnology, 18(3), 207-212.

MARTENS, W. and BÖHM, R., 2009. Overview of the ability of different treatment methods for liquid and solid manure to inactivate pathogens. Bioresource technology, 100(22), 5374-5378.

YU, L., YAOQIU, K., NINGSHENG, H., ZHIFENG, W. and LIANZHONG, X., 2008. Popularizing household-scale biogas digesters for rural sustainable energy development and greenhouse gas mitigation. Renewable Energy, 33(9), 2027-2035.

JURADO, F. and SAENZ, J.R., 2002. Possibilities for biomass-based power plant and wind system integration. Energy, 27(10), 955-966.

RAMACHANDRA, T.V., JOSHI, N.V. and SUBRAMANIAN, D.K., 2000. Present and prospective role of bioenergy in regional energy system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(4), 375-430.

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WANG, Q., 2009. Prevention of Tibetan eco-environmental degradation caused by traditional use of biomass. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(9), 2562-2570.

FENG, T., CHENG, S., MIN, Q. and LI, W., 2009. Productive use of bioenergy for rural household in ecological fragile area, Panam County, Tibet in China: The case of the residential biogas model. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8), 2070-2078.

KATINAS, V. and MARKEVICIUS, A., 2006. Promotional policy and perspectives of usage renewable energy in Lithuania. Energy Policy, 34(7), 771-780.

MARKARD, J., STADELMANN, M. and TRUFFER, B., 2009. Prospective analysis of technological innovation systems: Identifying technological and organizational development options for biogas in Switzerland. Research Policy, 38(4), 655-667.

DEMIRBAS, M.F. and BALAT, M., 2006. Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of bio-fuels: A global perspective. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(15-16), 2371-2381.

BHATTACHARYA, S.C. and JANA, C., 2009. Renewable energy in India: Historical developments and prospects. Energy, 34(8), 981-991.

KATINAS, V. and SKEMA, R., 2001. Renewable energy policy in Lithuania. Energy Policy, 29(10), 811-816.

SUZUKI, Y., KUBOTA, A., FURUKAWA, T., SUGAMOTO, K., ASANO, Y., TAKAHASHI, H., SEKITO, T., DOTE, Y. and SUGIMOTO, Y., 2009. Residual of 17β-estradiol in digestion liquid generated from a biogas plant using livestock waste. Journal of hazardous materials,165(1-3), 677-682.

CHEN, B. and CHEN, G.Q., 2007. Resource analysis of the Chinese society 1980–2002 based on exergy—Part 2: Renewable energy sources and forest. Energy Policy, 35(4), 2051-2064.

LIU, G., LUCAS, M. and SHEN, L., 2008. Rural household energy consumption and its impacts on eco-environment in Tibet: Taking Taktse county as an example. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(7), 1890-1908.

SPONZA, D.T., 2002. Simultaneous granulation, biomass retainment and carbon tetrachloride (CT) removal in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Process Biochemistry, 37(10), 1091-1101.

RAMACHANDRA, T.V. and SHRUTHI, B.V., 2007. Spatial mapping of renewable energy potential. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(7), 1460-1480.

Sustainable formula sought for rural energy development in Asia. 2003. Refocus, 4(4), 14-14.

SEIFFERT, M., KALTSCHMITT, M. and MIRANDA, J.A., 2009. The biomethane potential in Chile. Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(4), 564-572.

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MURPHY, J.D. and MCCARTHY, K., 2005. The optimal production of biogas for use as a transport fuel in Ireland. Renewable Energy, 30(14), 2111-2127.

FUJINO, J., MORITA, A., MATSUOKA, Y. and SAWAYAMA, S., 2005. Vision for utilization of livestock residue as bioenergy resource in Japan. Biomass and Bioenergy, 29(5), 367-374.

COHEN, T., 2004. Waste to energy: A waste solutions success in Thailand. Refocus, 5(5), 26-28.

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APPENDIX B: BIODIESEL REFERENCES

Glycerine/Glycerol Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM. A novel technique for separating glycerine from palm oil-based biodiesel using ionic liquids. Fuel Processing Technology 2010;91(1):116-20. Siles López JÁ, Martín Santos,María de los Ángeles, Chica Pérez AF, Martín Martín A. Anaerobic digestion of glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing. Bioresource technology 2009;100(23):5609-15. Frusteri F, Arena F, Bonura G, Cannilla C, Spadaro L, Di Blasi O. Catalytic etherification of glycerol by tert-butyl alcohol to produce oxygenated additives for diesel fuel. Applied Catalysis A: General 2009;367(1-2):77-83. Kiatkittipong W, Suwanmanee S, Laosiripojana N, Praserthdam P, Assabumrungrat S. Cleaner gasoline production by using glycerol as fuel extender. Fuel Processing Technology;In Press, Corrected Proof. Sánchez EA, D'Angelo MA, Comelli RA. Hydrogen production from glycerol on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy;In Press, Corrected Proof. Karinen RS, Krause AOI. New biocomponents from glycerol. Applied Catalysis A: General 2006;306:128-33. Sun F, Chen H. Organosolv pretreatment by crude glycerol from oleochemicals industry for enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw. Bioresource technology 2008;99(13):5474-9. Bonet J, Costa J, Sire R, Reneaume J, Pleşu AE, Pleşu V, Bozga G. Revalorization of glycerol: Comestible oil from biodiesel synthesis. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2009;87(3):171-8.

Alcohol Encinar JM, González JF, Rodríguez-Reinares A. Ethanolysis of used frying oil. Biodiesel preparation and characterization. Fuel Processing Technology 2007;88(5):513-22. Kiss AA. Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Computers & Chemical Engineering;In Press, Corrected Proof. Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S. Supercritical ethanol technology for the production of biodiesel: Process optimization studies. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2009;49(2):286-92.

