A Cost Analysis of Degree Programs for Mariano Marcos State University

For the Asian Development Bank De La Salle University Research Team DR ANDREA SANTIAGO * MS. MITZIE PONCE * MS SHERRYL UY March 2003

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The cost analysis was conducted for Mariano Marcos State University using data presented by the SUC. The financial, student and faculty information was for the calendar year 2001 while the course data provided was for the SY 2000-2001. In brief, the highlights of the cost analysis reveal the following: Enrollment 9,6861 Enrollment (net of Basic Education) 8,545 Graduates 2,257 No. of Teaching Faculty 519 Student Per Faculty 18.69 Total Expenditures P242,194,316

Based on the computations made, the following are the indicative figures: Total number of sections offered for undergraduate subjects 2,253 Total number of sections offered for graduate subjects 62

Average class size for undergraduate subjects 23.77 Average class size for graduate subjects 10.44 Average unit cost per student for undergraduate subjects P 604.66 Average unit cost per student for graduate subjects P 1,474.04 Average MOOE per undergraduate students P 1,015.11 Average MOOE per graduate students P 134.96 Average indirect cost per student P14,703.25

1 1st term 2000-2001

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary i University Description 1 Cost Analysis at the University Level 3 Cost Analysis Across Academic Units 13 Cost Analysis Per Academic Unit Graduate School 15 College of Agriculture and Forestry 16 College of Arts and Sciences 18 College of Business, Economics, and Accountancy 21 College of Education 24 College of Engineering 26 College of Fisheries 27 College of Health Sciences 28 College of Technology 29 Qualifications 32 Appendix A. Brief Description of Methodology 34 Appendix B. Licensure Examination Performance 35

ii

COST ANALYSIS OF MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY Andrea L. Santiago, Mitzie Ponce, Sherryl Uy This paper is a cost analysis of the financial statements of Mariano Marcos State University as part of the ABD Project on Normative Financing. The paper looks into the various cost components to arrive at the closest approximate to a Cost Per Degree Per Student2. Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) was established last January 06, 1979 by virtue of Presidential Degree 12793. Its main campus on a 300-hectare land is located in Batac, Ilocos Norte. The university is a merger and integration of the following schools and thus is also situated in areas of Laoag, Dingras, Paoay, and Currimao.

Mariano Marcos Memorial College of Science and Technology (MMMCST), Batac

Northern Luzon State College (NLSC), Laoag Dingras National Agricultural School Paoay School for Craftsmen Currimao School of Fisheries Ilocos Norte Agricultural College (INAC), Pasuquin Ilocos Norte College of Arts and Trade (INCAT), Laoag

The University has eleven (11) academic units: Graduate School (GS) College of Agriculture and Forestry (CAF) College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) College of Business, Economics, and Accountancy (CBEA) College of Health Sciences (CHS) College of Education (CE) College of Engineering (COE) College of Technology (COT) College of Fisheries CF) Open University (OU) Integrated University Laboratory Schools (IULS) The University prides itself in its quality education as evidenced by its national standing in licensure examinations. For CY 2000, it was awarded Top Performing School of Physical Therapy (2nd Place), Top Performing School of Accountancy (no. 3 among 355 schools of accountancy), Top Performing School of Nursing (no. 8), and the number 1 nursing school among the SUCs. 54 Graduates of the University had topped licensure

2 Appendix A shows the research methodology used that was applied to all other universities under study. It was extracted from the study conducted by the DLSU-Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies for the Commission on Higher Education. 3 Taken from the various publications of the MMSU. Includes the MMSU Publication (ISBN 971-790-009-4) June 2001, MMSU Information Bulletin 1999

1

examinations (Top 20) in the last decade. Appendix B shows the performance of the University graduates for period 1980 – 2001. Even beyond licensure examination performance, MMSU was also recognized by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as having attained the following:

1995 Center of Excellence in Teacher Education, CE, Laoag Center of Excellence in Agricultural Engineering, CAF, Batac

1999 Center of Development in Ceramics Engineering, COE, Batac In 22 years, MMSU also promoted research and development activities. Its research facilities and infrastructures include: 60 hectares experimental farm in Batac 12 hectares experimental farm in Dingras 1,054 hectare forest reserve in Payao, Batac 35 hectares forest reserve in Lubbot, Batac 4,237 hectares forest reserve in Tadao, Pasuquin 15 hectares sand dune area in Galpac, Paoay, and Paguludan in Currimao water-based and land-based hatcheries in Currimao fish ponds prototype production laboratories in Batac and Laoag 1.3 hectare central nursery (forest trees, fruit trees, medicinal & ornamental

plants) 400 square meters mango clonal garden in Nabacsan, Batac bamboo genebank (within central nursery and 1.5 hectares in the Payao reserve) 2 hectares livestock and poultry in Nagbacsan, Batac 8 hectares dairy farm 0.60 hectare chinampa project (within the 50 hectare Sarnap Lake) scientific laboratories The University had been recognized in the national, regional/zonal and local levels for outstanding research output. Awarding institutions include the PCARRD, PhilRice Society of Paddy Field in Japan, DA-BAR, NAST, FCSSP, BAR, Ilocos Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Consortium (ILARRDEC), and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Its most prestigious recognitions to date are: Regional Winner on Research and Extension Services of College and Universities in 1994 CHED Zonal Research Center for Regions I, II and CAR, 2000-2003 Nodal Center of the Agriculture and Fisheries Research and Development Information System in Region I Institutional Development Grant from DA-BAR , 2000-2004

2

The University has also been activity in extension services through the promotion of technology usage via non-formal education. Its Extension Service/Technology Promotion and Utilization Office (ESTPUO) continually spearheads activities that have direct impact on the rural agriculture and fisheries sector. Finally, MMSU has linkages with the following agencies that contribute to its quality education: American Studies Resource Center Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center Association of Southeast Asian Institute of Higher Learning Australian Agency for International Development Australian Center for International Agriculture Research Colombo Plan Staff College for Technician Education Embassy of Israel International Association of University Presidents International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain Japan International Cooperating Agency Japan Science Promotion Society Japanese Information and Cultural Affairs Philippine-American Educational Foundation Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture Thomas Jefferson Information Center United Nations Development Project – Food and Agriculture Organization United States Information Service

COST ANALYSIS AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL Total allotments of MMSU from GAA and Fund 164 for 2001 amounted to P244,438,000 while total expenditures from both sources amounted to only P242,194,316. Among the academic units, the largest expenditure in 2001 went to the College of Arts and Sciences. The expenditure level of the College of Agriculture for both campuses also reached the P20 million level for the same period. The breakdown of expenditures according to units follows:

3

TOTAL GAA+164 Percent of Total TOTAL COLLEGE/DEPT/OFFICE Graduate School 6,916,012 2.86% College of Arts and Sciences 23,452,346 9.68% College of Agriculture and Forestry 17,151,809 7.08% College of Agriculture Dingras Campus 3,790,293 1.56% College of Bus., Eco and Accountancy 6,396,651 2.64% College of Education 20,560,666 8.49% College of Engineering 10,463,958 4.32% College of Health Sciences 8,408,356 3.47% College of Technology 19,891,763 8.21% College of Fisheries 5,259,611 2.17% Office of the President 43,415,541 17.93% Office of the Registrar 3,339,038 1.38% Main Library 2,951,341 1.22% Student Services Division 2,476,554 1.02% Auxiliary (Cafeteria/Res.) 6,440,467 2.66% Medical and Dental Clinic 2,316,649 0.96% Research Services 17,840,583 7.37% Extension Services 5,839,443 2.41% Other 31,803,553 13.13% UHS 5,872,943 2.42% Others 19,243,714 7.95% TOTALS 242,194,316 100.00%

