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- ٣ -

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- ٦ -

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تغذية

ناتج

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אאאאא(Bubble Column Reactor).


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- ٨ -

אאאאאא١אJ٨K

Cracked products Combustion

gases

Spent Catalyst

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Hydrocarbon Feed

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- ٩ -

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- ١٠ -


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- ١١ -

אאאא


אאאא

א

א

٣


- ٢٧ -

אאHomogeneous Reactors

אא

אאאא

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אא١K אאא ٢K אאאא

אא

٨אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אאא אאא


- ٢٨ -

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- ٢٩ -

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אאא،אאK


- ٣٠ -

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אאאאאאא،(Limiting reactant)KאאאאK

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- ٣١ -

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- ٣٢ -

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- ٣٣ -

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- ٣٤ -

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- ٣٥ -

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א،אאאאאאאא(Bulk flow)אאא،F٣J١٠EW

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אאאאK


- ٣٦ -

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אאMixing)Eא(Diffusion )אאKאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאKאאאאF٣J١٠EF٣J١١EאאK


- ٣٧ -

אאאThe Ideal Stirred-tank Reactor אא(CSTR)אא(Steady-

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אאאאKאאאFאEאאאא،

אאאאאאאKאאאאאK

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אאאאF٣J١EאאKאאאאאKאאאאא

אF١٠J٣EאאאאLimiting reactant)Et∆K

אאאKאאאאאאFאאאא،XF

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٣אJ١WאאאCSTRאא

א


- ٣٨ -

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אאאXEאאK،אאאאאאאK

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אאאאאrEאא،אאאVKאאאאF٣J١١E

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- ٣٩ -

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אאאאאאאאאTsאאאאU(Overall-heat-transfer coefficient)

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א،אאאאאא،אH∆אrאאאHEאK

HrTאאHEJHFאאאא ∆,,אאאאאKאאא

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1

)()()(MFHFXXXXTTeHH FEFEFEPFe

∆−+−+−=−

M אאאא(Limiting reactant)∆ΗאאאאאKאF٥J٣EF٤J٣E

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−−− EshFEPeF TTUAM

XXFeTTF

אאאאאאאKאאFXJ EXאF٣J٣E

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VreTTF

אF٤J٣EF٦J٣EF٧J٣E،אאאאא(Homogeneous reactors)


- ٤٠ -

אFאאEBatch Operation (Non steady-State) אאאאאאאK

אאא،אאmאא∆Χאt∆،אאאאא

אt∆Xm∆−،אאW

XmtrV ∆=∆−

אאאאאKאאF٨J٣Eאאt∆א0→∆t

F٩J٣EmVr

dtdx

=אאאאrאFאא

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F١٠J٣E∫ ∫== 2

1

2

11

X

Xt

XX r

dXmm

rvdXm ρ

X1אאאX2אאtKאאאא

אאmtאρאKאאאאאאאאאאא

אאKאאrאρאאאאK

אאאאאאK


- ٤١ -

אאאאאאאKאFאEאאאF٢J٣E

אKאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא

אאאאאאtrVMH ∆∆ )/Kאאאאt∆T∆،אאאאא

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=∆− etsh cmtrVM

tTTUA )(

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אF١٠J٣EאאאאאK

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אאאאאא،אאאKאאאאKאאא

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אאאאאאאFאאאKEאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאא

אK


- ٤٢ -

אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא

(Hexamethylenetetramine)،אאאאFאאאEאאא

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אאאאKאאאא،אאא،אא

אאאאאKאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא

א،אFאאאאEאאאאאK

אאאFאאEThe Ideal Tubular-flow Reactor (Plug-flow Reactor, PFR)

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אאFאאEאאאKאאאJאאאJ

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V∆אאאKאF٣J١٠EF٣J١١EFPartial differential

equations)אאאאאK


- ٤٣ -

٣אJ٢Wאאא

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אאאאאאא،WאאאאFאאEא،אאאא،אKאא

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אאאKאאאאא

אאאאKאאאאאK

PFR אא א

אאאא


אאאא

א

א

٤

א٢٦١אאא אאאא

- ٤٤ -

אאHeterogeneous Reactions

אא

אאאאא

אא

אא١K אאא ٢K אאאא ٣K אא ٤K אאאאא

אא

٨אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אאא אאא


- ٤٥ -

אאאTypes of Heterogeneous Reactions

אאאאאאאאאאKאאא

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א(Transient)אאאאאאאא(Steady-state)K

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אאאא(Spray column،


- ٤٦ -

אאKEאאאCO2אא(Amine Solution)אK

אאאאאאאאאאאאJאאאאK

אאא(Alkylation)AlCl3(s)K

אאאאאא(Sludge)Kא

אKאאאאאאאאא(Hydrogenation)א،

אאKאאא(CSTR)אאאאאא

אאאאאאKאאאאאאא،אאאאא

אאאKאאא،אאאא

אKאאאאאא(Fixed Bed Reactors)א

אאאא،Kאאא(Volatility)א

אKאאא

אאאא،אאאאK


- ٤٧ -

אאאDesign Of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors

אאאאאאKאאא

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אאK

אאFIXED BED REACTORS

אConstruction and Operation

،אאאאאאאא،א

אKאאאאא،אאאאאא

א،אאאאKאאאאאאא

אאאKא،אאאאא

אאאאKאאאאא

٤J١،אאאאאאאאא،אאא،א

אאאאאאF٢٥EאאאFאא

Exothermic reactionEKאאאאאאK


- ٤٨ -

٤J١WאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאאא

אאאאא،אאא،אאא

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אאאאאKאאאFאא(Hot Spotא

אאאאאאKאאאאא(Intercooler)}

א٤J٢K


- ٤٩ -

٤J٢WאאאאאאFE،אאFEאא

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אאאאK

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- ٥٠ -

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אאאא،אאאאא

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אאאא،(Equilibrium Conversion)K