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General Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel 2005;84(4):335-40. Keskin A, Gürü M, Altıparmak D. Biodiesel production from tall oil with synthesized Mn and Ni based additives: Effects of the additives on fuel consumption and emissions. Fuel 2007;86(7-8):1139-43. Sabudak T, Yildiz M. Biodiesel production from waste frying oils and its quality control. Waste Management;In Press, Corrected Proof. Demirbas A. Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energy Conversion and Management 2008;49(1):125-30. Özbay N, Oktar N, Tapan NA. Esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oils (WCO): Role of ion-exchange resins. Fuel 2008;87(10-11):1789-98. Lin C, Li R. Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from the crude fish oil from the soapstock of marine fish. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90(1):130-6. Haas MJ. Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: vegetable oil soapstock. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(10):1087-96. Smith PC, Ngothai Y, Dzuy Nguyen Q, O'Neill BK. Improving the low-temperature properties of biodiesel: Methods and consequences. Renewable Energy 2010;35(6):1145-51. Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF. Production of biodiesel from acid waste lard. Bioresource technology 2009;100(24):6355-61. Girard P, Fallot A. Review of existing and emerging technologies for the production of biofuels in developing countries. Energy for Sustainable Development 2006;10(2):92-108. Deshpande A, Anitescu G, Rice PA, Tavlarides LL. Supercritical biodiesel production and power cogeneration: Technical and economic feasibilities. Bioresource technology 2010;101(6):1834-43. Turkay M, Soylu A. Synergy analysis of collaboration with biofuel use for environmentally conscious energy systems. In: W. Marquardt and C. Pantelides, editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2006: 1827-1832. Predojević ZJ. The production of biodiesel from waste frying oils: A comparison of different purification steps. Fuel 2008;87(17-18):3522-8.

Catalysts Leung DYC, Wu X, Leung MKH. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Applied Energy 2010;87(4):1083-95.

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Demirbas A. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey. Energy Conversion and Management 2003;44(13):2093-109. Chung K, Kim J, Lee K. Biodiesel production by transesterification of duck tallow with methanol on alkali catalysts. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(1):155-8. Feng Y, He B, Cao Y, Li J, Liu M, Yan F, Liang X. Biodiesel production using cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. Bioresource technology 2010;101(5):1518-21. Szczęsna Antczak M, Kubiak A, Antczak T, Bielecki S. Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis – Key factors affecting efficiency of the process. Renewable Energy 2009;34(5):1185-94. Nie K, Xie F, Wang F, Tan T. Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel: Optimization of the biodiesel production. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 2006;43(1-4):142-7. Saka S, Isayama Y, Ilham Z, Jiayu X. New process for catalyst-free biodiesel production using subcritical acetic acid and supercritical methanol. Fuel;In Press, Corrected Proof. López DE, Goodwin Jr. JG, Bruce DA. Transesterification of triacetin with methanol on Nafion® acid resins. Journal of Catalysis 2007;245(2):381-91.

Algae Miao X, Wu Q. Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresource technology 2006;97(6):841-6. Um B, Kim Y. Review: A chance for Korea to advance algal-biodiesel technology. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2009;15(1):1-7.

Other Franca AS, Nunes AA, Oliveira LS. Activated carbons based on solid residues from coffee biodiesel production. Journal of Biotechnology 2008;136(Supplement 1):S654-5. Nunes AA, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. Activated carbons from waste biomass: An alternative use for biodiesel production solid residues. Bioresource technology 2009;100(5):1786-92. Antal J,Michael Jerry, Wade SR, Nunoura T. Biocarbon production from Hungarian sunflower shells. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2007;79(1-2):86-90. Nur H, Snowden MJ, Cornelius VJ, Mitchell JC, Harvey PJ, Benée LS. Colloidal microgel in removal of water from biodiesel. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2009;335(1-3):133-7.

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Angerbauer C, Siebenhofer M, Mittelbach M, Guebitz GM. Conversion of sewage sludge into lipids by Lipomyces starkeyi for biodiesel production. Bioresource technology 2008;99(8):3051-6. Montgomery R. Development of biobased products. Bioresource technology 2004;91(1):1-29. Fernández-Álvarez P, Vila J, Garrido JM, Grifoll M, Feijoo G, Lema JM. Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. Journal of hazardous materials 2007;147(3):914-22. Yoon SJ, Choi Y, Son Y, Lee S, Lee J. Gasification of biodiesel by-product with air or oxygen to make syngas. Bioresource technology 2010;101(4):1227-32. Huntsman scales up process to convert biodiesel by-product to propylene glycol; company continues sustainable chemistry initiative. Focus on Surfactants 2007;2007(6):4-. Canoira L, Alcántara R, Torcal S, Tsiouvaras N, Lois E, Korres DM. Nitration of biodiesel of waste oil: Nitrated biodiesel as a cetane number enhancer. Fuel 2007;86(7-8):965-71. Kasim NS, Chen H, Ju Y. Recovery of γ-oryzanol from biodiesel residue. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 2007;38(3-4):229-34. Nguyen N, Demirel Y. Retrofit of distillation columns in biodiesel production plants. Energy;In Press, Corrected Proof. Hou Z, Zheng D. Solar utility and renewability evaluation for biodiesel production process. Applied Thermal Engineering 2009;29(14-15):3169-74. Slinn M, Kendall K, Mallon C, Andrews J. Steam reforming of biodiesel by-product to make renewable hydrogen. Bioresource technology 2008;99(13):5851-8. Li W, Du W, Liu D, Yao Y. Study on factors influencing stability of whole cell during biodiesel production in solvent-free and tert-butanol system. Biochemical engineering journal 2008;41(2):111-5. Seay J, Eden M, D'Alessandro R, Weckbecker C. Sustainable production of industrial chemical products from bioresources. In: W. Marquardt and C. Pantelides, editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2006: 961-966. Foo KY, Hameed BH. Utilization of biodiesel waste as a renewable resource for activated carbon: Application to environmental problems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13(9):2495-504.