The expenditures are also shown broken into 3 general categories. Personnel services accounts for 77% of the total budget, 19% for MOOE and the balance for capital outlay. The breakdown down by use follows:

GAA 101 Fund 164 Total Personnel Services 186,746,007 0 186,746,007 MOOE 36,147,963 9,700,285 45,848,249 Capital Outlay 3,580,470 6,019,590 9,600,060 Total 226,474,440 15,719,815 242,194,316

4

The CY 2001 expenditure was P2.0 million lower than allotments due to a shortfall in fund 164 collections. According to the MMSU 2001 report4, the University grossed P11.5 million from the agribusiness projects, but netted only P1.3 million. The different revenue source for agribusiness projects, follow:

Peso Percentage Piggery/Swine Production 4,902,964 42.50% Poultry Production 2,379,131 20.62% Meat Processing 1,202,214 10.42% Commercial Rice & Corn Production 858,205 7.44% Dairy Processing 667,028 5.78% University Share from Farmer-Cooperatives 508,896 4.41% Rice Seed Production 314,714 2.73% Tilapia Production 220,702 1.91% Iluko Wine/Vinegar Production 120,149 1.04% Floriculture Project 85,959 0.75% Calamansi Production 83,525 0.72% Mango Production 70,840 0.61% Vegetable Production 56,505 0.49% Cattle, Goat, Sheep & Pasture Production 36,325 0.31% Fruit Processing 29,492 0.26% Total 11,536,649 100.00%

The MMSU 2001 report also stated that the total collection from tuition and miscellaneous fees amounted to P18.2255 million. These collections were used to augment operating expenses and capital outlay. With respect to research activities, 7% of the budget or about P17.06 million was actually spent for the 56 studies and 13 joint projects in 2001. 65% of the research budget was spent in agriculture, 11% each in agro-forestry and fisheries, 8% in health, 3% in material science and 2% in biodiversity and environment. The main library had a total expenditure level of P2.9 million, 50% going to personnel services and the other 50% to operating expenses. In 1999, it maintained 56,430 volumes in 33,177 titles. The University budget supported 906 plantilla positions for a total expenditure of P160.0 million. It is assumed that the balance of P27.0 million was used to pay for lump-sum positions. The 906 plantilla positions is 10% higher than the 1999 level of 821 positions. Teaching positions increased by 25 slots while that of non-teaching positions grew by 60 slots. The breakdown of plantilla positions follows: 4 There was no data presented by MMSU with respect to Other Income. 5 The Allotments table shows the P18.225 programmed utilization. However the Expenditure table presented by MMSU showed only P15.7 million 6 The MMSU 2001 report states that GAA funded projects had a budget of P18.554 million. However the supporting papers presented by MMSU shows only P17.8 million.

5

1999 2001 Growth Teaching Positions 494 519 25 Non-Teaching Positions 327 387 60 Total 821 906 85 The 906 positions are distributed among the different offices as follows: NO. OF ITEMS IN OFFICIAL PLANTILLA

COLLEGE/DEPT/OFC

Senior Exec/Admin

Positions

Teaching Positions

Non-teaching Positions

Grand Total Positions

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT SERVICES 220 220 AUXILIARY SERVICES 48 48 ADVANCED EDUCATION SERVICES 26 26Graduate School HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICES 493 493 RESEARCH SERVICES 93 93 EXTENSION SERVICES 26 26 GRAND TOTAL 519 387 906 While there were 519 teaching positions reported, the supporting documents provided information on a smaller number of faculty members. Data shows that the academic qualifications of these faculty members improved over the last 2 years. 1999 2001 Change Doctoral Degrees Holders 48 65 17 Masteral Degree Holders 185 205 20 BS Degree Holders 261 181 (80) Total 494 451 (43)

6

With respect to rank, the following was the reported breakdown of teaching positions: 1999 2001 Change

Professor 40 30 (10) Associate Professor 88 83 ( 5) Assistant Professor 152 130 (22) Instructor 214 241 27 Total 494 484 (10)

Total enrollment for the first term of academic year 2000-2001 was 9,686, while total graduates for the year was 2,257 students. The breakdown of enrollment and graduates per level follows:

Enrollment No Graduates TOTAL BASIC ED 1141 693 TOTAL TECH/VOC 1049 343 TOTAL UNDERGRAD 7069 1188 TOTAL MASTERS 389 21 TOTAL PHD 38 12 GRAND TOTAL 9686 2257

Total enrollment decreased by 15% from the 1999-2000 level mainly due to the 50% drop in the enrollment of basic education. The subsequent table shows the drop. 1999-2000 2000-2001 Difference Percent Basic Education 2,396 1,141 1,255 52.38%Technical/Vocational Level 1,228 1,049 179 14.58%Undergraduate Level 7,353 7,069 284 3.86%Graduate Level 485 427 58 11.96%Total 11,462 9,686 1,776 15.49%

7

About 50% of the students enrolled in the main campus and another 45% in the Laoag campus. The remaining students enrolled in the 3 other campuses. The main campus houses the colleges of agriculture and forestry, arts and science, business administration, education, engineering, fisheries, home economics and medical and allied services. The Laoag offers degrees in education, technology as well as trade, craft and industrial, the Paoay campus—technology, Dingras campus—agriculture and forestry, fisheries and home economics, while the Currimao campus—agriculture, forestry and fisheries.

Main Laoag Paoay Dingras Currimao Total Basic Education 358 783 0 0 0 1,141 Vocational/Technical 136 752 88 73 0 1,049 Undergraduate 4,237 2,632 94 29 77 7,069 Masteral 77 312 0 0 0 389 Doctoral 38 0 0 0 0 38 Total 4,846 4,479 182 102 77 9,686

The table below shows the cost per degree for SY 2000-2001.

BS Fisheries in Aquaculture 399,834.35 BS Fisheries in Capture Fisheries 314,637.69 BS Fisheries 291,436.65 BS Marine Biology 266,079.28 BS Ceramic Engineering 219,802.63 BS Electrical Engineering 181,568.53 BS Mechanical Engineering 172,084.05 BS Agricultural Engineering 169,910.03 BS Electronics and Communication Engineering 169,480.30 BS Agriculture 168,716.07 BS Environmental Science 162,285.25 BS Computer Engineering 155,465.22 BS Chemical Engineering 149,655.68 BS Physical Therapy 144,248.94 BS Secondary Education 140,119.18 BS Industrial Education 131,841.62 BS Home Technology 129,949.52 BS Sociology 128,611.25 B Elementary Education 126,904.09 BS Accountancy 121,093.43 BS Industrial Technology 120,613.61 BS Civil Engineering 119,781.01 BS Biology 116,752.65 BS Computer Science 116,342.14 BS Cooperative Management 114,050.89 BS Pharmacy 111,680.78 BS Economics 111,321.63

8

BS Business Administration in Management 110,929.61 BS Business Administration Major in Management Accounting 109,279.21 Electrical Technology (Ladderized) 108,123.37 BS Business Administration Major in Tourism 104,748.36 Diploma of Technology 103,386.77 AB English Studies Major in Communication Arts 99,455.58 AB English Studies Major in English 95,641.49 BS Mathematics 95,387.47 BS Nursing 91,426.15 Certificate of Technology 73,408.27 General Radio Operator Communication Course 66,338.82