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אאאKאאאאWJ אאאאא

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J אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

אאא


- ٥١ -

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400-500oCK J אאאא

WF١E אאאאאKF٢E אאאאK

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אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא

אאא،Kאאאא

אKאאאאאאאאא

אאאאאK،אאאאאא0.91 mאאא


- ٥٢ -

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אאא،אאא3 mKאאאא

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אא،אאאאאאאאאא

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א٤J٣K

٤אJ٣WאאאאK

א א

אא

אא


- ٥٣ -

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אא،אאאאאאK

אאאאAuto Thermal ReactorsאאאאF

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אאאאאאא٤J٤אאאא،אאאK


- ٥٤ -

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אאFLUIDIZE BED BEACTORS אאאאא

אאאאKאא

א

אא

א

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אא

א

א

Jאא

אא

א

א א

Jאא


- ٥٥ -

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אKאא–אJאאאאאאKא

אאאא(Dense Phase)אאאאKאאא

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אא،אאאF٤J٦EK

٤J٥WאאאאK

א

H


- ٥٦ -

٤J٦WאאK

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אאאאא(Regenerator)אFEאא

אא،אאFEKאא،אאאאאאא

אא٤J٧אאKאאאאאאא

אא،א(Hot Spot)אאKאאא

אאאאאאK


- ٥٧ -

אאאא،Fאאאא

אאאKEאא،אאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאKאאא

אא،אאאאאKאאאאאאאא

(Cyclone Separators)،אא،אאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאK

אאא(Gas Oil)אאאאא،אאאאאא(Molecular SieveאאK

٤J٧WK


- ٥٨ -

אאSLURRY REACTORSאאאF٤J٨Eאא

אאאאאא،אאאאאKאא

אאאאאאW

J אאאJ אאאאא

J אאאאK

אאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא

V

א

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xe

Qg.Cg.f

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- ٥٩ -

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אאאאאאא،JאJאאא

Kא٤J٩אאאFKE

٤J٩Wאאא

אא


אאאא

א

٥

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٠ -

אCatalysis

אא

אאאאK

אא

אא١K אאא ٢K אא ٣K אא

אא

٨אאא

אאאאאא

אא

אאא אאא

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦١ -

אאאאאא،אאא

אאKאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאאFThermodynamicEאK

אאאאאאאאKאא،

אKאאאKאאאאאאאאא

אKאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK

א

א

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٢ -

אאאאאאאW

١K אאאאK

٢K אאא(Active centers)אאאאאאא،אא

Kאאאא٣K אאאא

אK ٤K אא(Equilibrium conversion)אאא،א

אא(Forward reaction)א(Reverse reaction)K

٥K אאאא(Selectivity)K ٦K ،אא،

אאא(Chain reaction)אאאK

٧K אאאאא(Auto catalytic reaction)אאאK

אאאאאK

אActivity

אאאאאK

אSelectivity

אאאK

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٣ -

אPoisoning

אאאאאאK

אאWaK (Active ingredient)אאK bK א(Support)אא،א

אK cK (Inhibitors) אאא،א

אאKאאאאאאא

אKאאאאK

dK א(Promoters)אK

אHeterogeneous Catalysis

אאא،אאאאאאאאאאKא

אאKאא(A → B)אאW

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٤ -

١K א(External Diffusion)אאAאK ٢K אא(Internal Diffusion)אאAאK ٣K אא(Adsorption)אאאאאא

(Physisorption) ،אא(Chemisorption)K ٤K אאאא (Surface reaction)K ٥K א(Desorption)אאאאK ٦K אאאBאאK ٧K אאBאאK

Homogeneous Catalysis

אאאאאאKאאאאאKKאא

אאאא(PdCl2)K

אאאאאFE،אא

אאאKאאאW

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٥ -

١K א(Precipitation)

אאאא،אאאא،אאא

אK٢K אImpregnation אאאא،אאאאאא

אאאאאאאאא،אאאKאאאאאאאאאK

אאאאאאאK

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٣K אFusion אאאאאאאאFFusionE

אאאאאא،אFFe3O4EאאFAl2O3EאFK2OE

אFCaOEK٤K אא

אאאאאאאאאKאא،א

אאאאאאאKאאKאא

אKאאאאאאא

אאKאאאאאKאW

א٢٦١אא אאא

- ٦٦ -

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• אאאאK • אאK • אK • אאאאאKאא

אאאאאאאK ٥K אא

אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאK


אאאאאאK

אאאאאJאJאאK


אאאא

٦

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- ٦٧ -

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אא• אאאאאאא• א،אאאא

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א٢٦١אא אא

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- ٧١ -

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١. אאא• אא• אא• אא٢. אאא• אאאא• אאא• אאאא٣. אאא• אאאאא• אאאאא• אאאא٤. א• אאא• אאאאאאא• אאאאאא٥. א• אאאא• אאאא• אאאא٦. אאאא• א• אא• א

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1. Scott, H., Fogler,O., “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering”, International edition, Prentice Hall Inc., USA, 1999 2. Smith, J.M., “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, International edition, McGraw-Hill,

USA, 1981

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אאאא٥٣אא٥٤

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