33

APPENDIX C: ETHANOL REFERENCES

Waste/Using Industry By-Products Industrial Wastes Marques S, Alves L, Roseiro JC, Gírio FM. Conversion of recycled paper sludge to ethanol by SHF and SSF using Pichia stipitis. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(5):400-6. Kosmala M, Kołodziejczyk K, Markowski J, Mieszczakowska M, Ginies C, Renard CMGC. Co-products of blackcurrant and apple juice production: Hydration properties and polysaccharide composition. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2010;43(1):173-80. Ebrahimi F, Khanahmadi M, Roodpeyma S, Taherzadeh MJ. Ethanol production from bread residues. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(4):333-7. Tang Y, Koike Y, Liu K, An M, Morimura S, Wu X, Kida K. Ethanol production from kitchen waste using the flocculating yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain KF-7. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(11):1037-45. Champagne P. Feasibility of producing bio-ethanol from waste residues: A Canadian perspective: Feasibility of producing bio-ethanol from waste residues in Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2007;50(3):211-30. Agricultural Wastes 04/02932 Global potential bio-ethanol production fromwasted crops and crop residues: Kim, S. and Dale, B. E. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (4), 361–375. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 2004;45(6):414-. Reijnders L. Ethanol production from crop residues and soil organic carbon. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2008;52(4):653-8. Murphy JD, McCarthy K. Ethanol production from energy crops and wastes for use as a transport fuel in Ireland. Applied Energy 2005;82(2):148-66. Palmarola-Adrados B, Chotěborská P, Galbe M, Zacchi G. Ethanol production from non-starch carbohydrates of wheat bran. Bioresource technology 2005;96(7):843-50. Telli-Okur M, Eken-Saraçoğlu N. Fermentation of sunflower seed hull hydrolysate to ethanol by Pichia stipitis. Bioresource technology 2008;99(7):2162-9. Saha BC, Cotta MA. Fuel ethanol production from agricultural residues: Current status and future prospects. Journal of Biotechnology 2008;136(Supplement 1):S285-6. Patle S, Lal B. Investigation of the potential of agro-industrial material as low cost substrate for ethanol production by using Candida tropicalis and Zymomonas mobilis. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(7):596-602. Hasegawa F, Yokoyama S, Imou K. Methanol or ethanol produced from woody biomass: Which is more advantageous? Bioresource technology 2010;101(1, Supplement 1):S109-11.

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Ethanol By-Products Used Martin D, Salminen JM, Niemi RM, Heiskanen IM, Valve MJ, Hellstén PP, Nystén TH. Acetate and ethanol as potential enhancers of low temperature denitrification in soil contaminated by fur farms: A pilot-scale study. Journal of hazardous materials 2009;163(2-3):1230-8. Leathers TD. Bioconversions of maize residues to value-added coproducts using yeast-like fungi. FEMS Yeast Research 2003;3(2):133-40. Zhang M, Wang F, Su R, Qi W, He Z. Ethanol production from high dry matter corncob using fed-batch simultaneous saccharification and fermentation after combined pretreatment. Bioresource technology;In Press, Corrected Proof. Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Bremer VR. Feeding Corn Milling Byproducts to Feedlot Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2007;23(2):223-45. Perlack RD, Turhollow AF. Feedstock cost analysis of corn stover residues for further processing. Energy 2003;28(14):1395-403. Robinson PH, Karges K, Gibson ML. Nutritional evaluation of four co-product feedstuffs from the motor fuel ethanol distillation industry in the Midwestern USA. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2008;146(3-4):345-52.

General Hahn-Hägerdal B, Galbe M, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Lidén G, Zacchi G. Bio-ethanol – the fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today. Trends in biotechnology 2006;24(12):549-56. Linde M, Galbe M, Zacchi G. Bioethanol production from non-starch carbohydrate residues in process streams from a dry-mill ethanol plant. Bioresource technology 2008;99(14):6505-11. Szklo A, Schaeffer R, Delgado F. Can one say ethanol is a real threat to gasoline? Energy Policy 2007;35(11):5411-21. Semelsberger TA, Borup RL, Greene HL. Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel. Journal of Power Sources 2006;156(2):497-511. Guidi W, Tozzini C, Bonari E. Estimation of chemical traits in poplar short-rotation coppice at stand level. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(12):1703-9. Bai FW, Anderson WA, Moo-Young M. Ethanol fermentation technologies from sugar and starch feedstocks. Biotechnology Advances 2008;26(1):89-105. Solomon BD, Barnes JR, Halvorsen KE. Grain and cellulosic ethanol: History, economics, and energy policy. Biomass and Bioenergy 2007;31(6):416-25. Henke S, Bubník Z, Hinková A, Pour V. Model of a sugar factory with bioethanol production in program Sugars™. Journal of Food Engineering 2006;77(3):416-20.

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Starfelt F, Thorin E, Dotzauer E, Yan J. Performance evaluation of adding ethanol production into an existing combined heat and power plant. Bioresource technology 2010;101(2):613-8. Dias MOS, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Maciel Filho R, Rossell CEV, Maciel MRW. Production of bioethanol and other bio-based materials from sugarcane bagasse: Integration to conventional bioethanol production process. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009;87(9):1206-16.

Balat M, Balat H, Öz C. Progress in bioethanol processing. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2008;34(5):551-73. Demirbas MF, Balat M. Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of bio-fuels: A global perspective. Energy Conversion and Management 2006;47(15-16):2371-81.

Advanced Processing Schacht C, Zetzl C, Brunner G. From plant materials to ethanol by means of supercritical fluid technology. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2008;46(3):299-321. Wukovits W, Pfeffer M, Liebmann B, Friedl A. Integration of the bio-ethanol process in a network of facilities for heat and power production from renewable sources using process simulation. In: Valentin Pleşu and Paul Şerban Agachi, editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2007: 1295-1300. Govindaswamy S, Vane LM. Kinetics of growth and ethanol production on different carbon substrates using genetically engineered xylose-fermenting yeast. Bioresource technology 2007;98(3):677-85. Hatano K, Kikuchi S, Nakamura Y, Sakamoto H, Takigami M, Kojima Y. Novel strategy using an adsorbentcolumn chromatography for effective ethanol production from sugarcane or sugar beet molasses. Bioresource technology 2009;100(20):4697-703. Sobocan G, Glavic P. Optimization of ethanol fermentation process design. Applied Thermal Engineering 2000;20(6):529-43. Demirbas A. Production of biodiesel fuels from linseed oil using methanol and ethanol in non-catalytic SCF conditions. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(1):113-8. Latif F, Rajoka MI. Production of ethanol and xylitol from corn cobs by yeasts. Bioresource technology 2001;77(1):57-63. Ogbonna JC, Mashima H, Tanaka H. Scale up of fuel ethanol production from sugar beet juice using loofa sponge immobilized bioreactor. Bioresource technology 2001;76(1):1-8. Kiss AA. Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Computers & Chemical Engineering;In Press, Corrected Proof.