The three main components of costs per degree according to the model formulated by the DLSU-Research team are: direct teaching costs, direct operating costs, and indirect costs. Total actual expenditures for personnel services was P91.1 million. Of this amount, P70.07 million was directly attributable to teaching. This resulted in an average cost per unit per student of P604.66. The college figures are presented below:

Direct Teaching Cost

1 Term Number of Sections

Number of Students

Average Class Size

Cost/Unit/Student

College of Liberal Arts 23,744,964.64 767.00 25,901.00 34.52 261.33College of Bus, Economics & Acctg 4,813,423.11 143.00 4,068.00 28.16 334.00College of Fisheries 1,333,022.14 32.00 181.00 6.13 1,586.45College of Health Sciences 6,231,414.34 189.00 5,586.00 27.33 209.57College of Technology 8,995,525.36 416.00 10,626.00 25.78 412.20College of Agriculture and Forestry 8,587,483.55 290.00 5,612.00 19.79 883.78College of Education 10,621,714.26 194.00 4,741.00 22.86 668.67College of Engineering 5,667,828.43 222.00 5,651.00 25.59 481.29 69,995,375.84 2,253.00 62,366.00 23.77 604.66

The other component of costs is the operating expenditures. The total direct operating expenditures was computed by adding the maintenance and operating expenses to the portion of the personnel services that was not treated as direct teaching costs. Working with the financial data presented8, the following were the computed direct operating expenses per student per subject.

7 Faculty loading and distribution of faculty time was given for only 1 term while financial data was for 1 year. The research team used a 45% factor to estimate expenses for 1 term. The amount presented for direct salaries were reverted to annual figures. 8 For the reason stated above, the operating expenses were also factored for 1 term.

9

CLASSIFICATION MOOE MOOE for 1

Term

Personnel Costs

Removed Total College Specific Costs

NO. OF STUDENTS

DIRECT MOOE/

STUDENT College of Arts and Sciences 4,813,638.68 2,166,137.41 470,096.28 2,636,233.68 25,901 101.78College of Bus Econ & Accountancy 1,829,964.07 823,483.83 587,729.34 1,411,213.17 4,068 346.91College of Fisheries 1,140,358.57 513,161.36 556,247.55 1,069,408.91 181 5,908.34College of Health Sciences 2,104,350.36 946,957.66 447,892.38 1,394,850.05 5,586 249.70College of Technology 1,563,734.26 703,680.42 796,040.68 1,499,721.10 10,626 141.14College of Agriculture & Forestry 2,999,315.68 1,349,692.06 3,024,972.68 4,374,664.73 5,612 779.52College of Education 1,779,619.44 800,828.75 890,737.62 1,691,566.36 4,741 356.80College of Engineering 2,430,594.16 1,093,767.37 243,673.02 1,337,440.39 5,651 236.67Graduate School 288,798.57 129,959.36 1,086,781.62 1,216,740.98 821 1,482.02

18,950,373.79 8,527,668.21 8,104,171.17 16,631,839.38 63,187 1,015.11 For appreciation, the breakdown of the college specific indirect cost on an annualized basis is shown below. Administration Research Extension Others Total College of Arts and Sciences 635,185.82 101,433.92 11,024.63 297,014 1,044,658.39 College of Bus Econ & Accountancy 858,983.75 19,634.10 24,128.90 403,318.45 1,306,065.20 College of Fisheries 1,001,436.57 162,053.26 72,615.84 - 1,236,105.67 College of Health Sciences 145,687.56 84,871.55 112,655.90 652,101.41 995,316.41 College of Technology 595,483.77 142,624.58 163,838.07 867,032.87 1,768,979.29 College of Agriculture & Forestry 2,720,413.59 1,195,937.63 688,437.82 2,117,372.47 6,722,161.51 College of Education 675,766.12 77,681.45 349,088.04 876,881.31 1,979,416.93 College of Engineering 461,657.05 5,721.26 7,628.34 66,488.95 541,495.60 Graduate School 1,426,062.81 182,939.74 33,280.61 772,787.12 2,415,070.28 Total 8,520,677.04 1,972,897.49 1,462,698.14 6,052,996.61 18,009,269.27 Finally, the indirect cost component includes the salaries and operating expenses of administrative units as well as any unaccounted for expenditure9. Dividing the total indirect cost of P125.6 million by total student population (net of basic education), the indirect cost per student was then computed at P14,703.25. 9 Total Expenditure for PS and MOOE 232,594,255 Less: Direct Teaching Expenses 69,995,376 Total Operating Expenditure 36,959,643 Administrative Expense 118,796,248 Unaccounted for 6,842,988

10

The contributors to the different cost per degrees are the subject courses. The top three most expensive courses are fisheries, doctoral subjects and the thesis. The bottom three least expensive costs per unit per student were history, economics, and management.

Fisheries 2,667.57Phd 1,841.28The 1,524.88Crop Management 1,440.95TM 1,187.79Masters 1,106.79Ceramic Engineering 1,091.70Forestry 1,010.94Animal Science 983.64Ag.Econ & Entrepreneurship 866.60Sciences 843.33Home Technology 778.92Dev Com 716.32Mathematics 634.38Electrical Engineering 617.28Tax 608.48Civil Technology 605.66Languages 599.05Social Studies 594.55Sociology 576.27Marine Biology 505.34Mechanical Eng 501.05Garments Tech 473.60ECE 470.35Prof Education 461.24Chemistry 443.37Information Tech 410.02Drafting Tech 405.99Automotive Tech 400.30Electronics Tech 399.41Electrical Tech 399.38Ag Engineering 389.06Food Technology 388.80Physics 384.34Biology/Zoology 359.95Library Sciences 348.93Economics (Com) 343.58PEHM 342.96Computer 325.36Chemical Engineering 315.43Accountancy 311.70

11

Management 299.40Filipino 285.01Basic Engineering 280.86Nursing 261.00Civil Engineering 248.29Typing 229.93Tech & HE 226.67Entrepreneurship 217.13Philo/Political Science 213.24Math 205.82Physical Therapy 202.49English, Literature 186.92Law 183.07Computers 182.91Finance 180.47PE 175.41Pharmacy 165.23Psychology 159.38Marketing 140.05PL 138.63History 136.42Economics (lia) 132.45BA 123.43

The top 3 most expensive degrees were all in fisheries. This is mainly attributable to the high teaching costs of the subject. This in turn is due to the small class size of only 4 students per class. There were 20 sections opened for fisheries, with 7 faculty members assigned to the course. Below is a sample of the cost per degree of fisheries and then for ceramic engineering, the next expensive degree after fisheries.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FISHERIES MAJOR IN AQUACULTURE Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 11,831.80 1,424.94 14,703.25 27,959.99 Second Year 13,710.72 13,181.39 14,703.25 41,595.36 Third Year 49,994.20 82,716.71 14,703.25 147,414.16 Fourth Year 85,444.89 82,716.71 14,703.25 182,864.85 Total 160,981.61 180,039.75 58,812.98 399,834.35

12

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CERAMIC ENGINEERING Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 12,027.69 1,503.65 14,703.25 28,234.59 Second Year 10,702.32 1,875.21 14,703.25 27,280.78 Third Year 29,805.36 3,052.09 14,703.25 47,560.70 Fourth Year 38,307.73 3,753.66 14,703.25 56,764.63 Summer 6,550.18 473.35 - 7,023.52 Fifth Year 34,718.17 3,516.99 14,703.25 52,938.41 Total 132,111.45 14,174.95 73,516.23 219,802.63

COST ANALYSIS ACROSS ACADEMIC UNITS The table below presents the variables affecting average unit cost for all the colleges.

Direct Teaching

Cost 1 Term

Number of

SectionsCost/

Course

Number of

Students Cost/Unit/StudentCollege of Liberal Arts 23,744,964.64 767 14,041.14 25901 261.33College of Bus, Economics & Acctg 4,813,423.11 143 14,798.09 4068 334.00College of Fisheries 1,333,022.14 32 19,683.34 181 1,586.45College of Health Sciences 6,231,414.34 189 13,464.22 5586 209.57College of Technology 8,995,525.36 416 10,403.95 10626 412.20College of Agriculture and Forestry 8,587,483.55 290 13,712.71 5612 883.78College of Education 10,621,714.26 194 25,055.26 4741 668.67College of Engineering 5,667,828.43 222 11,283.12 5651 481.29 The above table is interesting as one is to expect the cost per student per unit should decrease as the number of students serviced increase. The table shows that there are other factors that may affect unit cost and these should be reviewed individually. Another interesting observation is to compare the cost per course with the unit cost. One would again expect that the lower the cost per course, the lower is the unit cost. This is not so. For instance, technology courses are relatively expensive at the rate of P412.20 per student per unit. This is surprising because the cost to teach a course in technology is the lowest at P10,403.95. The number of sections offered also does not in itself control average unit costs. The College of Arts and Sciences offered the most number of sections and yet did not even report the lowest average unit cost. This distinction goes to the college of health sciences. The third lowest average cost is for the college of business, economics and accountancy. Yet total number of sections offered and students served is one of the lowest.

13

A review of the loading reports of the faculty revealed that the College of Agriculture and Forestry was either fastidious in reporting their hours, or actually rendered more hours for administration, research, and extension services. 38 of its 56 faculty members served as administrators while 33 were active in research. Perhaps this too can account for the higher cost per student since the faculty members teach lesser number of subjects. This too is not conclusive because there were some faculty members who reported overloads and accounted for hours beyond 40 a week. So far, much of the discussion has looked at direct personnel services expenditures. A comparison should likewise be made on the MOOE. The table that follows shows the comparative figures among the different colleges.

Cost/Unit/Student MOOE

Number of

Students College of Fisheries 1,586.45 5,908.34 181 College of Agriculture and Forestry 883.78 779.52 5,612 College of Education 668.67 356.80 4,741 College of Engineering 481.29 236.67 5,651 College of Technology 412.20 141.14 10,626 College of Bus, Economics & Acctg 334.00 346.91 4,068 College of Liberal Arts 261.33 101.78 25,901 College of Health Sciences 209.57 249.70 5,586

As explained earlier, the College of Fisheries reported the highest rate of MOOE per student. This is an extreme high of P5,908 compared to the extreme low of P101.78 by the College of Liberal Arts. The enormously high costs to educate a student in fishery must be considered in the light of government priorities. It appears to be an expensive course for this university in particular. There is also no clear relationship between the direct personnel cost per student and the direct MOOE per student. While we see that the College of Fisheries had the highest cost for both types of expenditures, the other colleges do not reflect the same patterns. This leads to an interesting question of how the MOOE is allocated to the different colleges. Apparently it is not in size of student population served nor in the composition of the faculty (based on rank). This is also reflective of how the faculty member spends their time. It is likely that those with higher operating expenses per student are those colleges that spend time for research and extension services.

14

COST ANALYSIS PER ACADEMIC UNIT Graduate School The Graduate School started as the Northern Luzon Teachers College in 1963, became the Northern Luzon State College in 1976, was integrated into MMSU in 1978, and was spun off as an autonomous Graduate School in 198110. The Graduate studies are offered in 2 campuses: Laoag and Batac. The following are the academic programs in the Graduate School: Doctor of Education in Educational Management (Laoag) Doctor of Philosophy (Laoag) with specializations in Crop Production Management Linguistics

Rural Development Master of Arts in Education/Master in Education (Laoag) Master of Arts in Public Administration (Laoag) Master of Science in Rural Development (Laoag) Master of Agriculture (Batac) with specializations in Animal Science Crop Science Master of Arts in Nursing (Batac) with specializations in Medical-Surgical Nursing Maternal-Child Health Master of Nursing (Batac) Master of Science in Forestry The Graduate School is supported by 57 faculty members, 30 of whom have doctoral degrees and the rest having masteral degrees. The profile of enrollment and graduates follows for both the masteral and doctoral levels.

LEVEL 4: MASTERS LEVEL PROGRAMS

COLLEGE ENROLMENT NO. OF GRADUATES Education (Laoag Campus) MA in Education/M in Education 312 14COLLEGE TOTAL 312 14 Business Administration & Related (Main Campus) MA in Public Adm/M in Public Adm 44 2COLLEGE TOTAL 44 2

10 Taken form the General Information on Graduate School pamphlet prepared by the MMSU.

15

Medical and Allied (Main Campus) MA in Nursing/ M in Nursing 17 3COLLEGE TOTAL 17 3 Agricultural, Forestry, Fisheries, Home Econ., etc. (Main Campus) MS in Agri/M in Agriculture 11 1MS Rural Dev/ M Rural Dev 4 1MS Agroforestry 1 0COLLEGE TOTAL 16 2 UNIVERSITY TOTAL 389 21

LEVEL 5: DOCTORAL LEVEL PROGRAMS

COLLEGE ENROLMENT NO. OF GRADUATES Agricultural, Forestry, Fisheries, Home Econ., etc (Main Campus) PH D Rural Dev 4 6 3 0 COLLEGE TOTAL 7 6 Education (Batac Campus) PH D Linguistics 6 - ED D ED MGT 25 0 COLLEGE TOTAL 31 6 UNIVERSITY TOTAL 38 12

For the period under study there were 51 sections at the masteral level and 11 sections at the doctoral level with average class sizes of 14 and 6 respectively. The cost of a masteral unit was P1,106 while that at the doctoral level was P1,84111. College of Agriculture and Forestry The College of Agriculture and Forestry (CAF) began as the Batac Rural High School in 1918, was transformed into the Ilocos Norte Institute of Technology in 1969, converted

11 There were no flowcharts presented to compute the cost of masteral and doctoral degrees.

16

into the Mariano Marcos Memorial College of Science in Technology in 1974, was integrated with MMSU in 1978 and was renamed the CAF in 198512. The CAF offers 6 degrees. These are: Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (4-years) with Majors in Animal Science Agronomy Horticulture Crop Protection (Entomology) Crop Protection (Plant Pathology) Agricultural Economics Agricultural Entrepreneurship Agricultural Education Agricultural Extension Soil Science Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering (5-years) Bachelor of Science in Development Communication (4-years) Bachelor of Science in Forestry (4-years) Bachelor of Science in Home Technology (4-years) Bachelor of Agricultural Technology (Dingras campus) The CAF also offers 3 non-degree programs. These are: Forest Ranger Certificate (2-years) Associate in Technical Homemaking (2-years) Diploma of Agricultural Technology (2-years, Dingras campus) This college is composed of 56 faculty members, 18 of which are associate professors and 8 of which are full professors. This together with an average class size of 20 students has driven average unit cost per student to P821.43. The class size should be reviewed since data shows that the college offered 290 sections. The resources could be better managed if there were less class offerings but more students enrolled in a class. The enrollment data follows:

BS Agriculture 452BS Forestry 107BS Home Technology 181BS Dev. Comm. 94Bach.of Agricultural Technology 29

12 Taken from the General Information for the College of Agriculture and Forestry prepared by the MMSU.

17

Of all courses in this college, crop management accounted for the biggest deviation from the college average despite its having a class size equal to par. Developing Communications which had an average class size of only 14 students actually brought down the average unit cost of the college. This is understandable since 6 of the 7 faculty members in the department only hold the rank of instructor unlike that of crop management, which is top heavy. Nonetheless this major attracts the most number of students and offered the most number of sections.