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Rasmussen ML, Shrestha P, Khanal SK, Pometto III AL, (Hans) van Leeuwen J. Sequential saccharification of corn fiber and ethanol production by the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum. Bioresource technology 2010;101(10):3526-33. Li H, Yuan X, Zeng G, Huang D, Huang H, Tong J, You Q, Zhang J, Zhou M. The formation of bio-oil from sludge by deoxy-liquefaction in supercritical ethanol. Bioresource technology 2010;101(8):2860-6.

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APPENDIX D: BIOFUEL LIST

Technology Huang H, Ramaswamy S, Tschirner UW, Ramarao BV. A review of separation technologies in current and future biorefineries. Separation and Purification Technology 2008;62(1):1-21. Steinbusch KJJ, Hamelers HVM, Buisman CJN. Alcohol production through volatile fatty acids reduction with hydrogen as electron donor by mixed cultures. Water research 2008;42(15):4059-66. del Campo I, Alegría I, Zazpe M, Echeverría M, Echeverría I. Diluted acid hydrolysis pretreatment of agri-food wastes for bioethanol production. Industrial Crops and Products 2006;24(3):214-21. Xiu S, Shahbazi A, Shirley V, Mims MR, Wallace CW. Effectiveness and mechanisms of crude glycerol on the biofuel production from swine manure through hydrothermal pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis;In Press, Corrected Proof. Boateng AA, Mullen CA, Goldberg NM, Hicks KB, McMahan CM, Whalen MC, Cornish K. Energy-dense liquid fuel intermediates by pyrolysis of guayule (Parthenium argentatum) shrub and bagasse. Fuel 2009;88(11):2207-15. O’Brien DJ, Senske GE, Kurantz MJ, Craig JC. Ethanol recovery from corn fiber hydrolysate fermentations by pervaporation. Bioresource technology 2004;92(1):15-9. Chou C, Jenney Jr. FE, Adams MWW, Kelly RM. Hydrogenesis in hyperthermophilic microorganisms: Implications for biofuels. Metabolic engineering 2008;10(6):394-404. Ross AB, Biller P, Kubacki ML, Li H, Lea-Langton A, Jones JM. Hydrothermal processing of microalgae using alkali and organic acids. Fuel;In Press, Uncorrected Proof. Srokol Z, Bouche A, van Estrik A, Strik RCJ, Maschmeyer T, Peters JA. Hydrothermal upgrading of biomass to biofuel; studies on some monosaccharide model compounds. Carbohydrate research 2004;339(10):1717-26. Atsumi S, Cann AF, Connor MR, Shen CR, Smith KM, Brynildsen MP, Chou KJY, Hanai T, Liao JC. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for 1-butanol production. Metabolic engineering 2008;10(6):305-11. Lee SK, Chou H, Ham TS, Lee TS, Keasling JD. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels. Current opinion in biotechnology 2008;19(6):556-63. Paraman I, Fox SR, Aspelund MT, Glatz CE, Johnson LA. Recovering corn germ enriched in recombinant protein by wet-fractionation. Bioresource technology 2010;101(1):239-44. Fischer CR, Klein-Marcuschamer D, Stephanopoulos G. Selection and optimization of microbial hosts for biofuels production. Metabolic engineering 2008;10(6):295-304.

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Marquardt W. Systems Problems in Biorenewables Processing. In: Rita Maria de Brito Alves, Caludio Augusto Oller do Nascimento and Evaristo Chalbaud Biscaia,Jr., editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2009: 35-40. Liu Y, Lotero E, Goodwin Jr. JG, Mo X. Transesterification of poultry fat with methanol using Mg–Al hydrotalcite derived catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General 2007;331:138-48. Kantarelis E, Zabaniotou A. Valorization of cotton stalks by fast pyrolysis and fixed bed air gasification for syngas production as precursor of second generation biofuels and sustainable agriculture. Bioresource technology 2009;100(2):942-7.

General Börjesson P, Tufvesson LM. Agricultural crop-based biofuels – resource efficiency and environmental performance including direct land use changes. Journal of Cleaner Production;In Press, Corrected Proof. Fortman JL, Chhabra S, Mukhopadhyay A, Chou H, Lee TS, Steen E, Keasling JD. Biofuel alternatives to ethanol: pumping the microbial well. Trends in biotechnology 2008;26(7):375-81. Hoekman SK. Biofuels in the U.S. – Challenges and Opportunities. Renewable Energy 2009;34(1):14-22. Demirbas A. Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel projections. Energy Conversion and Management 2008;49(8):2106-16. de Wit M, Junginger M, Lensink S, Londo M, Faaij A. Competition between biofuels: Modeling technological learning and cost reductions over time. Biomass and Bioenergy 2010;34(2):203-17. Cherubini F, Bird ND, Cowie A, Jungmeier G, Schlamadinger B, Woess-Gallasch S. Energy- and greenhouse gas-based LCA of biofuel and bioenergy systems: Key issues, ranges and recommendations. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2009;53(8):434-47. Li S, Chan-Halbrendt C. Ethanol production in (the) People’s Republic of China: Potential and technologies. Applied Energy 2009;86(Supplement 1):S162-9. Thamsiriroj T, Murphy JD. Is it better to import palm oil from Thailand to produce biodiesel in Ireland than to produce biodiesel from indigenous Irish rape seed? Applied Energy 2009;86(5):595-604. Demirbas A. Progress and recent trends in biofuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2007;33(1):1-18. Fabbri D, Bevoni V, Notari M, Rivetti F. Properties of a potential biofuel obtained from soybean oil by transmethylation with dimethyl carbonate. Fuel 2007;86(5-6):690-7. Girard P, Fallot A. Review of existing and emerging technologies for the production of biofuels in developing countries. Energy for Sustainable Development 2006;10(2):92-108.

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Srinivasan S. The food v. fuel debate: A nuanced view of incentive structures. Renewable Energy 2009;34(4):950-4. Londo M, Lensink S, Wakker A, Fischer G, Prieler S, van Velthuizen H, de Wit M, Faaij A, Junginger M,Berndes G, Hansson J, Egeskog A, Duer H, Lundbaek J, Wisniewski G, Kupczyk A, Könighofer K. The REFUEL EU road map for biofuels in transport: Application of the project's tools to some short-term policy issues. Biomass and Bioenergy 2010;34(2):244-50.