COST PER AVERAGE STD PER UNIT CLASS SIZE Forestry 1,010.94 17Ag.Econ & Entrep 866.60 17Home Technology 778.92 20Crop Management 1,440.95 20Dev Com 716.32 14Ag Engineering 389.06 32Animal Science 983.64 18 Total 883.78 20

Agricultural engineering was an efficiently run department as compared to the other departments within the college. Its sections had the highest number of students, sometimes reaching levels of 50 students per class. The department was comprised of 6 faculty members, 2 of which had a rank of full professor and 3 with a rank of associate professor. This alone would have brought costs up but the average cost was tempered due to class sizes. Each faculty member also held about 4 classes for the term under review. College of Arts and Sciences The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) offers 7 degrees. The degrees together with their computed costs are: Bachelor of Science in Biology 116,752 Bachelor of Science in Computer Science 116,342 Bachelor of Science in Chemistry Bachelor of Science in Mathematics 95,387 Bachelor of Science in Sociology 128,611 Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science 162,285 Bachelor of Arts (English) 99,455

18

The enrollment data in the main campus where the college is situated, follows:

BA English Studies 80BA Sociology 43BS Biology 258BS Math 51BS Computer Science 193BS Chemistry 8BS Environmental Science 116

For analytical purposes the college was divided into two: Sciences and Math as well as Social Science and Humanities. It is supported by a faculty complement of 90 almost equally distributed between the two departments. All faculty members were listed as being full time. The breakdown of positions is as follow: Professor-2, Associate Professor 13, Assistant Professor-20, and Instructor Level-55. The total personnel services expenditure for CY 2001 was computed as P18,441,425 or an average of P204,904. Of this amount, P17,069,690 or 94.45% was allocated to direct teaching expenses. There were 14 faculty members with administrative posts while only 7 faculty members were de-loaded for research work. The College of Arts and Sciences offered 767 sections for the semester on study. This includes the courses taught by 54 faculty members belonging to other departments. A total of 25,901 students were serviced13 giving an average class size of 35 students. There were instances were only 1 student was taught while the maximum students per class reached 71. 22% of all sections had a class size of less than 20 students, while 30% had class sizes greater than 40. The breakdown of subjects offered in the college including the number of sections and students serviced follows:

Number of Sections

Number of Students

Average Class Size

College of Liberal Arts Math 117 4104 35.08 Biology/Zoology 80 2317 28.96 Chemistry 122 3642 29.85 Physics 58 2078 35.83 Sociology 26 535 20.58 Psychology 8 328 41.00 Economics (lia) 24 899 37.46 History 23 952 41.39

13 A student can attend multiple subjects in a college for one semester.

19

PL 11 382 34.73 Filipino 41 1486 36.24 English, Literature 128 4446 34.73 PE 95 3508 36.93 Philo/Political Science 34 1224 36.00 767 25,901 34.52

The average directing teaching cost per course for the college was P12,792. There were 24 faculty members whose average teaching cost was less than P10,000, while there were 11 faculty members whose average teaching cost were greater than P20,000. Of the 11 faculty members, 5 of these hold administrative positions. Their teaching costs were higher because they also had higher salaries implying that they have more qualifications.14 The data revealed that the average cost per student per unit for a course offered by the college is P261.33. The highest cost per course is that of sociology that reached P576.27. This is accounted for by the lower number of students enrolled in sociology courses. For the term, there were only 535 enrolled students spread over 26 sections. This reflects poor allocation of resources. The next highest cost per course is chemistry also explained by the low number of students enrolled per section. The average class size in a chemistry course is only 29 compared to the average for the college of 35.

Cost/Unit/Student

Average Class Size

Math 205.82 35.08Biology/Zoology 359.95 28.96Chemistry 443.37 29.85Physics 384.34 35.83Sociology 576.27 20.58Psychology 159.38 41.00Economics (lia) 132.45 37.46History 136.42 41.39PL 138.63 34.73Filipino 285.01 36.24English, Literature 186.92 34.73PE 175.41 36.93Philo/Polsci 213.24 36.00 261.33 34.52

14 There is a P.E. instructor whose entire factored salary was equivalent to his cost per course. He only taught 1 section for the particular semester in study. It is possible he could have taught more sections in the other semester, consequently better spreading his cost of P80,000.

20

The direct MOOE for the college was arrived at by dividing the total MOOE for the college by the number of students who enrolled in the courses for that semester. This amounted to P101.78 per student for every subject enrolled for the term. A sampling of costs per degree follows:

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SOCIOLOGY Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 10,434.10 1,424.94 14,703.25 26,562.28 Second Year 14,712.82 1,628.50 14,703.25 31,044.56 Third Year 18,409.55 1,221.37 14,703.25 34,334.17 Fourth Year 20,745.61 1,221.37 14,703.25 36,670.23 Total 64,302.08 5,496.18 58,812.98 128,611.25

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ENGLISH STUDIES Major in ESL (English as a Second Language) Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 9,125.59 1,424.94 14,703.25 25,253.77 Second Year 8,159.78 1,424.94 14,703.25 24,287.96 Third Year 7,346.73 1,424.94 14,703.25 23,474.91 Fourth Year 6,700.23 1,221.37 14,703.25 22,624.85 Total 31,332.33 5,496.18 58,812.98 95,641.49

College of Business, Economics and Accountancy The College of Business, Economics, and Accountancy (CBEA) offers 4 major academic programs: Bachelor of Science in Accountancy P121,093 Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with Major in Management P110,929 Management Accounting Entrepreneurship and Cooperatives Management P114,050 Tourism Management P104,748

Bachelor of Science in Economics P111,321 They also offer a non-degree program called the Associate in Computer Science.

21

There were 955 students enrolled in degrees offered by the college. The breakdown follows:

BS Accountancy 85BS Bus. Adm. - Management 259Entreprenuerial/Accounting 128Management Accounting 226Tourism Management 87Entrep/ Cooperative Management 19BS Cooperative Management 45BS Economics 106

The College of Business, Economics and Accountancy is supported by 39 faculty members, 15 in accountancy, 21 in business administration, and 3 faculty members shared by both departments. These 3 were temporary placed under Economics because these were the courses they taught for that term. Data showed that 68% of the full-time faculty members in this college held the rank of instructor. There were only 2 doctors in the college giving an indication of the level of quality. Whether the accounting graduates, should there be, pass the licensure examination is something to look into. The total personnel services expenditure for CY 2001 was P5,475,655 or an average of P171,114. Of this amount, 78% of the personnel services cost was allocated to direct teaching expenses. The remaining 22% is accounted for by 6 faculty members with administrative posts and 1 faculty member who undertook research work. For the semester on study, there were 143 sections handled by this college. Management courses had the most number of sections at 33, followed by accounting 20 sections. A majority of the section had class sizes of only 28 students. TM (term undefined) has the lowest average class size of only 17 students while law teachers were fully utilized with an average class size of 37 students. The table below shows the breakdown of sections and class sizes for each of the major categories under this college.

22

NUMBER OF STUDENTS AVERAGE SECTIONS ENROLLED CLASS SIZE Accountancy 22 525 23.86 Law 7 261 37.29 Tax 7 145 20.71 BA 7 260 37.14 Computers 14 405 28.93 Entrepreneurship 10 299 29.90 Finance 8 218 27.25 Management 33 1,105 33.48 Marketing 9 291 32.33 TM 10 172 17.20 Typing 6 166 27.67 Economics for Commerce 10 221 22.10 Total 143 4,068

The average directing teaching cost for subjects in the college is P13,436. This led to an average cost per student per unit of P334. Again TM stands out as maintaining an average cost of a very high P1,085.40. This is explained by a single teacher handling only 1 student bringing the cost per unit of that student to P8,000. With out this unusual offering, average cost drops to P284.

COST PER AVERAGE STD PER UNIT CLASS SIZE Accountancy 311.77 23.86 Law 183.07 37.29 Tax 608.48 20.71 BA 123.43 37.14 Computers 182.91 28.93 Entrepreneurship 217.13 29.90 Finance 180.47 27.25 Management 299.40 33.48 Marketing 140.05 32.33 TM 1,187.79 17.20 Typing 229.93 27.67 Economics for Commerce 343.58 22.10 Average 334.00 28.16

23

Another interesting observation is the direct MOOE cost per student. With only 39 faculty members, 8 of which are part-timers, the maintenance costs of the department is relatively high at P346.91 per student. This matter should be reviewed. A breakdown per year of the cost for an Accountancy degree follows:

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTANCY Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 13,093.19 2,303.65 14,703.25 30,100.09 Second Year 10,302.97 2,793.90 14,703.25 27,800.12 Third Year 13,018.52 3,464.65 14,703.25 31,186.41 Fourth Year 13,205.33 4,098.24 14,703.25 32,006.81 Total 49,620.00 12,660.44 58,812.98 121,093.43

College of Education The College of Education (CE) began in 1917 as Ilocos Norte Normal School. It was converted into the Northern Luzon Teachers College in 1963 that eventually became the Regional Science Teaching Center in 1973 and the Regional Staff Development Center in 1975. It was converted into the Northern Luzon State College in 1976 and integrated into the MMSU in1978. The CE offers 4 degrees. These are: Bachelor of Elementary Education with Major in P126,904 Early Childhood Education English Filipino Library and Information Science Mathematics Musika, Sining, Edukasyong Pankatawan at Kalusugan Science Social Studies Technology and Home Economics Bachelor of Secondary Education with Major in P140,119 Biology Chemistry Physics Filipino Technology and Home Economics Mathematics Physical Education, Health and Music Social studies Library and Information Science English

24

Bachelor of Science in Education with Majors in English Mathematics Science Bachelor of Arts The breakdown per major of 959 students who studied in the Laoag campus follows:

BSE 380BEED 541AB/BS-BSE 38

It is difficult to analyze the cost components of the College of Education without truly understanding its course offerings. The college expenditures was arbitrarily separated into departments. The cost data for this college follows:

NUMBER NUMBER AVERAGE COST PER SECTIONS STUDENTS CLASS SIZE STD PER UNIT Mathematics 24 515 21.46 634.38Social Studies 10 139 13.90 594.55Prof Education 57 1,840 32.28 461.24Languages 28 645 23.04 599.05Sciences 44 721 16.39 843.33Library Sciences 7 185 26.43 348.93The 7 101 14.43 1,524.88PEHM 17 595 35.00 342.96Total 194 4,741 22.86 668.67

The department that serviced the most number of students is that of professional education. Despite the higher than average class size, the average unit cost per student was not the lowest for the college. This is accounted for by the higher wages paid to the faculty members belonging to this department. Six of fourteen faculty members are already full professors while 2 others are associate professors. Education in sciences also serviced a large amount of students. But unlike that of professional education, the average class size was smaller, sometimes going as low as 2 per section. Because of this, average unit cost per student was higher than the college average of P668.67 BACHELOR IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Concentration Course: English Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 11,959.15 1,883.51 14,703.25 28,545.91 Second Year 13,677.90 3,413.60 14,703.25 31,794.75 Third Year 17,120.24 5,621.42 14,703.25 37,444.91 Fourth Year 11,969.16 2,446.12 14,703.25 29,118.53 Total 54,726.46 13,364.65 58,812.98 126,904.09

25

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

Major in English Direct PS Direct MOOE Indirect Total First Year 11,471.57 1,781.73 14,703.25 27,956.54 Second Year 20,203.51 3,668.61 14,703.25 38,575.36 Third Year 22,245.81 4,754.60 14,703.25 41,703.65 Fourth Year 14,734.26 2,446.12 14,703.25 31,883.62 Total 68,655.14 12,651.05 58,812.98 140,119.18

College of Engineering The College of Engineering (COE) was a spin off of the MMSU Institute of Technology in 1986. It offers 9 degrees. These are: Bachelor of Science in Ceramics Engineering Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Electronics & Communications Engineering Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering The number of students majoring in degrees and the respective cost of degrees follows:

BS Civil Engineering 252 119,781.01 BS Electrical Engineering 126 181,568.53 BS Mechanical Engineering 163 172,084.05 BS Ceramics Engineering 151 219,802.63 BS Computer Engineering 243 155,465.22 BS Electronics and Comm. Engineering 210 169,480.30 BS Chemical Engineering 107 149,655.68

There are 8 departments under the college of engineering. 32 faculty members serviced 222 sections in one term, bringing the average load per faculty member to 7 subjects (laboratory and lecture combined). Close to 50% of the faculty members have rendered administrative work during the term in review.

26

NUMBER NUMBER AVERAGE COST PER SECTIONS STUDENTS CLASS SIZE STD PER UNIT Civil Engineering 31 1,029 33.19 248.29Mechanical Eng 22 853 38.77 501.05ECE 36 815 22.64 470.35Basic Engineering 20 619 30.95 280.96Computer 39 852 21.85 325.36Chemical Engg 12 186 15.50 315.43Ceramic Engg 30 622 20.73 1,091.70Electrical Engg 32 675 21.09 617.28Total 222 5,651 25.59 481.29

Ceramic engineering appears to be a standout in this college. There were 3 faculty members that serviced 30 sections (laboratory and lecture combined), which attracted 622 students. Its average class size is not far from the college average thus the only explanation to the large discrepancy in unit cost per student is that there was a section that had only 1 student and another with only 2 students. If these were removed the average cost for ceramic engineers would be dramatically less. Civil engineering appears to be a relatively cheap course for the college. Five of the 6 faculty members are only instructors and this can very well explain the costs. What is surprising though is mechanical engineering that had the largest class size and yet had unit costs that was above average. Like ceramic engineering, the costs were affected by 2 sections with only 2 students each. College of Fisheries The College of Fisheries (COF) has its origin from the Pias Gaang Community High School that became the Currimao School of Fisheries in 1971. It was integrated with the Dingras National Agricultural School and the Ilocos Norte Schol of Craftsmen into the MMMCST in 197615. The COF offers the following degree programs: Bachelor of Science in Fisheries with Majors in

Aquaculture P399,834 Marine Fisheries P291,436 Fish Processing Marine Biology P266,079 The COF also offers non-degree programs. These are:

Diploma of Fisheries Technology 15 Taken from the General Information on the College of Fisheries pamphlet prepared by the MMSU.