Integration Klugman S, Karlsson M, Moshfegh B. A Swedish integrated pulp and paper mill—Energy optimisation and local heat cooperation. Energy Policy 2009;37(7):2514-24. Pfeffer M, Wukovits W, Beckmann G, Friedl A. Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanolproduction by process integration. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007;27(16):2657-64. Taylor G. Biofuels and the biorefinery concept. Energy Policy 2008;36(12):4406-9. Gravitis J, Zandersons J, Vedernikov N, Kruma I, Ozols-Kalnins V. Clustering of bio-products technologies for zero emissions and eco-efficiency. Industrial Crops and Products 2004;20(2):169-80. Kavargiris SE, Mamolos AP, Tsatsarelis CA, Nikolaidou AE, Kalburtji KL. Energy resources' utilization in organic and conventional vineyards: Energy flow, greenhouse gas emissions and biofuel production. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(9):1239-50. Talens L, Villalba G, Gabarrell X. Exergy analysis applied to biodiesel production. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2007;51(2):397-407. Bennett SJ, Pearson PJG. From petrochemical complexes to biorefineries? The past and prospective co-evolution of liquid fuels and chemicals production in the UK. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009;87(9):1120-39. Mathiesen BV, Lund H, Nørgaard P. Integrated transport and renewable energy systems. Utilities Policy 2008;16(2):107-16. Simone M, Bientinesi M, Nicolella C, Petarca L. Integration of a small biofuel refinery in a rural context. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009;87(9):1191-205. Marbe �, Harvey S. Opportunities for integration of biofuel gasifiers in natural-gas combined heat-and-power plants in district-heating systems. Applied Energy 2006;83(7):723-48. Zabaniotou A, Ioannidou O, Skoulou V. Rapeseed residues utilization for energy and 2nd generation biofuels. Fuel 2008;87(8-9):1492-502. Hansson P-, Baky A, Ahlgren S, Bernesson S, Nordberg �, Norén O, Pettersson O. Self-sufficiency of motor fuels on organic farms – Evaluation of systems based on fuels produced in industrial-scale plants. Agricultural Systems 2007;94(3):704-14.

40

Kiss AA. Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Computers & Chemical Engineering;In Press, Corrected Proof. Tan RR, Foo DCY, Aviso KB, Ng DKS. The use of graphical pinch analysis for visualizing water footprint constraints in biofuel production. Applied Energy 2009;86(5):605-9.

Catlytic Marchetti JM, Errazu AF. Biodiesel production from acid oils and ethanol using a solid basic resin as catalyst. Biomass and Bioenergy;In Press, Corrected Proof. Li H, Yu P, Shen B. Biofuel potential production from cottonseed oil: A comparison of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis on fixed-fluidized bed reactor. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90(9):1087-92. Chew TL, Bhatia S. Catalytic processes towards the production of biofuels in a palm oil and oil palm biomass-based biorefinery. Bioresource technology 2008;99(17):7911-22. Alcantara R, Amores J, Canoira L, Fidalgo E, Franco MJ, Navarro A. Catalytic production of biodiesel from soy-bean oil, used frying oil and tallow. Biomass and Bioenergy 2000;18(6):515-27. French R, Czernik S. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass for biofuels production. Fuel Processing Technology 2010;91(1):25-32. Chew TL, Bhatia S. Effect of catalyst additives on the production of biofuels from palm oil cracking in a transport riser reactor. Bioresource technology 2009;100(9):2540-5.

By-Product Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R. Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuels industry. Current opinion in biotechnology 2007;18(3):213-9. Kratzeisen M, Starcevic N, Martinov M, Maurer C, Müller J. Applicability of biogas digestate as solid fuel. Fuel;In Press, Uncorrected Proof. Taheripour F, Hertel TW, Tyner WE, Beckman JF, Birur DK. Biofuels and their by-products: Global economic and environmental implications. Biomass and Bioenergy;In Press, Corrected Proof. Loy D. By-Product Feed Utilization by Grazing Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2007;23(1):41-52. Shams Yazdani S, Gonzalez R. Engineering Escherichia coli for the efficient conversion of glycerol to ethanol and co-products. Metabolic engineering 2008;10(6):340-51. Donkin SS, Koser SL, White HM, Doane PH, Cecava MJ. Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of dairy science 2009;92(10):5111-9.

41

Fernando S, Adhikari S, Kota K, Bandi R. Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries. Fuel 2007;86(17-18):2806-9. da Silva GP, Mack M, Contiero J. Glycerol: A promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology. Biotechnology Advances 2009;27(1):30-9. Özdemir ED, Härdtlein M, Eltrop L. Land substitution effects of biofuel side products and implications on the land area requirement for EU 2020 biofuel targets. Energy Policy 2009;37(8):2986-96. Schmit TM, Boisvert RN, Enahoro D, Chase LE. Optimal dairy farm adjustments to increased utilization of corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Journal of dairy science 2009;92(12):6105-15. Liao X, Zhu Y, Wang S, Li Y. Producing triacetylglycerol with glycerol by two steps: Esterification and acetylation. Fuel Processing Technology 2009;90(7-8):988-93.

Cracking Prado CMR, Antoniosi Filho NR. Production and characterization of the biofuels obtained by thermal cracking and thermal catalytic cracking of vegetable oils. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2009;86(2):338-47. Mercader FdM, Groeneveld MJ, Kersten SRA, Way NWJ, Schaverien CJ, Hogendoorn JA. Production of advanced biofuels: Co-processing of upgraded pyrolysis oil in standard refinery units. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental;In Press, Accepted Manuscript. Lappas AA, Bezergianni S, Vasalos IA. Production of biofuels via co-processing in conventional refining processes. Catalysis Today 2009;145(1-2):55-62.

Raw Biomass Raw Materials Kumar A, Purohit P, Rana S, Kandpal TC. An approach to the estimation of the value of agricultural residues used as biofuels. Biomass and Bioenergy 2002;22(3):195-203. Bastianoni S, Coppola F, Tiezzi E, Colacevich A, Borghini F, Focardi S. Biofuel potential production from the Orbetello lagoon macroalgae: A comparison with sunflower feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(7):619-28. Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14(2):557-77. Antonopoulou G, Gavala HN, Skiadas IV, Angelopoulos K, Lyberatos G. Biofuels generation from sweet sorghum: Fermentative hydrogen production and anaerobic digestion of the remaining biomass. Bioresource technology 2008;99(1):110-9.