27

Fish Culture Fish Capture Fish Preservation

The Fisheries college was a little harder to analyze since the faculty members assigned to the department teach subjects other than fishery. The unanswered question is whether a faculty member teaches mathematics or chemistry only for fishery students or other students from other degrees. Due to lack of information, the items were temporarily assigned not to the College of Fisheries but to the college where the course is normally offered. Given this explanation, it is not surprising to see an operating budget per student of a very high P5,908. There were only 77 enrolled students, with an average load of 3 subjects in fishery for the term under study. The costly department is already reflected in the average cost per student. The teaching of fishery courses alone is P2,667. This is attributable to three reasons. First, the average class sizes are primarily between 2 to 4 students. Only in two occasions did class size reach more than 10. Second, there were very few sections taught. If this were the case, then the 7 faculty members may be too much to serve perhaps only 4-5 majors16. And finally, there are more high-level positions in this department. Of 7 faculty members teaching fishery, 3 are already associate professors and 1 is a full professor. The situation of marine biology is better with cost per student per unit of P505. While less sections were offered, a greater number of students were served. Average class size improved to 8 students. Combining both courses, the College of Fisheries has an average cost per student of P1,586. College of Health Sciences The College of Health Sciences (CHS) was a merger of the College of Nursing of the MMMCST and the Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital, 2 years before being integrated into the MMSU17. It has 3 main course offerings. These are:

Bachelor of Science in Nursing Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy Bachelor of Scinece in Physical Therapy

There is also a non-degree program called the Associate in Health Science Education.

16 There was no data given on number of students majoring in the various degrees. 17 Information taken from the General Information on the College of Health Sciences pamphlet prepared by the MMSU.

28

Nursing is the more popular course offering 68% of total courses in the college. However, Pharmacy is a little more efficient with average class sizes of 32. At face value the average unit cost of a nursing student of P241 is deceiving. A review of the individual costs for each class offered shows that the unit cost can go as high as P1,560 and as low as 32. It appears that the high cost may be attributable to a high-ranking teacher servicing a small number of students. Alternately, lower-ranking teachers tend to service a bigger number of students. Of 27 nursing teachers, 78% of these hold a rank of an Instructor. Normally the relatively high rate per student can be attributable to class size. Thus one would expect that the cost of physical therapy major would be more considering the average class size is only 19 students. Despite this, the average unit cost of P202 of a future physical therapist is lower than nursing. A possible explanation could be that there are too many teachers in nursing and yet we find that the average load per teacher per term is 5 subjects as compared to physical therapy teachers that have an average load of only 3. The only other explanation is that 4 of 5 physical therapy teachers hold the rank of an instructor. The cost of a pharmacy student is the lowest for this college perhaps because all of the faculty hold an instructor level. The five faculty members are also fully utilized as they teach 7 sections each for one term. Efficiency rate is also higher as class sizes really border around 32 students. Unlike other departments/colleges were the high-low class sizes are extreme, for the pharmacy department the class size ranges from 23-42. The table showing comparative figures are shown below.

COST PER AVERAGE STD PER UNIT CLASS SIZE Nursing 261.00 30.91 Pharmacy 165.23 32.06 Physical Therapy 202.49 19.04 Average 209.57 27.33

College of Technology The College of Technology (COT) is one of 21 public technological institutes in the Vocational-Technical Education Upgrading Project of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS). It is accredited by the Technical Skills and Development Authority (TESDA) as a trade skills training and testing center in Region 1. It is also the regional training center of the Product Design and Development Center of the Philippines18.

18 Taken from the General Information pamphlet for the College of Technology

29

The College of Technology in Laoag generally offers 2 degree programs. These are: Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology with Majors in Automotive Technology Ceramics Technology Drafting Technology Electrical Technology Electronics Technology Food Technology Garment and Textile Technology Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education with fields of specialization in Automotive Technology Drafting Technology Electronics Technology Food Technology Garment and Textile Technology

Technology and Home Economics The COT also offers four non-degree programs. These are: Diploma of Technology (3-years) with Specializations in Automotive Technology Civil Technology Drafting Technology Electrical Technology Electronics Technology Garment and Textile Technology Certificate of Technology (2-years) with specializations in Automotive Technology Electronics Technology Fashion Design and Dress Construction Food and Beverage Preparation

Mechanical Technology Welding and Fabrication

General Radio Communication Operator Course (2-years) Diploma of Computer Technology Ladderized Curriculum in Diploma of Technology

Major in Electrical Technology The following table shows comparative data on the 9 course offerings:

30

NUMBER OF STUDENTS AVERAGE COST PER SECTIONS ENROLLED CLASS SIZE STD PER UNIT Drafting Tech 38 1,125 29.61 405.99Automotive Tech 67 1,177 17.57 400.30Civil Technology 23 530 23.04 605.66Electronics Tech 97 2,871 29.60 399.41Electrical Tech 38 613 16.13 399.38Food Technology 47 1,418 30.17 388.80Garments Tech 42 778 18.52 473.60Tech & HE 26 964 37.08 226.67Information Tech 38 1,150 30.26 410.02 Total 416 10,626 25.78 412.20

Of all the 9 courses, one would expect that electrical technology with the lowest average class size would yield the highest unit cost per student. Yet we find that the average unit cost of P399.38 is very close to the college cost of P412.20. We find instead civil technology with the most expensive average unit cost of P605.66. This can be partially explained by the fact that there are 3 faculty members, who teach civil technology, who have a rank of full professor. But it is more explained by a single professor, holding the rank of full professor, whose class size is only 9 students. This is for the subject RAC, which is a lecture/laboratory course. Garments technology is the next highest average unit cost per student that is explicable simply by class size. While there are 7 faculty members assigned to this department, only 4 teachers handled the total of 42 sections (combination of laboratory and lecture). Attention should also be given to technology and home economics that helped bring down the college average unit cost per student. The cost component of this department however will have to be restudied as the department appears in education and engineering as well. Perhaps if the data is consolidated then a truer picture of the cost can be arrived at. In terms of operating expenditures, the college is under-financed. While serving a total of 10,626 students, its operating expense is only at P1.5 million a far cry from that of the College of Arts of Science that service 25,000 students for P4.8 in MOOE allocation. Thus the directing operating expense for a student in technology is only P141.14, the lowest in the University.

31

QUALIFICATIONS The methodology used to allocate costs and to analyze its components was taken from an earlier study entitled “Comprehensive Cost Analysis of Degree Programs for Selected Higher Educational Institutions (NCR Pilot Study – Phase 1)” submitted to the Commission on Higher Education initially on October 2002. However since the data gathered did not conform to the required data used in that study, many assumptions and manipulations had to be undertaken for this paper. 1. The financial data is for the entire period 2001. However the data collected on

faculty, loading and course offerings was only for one semester. Since the financial data is for a one-year period while loading is only for one semester, it would be wrong to divide the one-year cost over a one-semester loading. Thus, to make use of the information at hand and to avoid further delay brought about by data encoding, the research team decided to use a multiplier factor of 45% on the personnel services cost.

2. The loading hours-per-faculty is not consistent at forty hours a week.

a. Some faculty members reported teaching load of 24 hours and nothing more. This means the concerned faculty members did not allocate the remaining 16 hours of the week. Consequently, their personnel cost was all lumped into teaching.

b. When comparing the reported teaching load per week with the total number of units taught, there were some discrepancies noted for several faculty members. For instance, a faculty member reported a 24-hour teaching load and a 16-hour academic load. However actual teaching load could be only 18-units. When allocating the initial salary, it was in a ratio of 24:40 for teaching. Thus the cost per course is higher than it should be. Whenever practicable, the analysts changed the reported teaching load to actual teaching load

c. Hours that could not be classified were placed under “Others”.

3. The most critical component in the determination of cost per degree per student is the unit cost for direct teaching expenses. The reported actual compensation for teaching positions was P107,274,876. However, breakdown per college covered only P94.7 million. This is further reduced as the supporting attachments could account for only P85.2 million.

TOTAL PER TOTAL PER BUDGET ATTACHMENTS DIFFERENCE College of Arts and Sciences 18,015,589.90 18,441,425.07 (425,835.17)College of Bus Econ & Accountancy 4,360,537.18 5,475,665.83 (1,115,128.65)College of Fisheries 3,780,776.72 3,226,438.00 554,338.72 College of Health Sciences 6,193,228.82 5,590,108.83 603,119.99 College of Technology 14,870,778.63 15,267,524.70 (396,746.07)College of Agriculture & Forestry 17,246,196.64 15,934,322.17 1,311,874.47

32

College of Education 18,273,457.16 15,075,102.02 3,198,355.14 College of Engineering 5,699,745.00 6,260,824.57 (561,079.57)Graduate School 6,407,213.66 6,407,213.66 94,847,523.71 85,271,411.19 9,576,112.52University High School 5,670,450.00 5,670,450.00 CARTT Degrees 1,804,680.00 1,804,680.00 102,322,653.71 85,271,411.19 17,051,242.52

4. The operating expenses data was given on a per college level only and not per department. It was assumed that the distribution pattern of operating expenses would follow that of personnel services. The totals are also off by P2.15 million.

33

APPENDIX A Brief Description of Methodology Used

Santiago, A., Largoza, G., Ponce, M., Intal, P., Alba, M., and Rufino, C. (October, 2002). “Comprehensive Cost Analysis of Degree Programs for Selected Higher Educational

Institutions (NCR Pilot Study – Phase 1).” CHED, Manila

The objective of the study is to arrive at a cost per student per degree. To do this, it is necessary to properly allocate all costs to a particular degree. There are two components of costs: direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs refer to the teaching expenses for personnel services and MOOE of the department offering the degree. Indirect costs refer to research, extension services, and administrative costs of running the entire HEI, the total of which is distributed to all departments.

The approach taken by the research team is to identify the following: an average cost per unit for each subject a student would have to take to attain a degree; an average share in the direct maintenance and operating expenses of departments by students who enroll in subjects offered by that department; and an average share in all other yearly costs to run a university by the total number of student enrolled in the university. There are different ways to compute the average cost per unit per subject per student, from the simplest to the most complex. Intuitively, the simplest formula that can arrive at cost estimates quicker makes many assumptions and consequently provides the roughest estimate of unit costs. On the other extreme is the complex methodology that entails more manpower efforts, minimizing assumptions, and thereby presenting more realistic estimates of unit costs. In the ideal situation, we recommend always the use of the more complex and detailed formula. Notwithstanding, the framework calls for determining an average cost per student to take a course, for instance English. If the average cost is expressed in units, this cost is multiplied by the total number of units a student must take for English to complete a degree. If the average cost is expressed per subject, the average cost is then multiplied by the number of English courses a student must take to complete a degree. Therefore, if the above procedure is done for all major subject categories, then the direct teaching cost per degree per student can be readily attained. It can also be presented per year, thus fully disclosing how costs to educate may increase as a student progresses to higher years. To fully complete the cost per degree, the direct costs for operating expenses and the indirect costs per student are then added to determine the cost per student for each of the years in the university. The direct operating expense is determined by dividing total direct operating expense by the number of students taught; while the indirect cost per student is arrived at by dividing the total indirect costs, earlier described, by the total student population.

34

APPENDIX B Performance in Licensure Examinations

NURSING CIVIL ENGINEERS Number of Number Number of Number

Year Examinees Passed Percentage Year Examinees Passed Percentage

1980 6 5 83.33% 1988 9 1981 28 23 82.14% 1989 2 1982 21 14 66.67% 1990 8 1983 17 10 58.82% 1991 14 1984 28 26 92.86% 1992 8 1985 28 26 92.86% 1993 20 1986 2 2 100.00% 1994 7 1987 41 24 58.54% 1995 26 1988 59 43 72.88% 1996 12 1989 101 92 91.09% 1997 16 11 68.75%1990 103 62 60.19% 1998 15 10 66.67%1991 120 82 68.33% 2000 40 28 70.00%1992 142 130 91.55% 1993 139 123 88.49% 1994 4 2 50.00% MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 1995 136 127 93.38% Number of Number 1996 137 124 90.51% Year Examinees Passed Percentage1997 102 93 91.18% 1998 95 83 87.37% 1987 6 6 100.00%1999 114 100 87.72% 1988 6 6 100.00%2000 60 48 80.00% 1990 24 23 95.83%

1991 2 2 100.00% 1992 7 4 57.14%AGRICULTURE ENGINEERS 1994 1 1 100.00% Number of Number 1995 14 8 57.14%

Year Examinees Passed Percentage 1996 12 10 83.33% 1997 18 14 77.78%

1981 22 22 100.00% 1998 7 4 57.14%1993 1 1 100.00% 1999 19 19 100.00%2000 24 8 33.33% 2000 17 10 58.82%

35

CPAs TEACHERS Number of Number Number of Number

Year Examinees Passed Percentage Year Examinees Passed Percentage

1986 50 7 14.00% 1992 266 177 66.54%1987 37 8 21.62% 1993 310 223 71.94%1988 39 16 41.03% 1994 353 210 59.49%1989 49 13 26.53% 1995 247 156 63.16%1990 23 5 21.74% 1996 193 140 72.54%1991 23 7 30.43% 1997 183 133 72.68%1992 24 3 12.50% 1998 176 130 73.86%1993 22 8 36.36% 1999 216 167 77.31%1994 53 12 22.64% 2000 201 158 78.61%1996 36 15 41.67% 1997 22 12 54.55% 1998 19 13 68.42% PHYSICAL THERAPISTS 1999 21 12 57.14% Number of Number 2000 12 10 83.33% Year Examinees Passed Percentage

1998 2 1 50.00%ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 1999 10 7 70.00% Number of Number 2000 31 17 54.84%

Year Examinees Passed Percentage

1987 13 9 69.23% PHARMACISTS 1988 33 30 90.91% Number of Number 1989 2 1 50.00% Year Examinees Passed Percentage1990 26 19 73.08% 1991 16 11 68.75% 1998 1 1 100.00%1992 20 8 40.00% 1999 11 11 100.00%1993 14 8 57.14% 2000 35 33 94.29%1994 147 142 96.60% 1995 27 19 70.37% 1996 31 13 41.94% CHEMISTS 1997 18 15 83.33% Number of Number 1998 12 6 50.00% Year Examinees Passed Percentage1999 10 8 80.00% 2000 22 15 68.18% 2000 2 1 50.00%2001 5 2 40.00%

36

37

ECE CHEMICAL ENGINEERS Number of Number Number of Number

Year Examinees Passed Percentage Year Examinees Passed Percentage

2000 24 20 83.33% 2000 11 2 18.18%2001 13 7 53.85%

FORESTERS INDUSTRIAL TEACHERS Number of Number Number of Number Year Examinees Passed Percentage

Year Examinees Passed Percentage 2000 12 4 33.33%

2000 6 29 483.33%