42

Lemke RL, VandenBygaart AJ, Campbell CA, Lafond GP, Grant B. Crop residue removal and fertilizer N: Effects on soil organic carbon in a long-term crop rotation experiment on a Udic Boroll. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2010;135(1-2):42-51. Lal R. Crop residues as soil amendments and feedstock for bioethanol production. Waste Management 2008;28(4):747-58. Li H, Shen B, Kabalu JC, Nchare M. Enhancing the production of biofuels from cottonseed oil by fixedfluidized bed catalytic cracking. Renewable Energy 2009;34(4):1033-9. Marcoulaki EC, Batzias FA. Extractant design for enhanced biofuel production through fermentation of cellulosic wastes. In: Andrzej Kraslawski and Ilkka Turunen, editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2003: 1121-1126. Posten C, Schaub G. Microalgae and terrestrial biomass as source for fuels—A process view. Journal of Biotechnology 2009;142(1):64-9. Chen L, Xing L, Han L. Renewable energy from agro-residues in China: Solid biofuels and biomass briquetting technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13(9):2689-95. Amin S. Review on biofuel oil and gas production processes from microalgae. Energy Conversion and Management 2009;50(7):1834-40. Manurung R, Wever DAZ, Wildschut J, Venderbosch RH, Hidayat H, van Dam JEG, Leijenhorst EJ, Broekhuis AA, Heeres HJ. Valorisation of Jatropha curcas L. plant parts: Nut shell conversion to fast pyrolysis oil. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2009;87(3):187-96. Lal R. World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel. Environment international 2005;31(4):575-84. Industry Raw Materials Pokoo-Aikins G, Heath A, Mentzer RA, Mannan MS, Rogers WJ, El-Halwagi MM. A Multi-Criteria Approach to Screening Alternatives for Converting Sewage Sludge to Biodiesel. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries;In Press, Accepted Manuscript. Wiggers VR, Wisniewski Jr. A, Madureira LAS, Barros AAC, Meier HF. Biofuels from waste fish oil pyrolysis: Continuous production in a pilot plant. Fuel 2009;88(11):2135-41. Guimarães PMR, Teixeira JA, Domingues L. Fermentation of lactose to bio-ethanol by yeasts as part of integrated solutions for the valorisation of cheese whey. Biotechnology Advances;In Press, Accepted Manuscript. Wu K, Lo Y, Chen S, Chang J. Fermentative production of biofuels with entrapped anaerobic sludge using sequential HRT shifting operation in continuous cultures. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers 2007;38(3-4):205-13.

43

Griffey C, Brooks W, Kurantz M, Thomason W, Taylor F, Obert D, Moreau R, Flores R, Sohn M, Hicks K. Grain composition of Virginia winter barley and implications for use in feed, food, and biofuels production. Journal of cereal science 2010;51(1):41-9. Méjean A, Hope C. Modelling the costs of non-conventional oil: A case study of Canadian bitumen. Energy Policy 2008;36(11):4205-16. Qureshi N, Saha BC, Dien B, Hector RE, Cotta MA. Production of butanol (a biofuel) from agricultural residues: Part I – Use of barley straw hydrolysate. Biomass and Bioenergy;In Press, Corrected Proof. Schirmer-Michel ÂC, Flôres SH, Hertz PF, Matos GS, Ayub MAZ. Production of ethanol from soybean hull hydrolysate by osmotolerant Candida guilliermondii NRRL Y-2075. Bioresource technology 2008;99(8):2898-904. Boateng AA, Hicks KB, Flores RA, Gutsol A. Pyrolysis of hull-enriched byproducts from the scarification of hulled barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2007;78(1):95-103. Lin K, Hsu H, Ko Y, Shieh Z, Chiang H. Pyrolytic product characteristics of biosludge from the wastewater treatment plant of a petrochemical industry. Journal of hazardous materials 2009;171(1-3):208-14. Um B, Kim Y. Review: A chance for Korea to advance algal-biodiesel technology. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2009;15(1):1-7. Schievano A, D'Imporzano G, Adani F. Substituting energy crops with organic wastes and agro-industrial residues for biogas production. Journal of environmental management 2009;90(8):2537-41. Caballero V, Bautista FM, Campelo JM, Luna D, Marinas JM, Romero AA, Hidalgo JM, Luque R, Macario A, Giordano G. Sustainable preparation of a novel glycerol-free biofuel by using pig pancreatic lipase: Partial 1,3-regiospecific alcoholysis of sunflower oil. Process Biochemistry 2009;44(3):334-42. Turkay M, Soylu A. Synergy analysis of collaboration with biofuel use for environmentally conscious energy systems. In: W. Marquardt and C. Pantelides, editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2006: 1827-1832. Agrawal R, Singh NR, Ribeiro FH, Delgass WN, Perkis DF, Tyner WE. Synergy in the hybrid thermochemical–biological processes for liquid fuel production. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2009;33(12):2012-7. Sadykov V, Sobyanin V, Mezentseva N, Alikina G, Vostrikov Z, Fedorova Y, Pelipenko V, Usoltsev V, Tikhov S, Salanov A, Bobrova L, Beloshapkin S, Ross JRH, Smorygo O, Ulyanitskii V, Rudnev V. Transformation of CH4 and liquid fuels into syngas on monolithic catalysts. Fuel;In Press, Corrected Proof.

Other

44

Levin DB, Carere CR, Cicek N, Sparling R. Challenges for biohydrogen production via direct lignocellulose fermentation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2009;34(17):7390-403. Demirbas A. Conversion of biomass using glycerin to liquid fuel for blending gasoline as alternative engine fuel. Energy Conversion and Management 2

45

APPENDIX E: FINAL SYNERGIES REFERENCES

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Amon T, Amon B, Kryvoruchko V, Zollitsch W, Mayer K, Gruber L. Biogas production from maize and dairy cattle manure—Influence of biomass composition on the methane yield. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 2007;118(1-4):173-82.

Arvidsson R, Persson S, Fröling M, Svanström M. Life Cycle Assessment Of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil From Rape, Oil Palm And Jatropha. Journal of Cleaner Production;In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

Azbar N, Keskin T, Yuruyen A. Enhancement of biogas production from olive mill effluent (OME) by co-digestion. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(12):1195-201.

Dearman B, Bentham RH. Anaerobic digestion of food waste: Comparing leachate exchange rates in sequential batch systems digesting food waste and biosolids. Waste Management 2007;27(12):1792-9.

Doušková I, Kaštánek F, Maléterová Y, Kaštánek P, Doucha J, Zachleder V. Utilization of distillery stillage for energy generation and concurrent production of valuable microalgal biomass in the sequence: Biogas-cogeneration-microalgae-products. Energy Conversion and Management 2010;51(3):606-11.

Fountoulakis MS, Manios T. Enhanced methane and hydrogen production from municipal solid waste and agro-industrial by-products co-digested with crude glycerol. Bioresource technology 2009;100(12):3043-7.

Göblös S, Portörő P, Bordás D, Kálmán M, Kiss I. Comparison of the effectivities of two-phase and single-phase anaerobic sequencing batch reactors during dairy wastewater treatment. Renewable Energy 2008;33(5):960-5.

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Kratzeisen M, Starcevic N, Martinov M, Maurer C, Müller J. Applicability of biogas digestate as solid fuel. Fuel;In Press, Uncorrected Proof.

Kryvoruchko V, Machmüller A, Bodiroza V, Amon B, Amon T. Anaerobic digestion of by-products of sugar beet and starch potato processing. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(4):620-7.

46

Krzystek L, Ledakowicz S, Kahle H, Kaczorek K. Degradation of household biowaste in reactors. Journal of Biotechnology 2001;92(2):103-12.

Leduc S, Starfelt F, Dotzauer E, Kindermann G, McCallum I, Obersteiner M, Lundgren J. Optimal location of lignocellulosic ethanol refineries with polygeneration in Sweden. Energy;In Press, Corrected Proof.

Lehtomäki A, Huttunen S, Rintala JA. Laboratory investigations on co-digestion of energy crops and crop residues with cow manure for methane production: Effect of crop to manure ratio. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2007;51(3):591-609.

Llaneza Coalla H, Blanco Fernández JM, Morís Morán MA, López Bobo MR. Biogas generation apple pulp. Bioresource technology 2009;100(17):3843-7.

Mueller S. Manure's allure: Variation of the financial, environmental, and economic benefits from combined heat and power systems integrated with anaerobic digesters at hog farms across geographic and economic regions. Renewable Energy 2007;32(2):248-56.

Neves L, Ribeiro R, Oliveira R, Alves MM. Enhancement of methane production from barley waste. Biomass and Bioenergy 2006;30(6):599-603.

Odhiambo JO, Martinsson E, Soren S, Mboya P, Onyango J. Integration water, energy and sanitation solution for stand-alone settlements. Desalination 2009;248(1-3):570-7.

Pfeffer M, Wukovits W, Beckmann G, Friedl A. Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanol-production by process integration. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007;27(16):2657-64.

Pognani M, D’Imporzano G, Scaglia B, Adani F. Substituting energy crops with organic fraction of municipal solid waste for biogas production at farm level: A full-scale plant study. Process Biochemistry 2009;44(8):817-21.

Ramachandran S, Singh SK, Larroche C, Soccol CR, Pandey A. Oil cakes and their biotechnological applications – A review. Bioresource technology 2007;98(10):2000-9.

Rani DS, Nand K. Ensilage of pineapple processing waste for methane generation. Waste Management 2004;24(5):523-8.

Ryan D, Gadd A, Kavanagh J, Barton GW. Integrated biorefinery wastewater design. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 2009;87(9):1261-8.

Sager M. Trace and nutrient elements in manure, dung and compost samples in Austria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2007;39(6):1383-90.

Salomon KR, Silva Lora EE. Estimate of the electric energy generating potential for different sources of biogas in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy 2009;33(9):1101-7.

Šantek B, Gwehenberger G, Šantek MI, Narodoslawsky M, Horvat P. Evaluation of energy demand and the sustainability of different bioethanol production processes from sugar beet. Resources, Conservation and Recycling;In Press, Corrected Proof.

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Sehgal HS, Sehgal GK. Aquacultural and socio-economic aspects of processing carps into some value-added products. Bioresource technology 2002;82(3):291-3.

Stoica A, Sandberg M, Holby O. Energy use and recovery strategies within wastewater treatment and sludge handling at pulp and paper mills. Bioresource technology 2009;100(14):3497-505.

Wang G, Gavala HN, Skiadas IV, Ahring BK. Wet explosion of wheat straw and codigestion with swine manure: Effect on the methane productivity. Waste Management 2009;29(11):2830-5.

Wilkie AC, Riedesel KJ, Owens JM. Stillage characterization and anaerobic treatment of ethanol stillage from conventional and cellulosic feedstocks. Biomass and Bioenergy 2000;19(2):63-102.

Wukovits W, Pfeffer M, Liebmann B, Friedl A. Integration of the bio-ethanol process in a network of facilities for heat and power production from renewable sources using process simulation. In: Valentin Pleşu and Paul Şerban Agachi, editor. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering. : Elsevier, 2007: 1295-1300.

Zheng Y, Pan Z, Zhang R, El-Mashad HM, Pan J, Jenkins BM. Anaerobic digestion of saline creeping wild ryegrass for biogas production and pretreatment of particleboard material. Bioresource technology 2009;100(4):1582-8.

Zhu G, Li J, Wu P, Jin H, Wang Z. The performance and phase separated characteristics of an anaerobic baffled reactor treating soybean protein processing wastewater. Bioresource technology 2008;99(17):8027-33.

US researchers investigate use of ethanol co-products as fillers for plastics. Additives for Polymers 2008;2008(8):4-.

Amin S. Review on biofuel oil and gas production processes from microalgae. Energy Conversion and Management 2009;50(7):1834-40.

Angerbauer C, Siebenhofer M, Mittelbach M, Guebitz GM. Conversion of sewage sludge into lipids by Lipomyces starkeyi for biodiesel production. Bioresource technology 2008;99(8):3051-6.

Bastianoni S, Coppola F, Tiezzi E, Colacevich A, Borghini F, Focardi S. Biofuel potential production from the Orbetello lagoon macroalgae: A comparison with sunflower feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(7):619-28.

Bezergianni S, Kalogianni A. Hydrocracking of used cooking oil for biofuels production. Bioresource technology 2009;100(17):3927-32.

Brennan L, Owende P. Biofuels from microalgae—A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010;14(2):557-77.

48

Champagne P. Feasibility of producing bio-ethanol from waste residues: A Canadian perspective: Feasibility of producing bio-ethanol from waste residues in Canada. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2007;50(3):211-30.

da Silva GP, Mack M, Contiero J. Glycerol: A promising and abundant carbon source for industrial microbiology. Biotechnology Advances 2009;27(1):30-9.

del Campo I, Alegría I, Zazpe M, Echeverría M, Echeverría I. Diluted acid hydrolysis pretreatment of agri-food wastes for bioethanol production. Industrial Crops and Products 2006;24(3):214-21.

Demirbas A. Conversion of biomass using glycerin to liquid fuel for blending gasoline as alternative engine fuel. Energy Conversion and Management 2000;41(16):1741-8.

Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF. Production of biodiesel from acid waste lard. Bioresource technology 2009;100(24):6355-61.

Donkin SS, Koser SL, White HM, Doane PH, Cecava MJ. Feeding value of glycerol as a replacement for corn grain in rations fed to lactating dairy cows. Journal of dairy science 2009;92(10):5111-9.

Ebrahimi F, Khanahmadi M, Roodpeyma S, Taherzadeh MJ. Ethanol production from bread residues. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(4):333-7.

Encinar JM, González JF, Rodríguez-Reinares A. Ethanolysis of used frying oil. Biodiesel preparation and characterization. Fuel Processing Technology 2007;88(5):513-22.

Fernández-Álvarez P, Vila J, Garrido JM, Grifoll M, Feijoo G, Lema JM. Evaluation of biodiesel as bioremediation agent for the treatment of the shore affected by the heavy oil spill of the Prestige. Journal of hazardous materials 2007;147(3):914-22.

Fernando S, Adhikari S, Kota K, Bandi R. Glycerol based automotive fuels from future biorefineries. Fuel 2007;86(17-18):2806-9.

Foo KY, Hameed BH. Utilization of biodiesel waste as a renewable resource for activated carbon: Application to environmental problems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13(9):2495-504.

Franca AS, Nunes AA, Oliveira LS. Activated carbons based on solid residues from coffee biodiesel production. Journal of Biotechnology 2008;136(Supplement 1):S654-5.

Gravitis J, Zandersons J, Vedernikov N, Kruma I, Ozols-Kalnins V. Clustering of bio-products technologies for zero emissions and eco-efficiency. Industrial Crops and Products 2004;20(2):169-80.

Guimarães PMR, Teixeira JA, Domingues L. Fermentation of lactose to bio-ethanol by yeasts as part of integrated solutions for the valorisation of cheese whey. Biotechnology Advances;In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

49

Haas MJ. Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: vegetable oil soapstock. Fuel Processing Technology 2005;86(10):1087-96.

Hou Z, Zheng D. Solar utility and renewability evaluation for biodiesel production process. Applied Thermal Engineering 2009;29(14-15):3169-74.

Kale A, Zhu F, Cheryan M. Separation of high-value products from ethanol extracts of corn by chromatography. Industrial Crops and Products 2007;26(1):44-53.

Karinen RS, Krause AOI. New biocomponents from glycerol. Applied Catalysis A: General 2006;306:128-33.

Kiatkittipong W, Suwanmanee S, Laosiripojana N, Praserthdam P, Assabumrungrat S. Cleaner gasoline production by using glycerol as fuel extender. Fuel Processing Technology;In Press, Corrected Proof.

Kiss AA. Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Computers & Chemical Engineering;In Press, Corrected Proof.

Kiss AA. Separative reactors for integrated production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Computers & Chemical Engineering;In Press, Corrected Proof.

Klopfenstein TJ, Erickson GE, Bremer VR. Feeding Corn Milling Byproducts to Feedlot Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2007;23(2):223-45.

Kratzeisen M, Starcevic N, Martinov M, Maurer C, Müller J. Applicability of biogas digestate as solid fuel. Fuel;In Press, Uncorrected Proof.

Lappas AA, Bezergianni S, Vasalos IA. Production of biofuels via co-processing in conventional refining processes. Catalysis Today 2009;145(1-2):55-62.

Loy D. By-Product Feed Utilization by Grazing Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 2007;23(1):41-52.

Marques S, Alves L, Roseiro JC, Gírio FM. Conversion of recycled paper sludge to ethanol by SHF and SSF using Pichia stipitis. Biomass and Bioenergy 2008;32(5):400-6.

Miao X, Wu Q. Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresource technology 2006;97(6):841-6.

Nunes AA, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. Activated carbons from waste biomass: An alternative use for biodiesel production solid residues. Bioresource technology 2009;100(5):1786-92.

Paraman I, Fox SR, Aspelund MT, Glatz CE, Johnson LA. Recovering corn germ enriched in recombinant protein by wet-fractionation. Bioresource technology 2010;101(1):239-44.

Pfeffer M, Wukovits W, Beckmann G, Friedl A. Analysis and decrease of the energy demand of bioethanol-production by process integration. Applied Thermal Engineering 2007;27(16):2657-64.

50

Pokoo-Aikins G, Heath A, Mentzer RA, Mannan MS, Rogers WJ, El-Halwagi MM. A Multi-Criteria Approach to Screening Alternatives for Converting Sewage Sludge to Biodiesel. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries;In Press, Accepted Manuscript.

Prado CMR, Antoniosi Filho NR. Production and characterization of the biofuels obtained by thermal cracking and thermal catalytic cracking of vegetable oils. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2009;86(2):338-47.

Predojević ZJ. The production of biodiesel from waste frying oils: A comparison of different purification steps. Fuel 2008;87(17-18):3522-8.

Robinson PH, Karges K, Gibson ML. Nutritional evaluation of four co-product feedstuffs from the motor fuel ethanol distillation industry in the Midwestern USA. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2008;146(3-4):345-52.

Sánchez EA, D'Angelo MA, Comelli RA. Hydrogen production from glycerol on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy;In Press, Corrected Proof.

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